Archezoa
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Phylum Archaezoa
Looking Back at Bio 115The Organism as a Unit of Life
Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life)…one or many!
Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.)
Growth = irreversible change in size
Reproduction…failure = extinction
Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior
Adaptation-long term responses = evolution
Shifting Kingdoms2 3 5 6 8
Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria
Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria
Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans
Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids
Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes
Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae
Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae
Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae
Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds
True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi
Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes
Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes
Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans
Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans
Multicellular Animals
Multicellular Animals
Multicellular Animals
Multicellular Animals
Multicellular Animals
Lumpers SplittersAnimalia Protista
How Many Kingdoms?
Mul
ticell
ular
Animals
Myx
ozoa
ns
Proto
zoan
s
Trache
ophy
tes
Bryop
hytes
True F
ungi
Slime M
olds
Red al
gae
Brown A
lgae
Green A
lgae
Chrys
ophy
tes
Euglen
oids
Archez
oans
Archae
bacte
ria
Bacter
ia
Original Cell
Extant
Extinct
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
8
5
3
2
1
Protista appears
How Many Kingdoms?
Mul
ticell
ular
Animals
Myx
ozoa
ns
Proto
zoan
s
Trache
ophy
tes
Bryop
hytes
True F
ungi
Slime M
olds
Red al
gae
Brown A
lgae
Green A
lgae
Chrys
ophy
tes
Euglen
oids
Archez
oans
Archae
bacte
ria
Bacter
ia
Original Cell
Extant
Extinct
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
8
5
3
2
1
Protista appears
Protista refined
How Many Kingdoms?
Mul
ticell
ular
Animals
Myx
ozoa
ns
Proto
zoan
s
Trache
ophy
tes
Bryop
hytes
True F
ungi
Slime M
olds
Red al
gae
Brown A
lgae
Green A
lgae
Chrys
ophy
tes
Euglen
oids
Archez
oans
Archae
bacte
ria
Bacter
ia
Original Cell
Extant
Extinct
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
8
5
3
2
1
Protista appears
Protista refined
Still needs refining!
How Many Kingdoms?
Mul
ticell
ular
Animals
Myx
ozoa
ns
Proto
zoan
s
Trache
ophy
tes
Bryop
hytes
True F
ungi
Slime M
olds
Red al
gae
Brown A
lgae
Green A
lgae
Chrys
ophy
tes
Euglen
oids
Archez
oans
Archae
bacte
ria
Bacter
ia
Original Cell
Extant
Extinct
Cyanobacterium endosymbiosis
Eukaryotes ARE Chim
eras!
Eubacteriumendosymbiosis
http
://w
ww
.sto
ckhi
llho
use.
co.u
k/gr
iffo
n.jp
g
Though sketched here as single events, these endosymbioses were very likely multiple events!
Archezoans
• “Protozoan parasites without mitochondria or Golgi”
• Oldest nucleated cells Diverged from other Eukaryotes 2bybp…
prior to ER and Golgi evolution
Lack peroxisomes
Ribosomes are 70S but NOT 80S
• 400 species (many more likely unknown parasites!)
• Three phyla:1. Archaeamoebae/Pelobiontida (Pelomyxa)2. Metamonada (Giardia)3. Microsporidia
http://www.btinternet.com/~stephen.durr/pelomyxapalustris.html
Uroid
Glycogen body
Vacuoles
Pseudopodia Endosymbiotic bacteria
Pelomyxa palustrisFree-living in freshwater sediment (microaerophilic)
Phagocytosis active
At least 3 species of endosymbiont in each cell…two species are methanogenic archaeons!
Anterior uroid (macropseudopodium) for amoeboid movement
Smaller pseudopodia do not enlarge
Accumulate glycogen reserves
http://www.btinternet.com/~stephen.durr/pelomyxapalustris.html
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/micropolitan/fresh/protozoa/frame3.html
Reproduction:
Nuclei
“Daughter” Amoeba
Mitosis of nucleus
Cytokinesis by furrowing
What would you suggest has been a large component of this individual’s phagocytosis diet?
Diplomonad intestinal parasite
2 nuclei in anterior of cell
Motility 2 anterior flagella 4 ventral flagella 2 posterior flagella
Ventral disc ridges provide adhesion to host
Giardia lamblia
http://www.nih.go.jp/niid/para/atlas/images/giardia-trph.jpg
http://www.nps.gov/olym/people/giardia.jpg
Giardia lamblia
Humans ingest water… cyst grows into trophozoite (shown)… parasite attaches to intestinal wall
Parasite proliferates and, as digestion continues, are torn from lining leading to bloody diarrhea
http://www.nih.go.jp/niid/para/atlas/images/giardia-cyst2.jpg
Parasite cyst in feces of beaver released into watershed
Giardia lamblia
http://atlas.or.kr/atlas/include/viewImg.html?uid=302
http
://a
tlas
.or.
kr/d
onat
ion/
dona
tion
_fil
es/D
SC
N10
31.jp
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Parasite cyst showing environmentally-stable wall of cyst, ectoplasm, endoplasm with 2 of 4 nuclei
Trophozoites in various planes of section showing nuclei, flagellae, etc.
Adhesive disc from ventral surface of trophozoite.
http://bioweb.usu.edu/emlab/Galleries/parasites/color_microsporidia.jpg
Nosema locustae
Microsporidian parasite of locusts, grasshoppers and crickets
http
://e
ntom
olog
y.un
l.edu
/im
ages
/ben
efic
ials
/pro
tozo
an/n
osem
a1.jp
g
http://www.agecology.com/productlogos/nolobait.gif
Used as a form of biological control
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/entomology/brooks/6a_d.jpg
Nosema algerae
Microsporidian parasite of mosquitoes
Wet Mount
Scanning EM
Transmission EM
Nosema apis
http://www.uni-saarland.de/fak8/hartmann/images/fumagillin.jpg
Control by Fumagillin-B from
Aspergillus fumigatus
http://maarec.cas.psu.edu/pest&disease/slide39.htm
Microsporidian parasite of honeybees
Swollen intestinal system, loss of banding patterns
Diarrhea, winterkill