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APES: The Final Chapter
So, now what?
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Application of the Principles
Plants and animals use
sunlight for energy in the
forms of light and heat
(Sun)
A different variety of plants
and animals live in an
ecosystem
(Biodiversity)
Predator - prey relationships
control animal populations / plant
species invade others
(Population Control)
Plants and animals excrete
waste, die and decay
(Nutrient Recycling)
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Application of the Principles
Population Government
EconomicsGlobal Politics
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ECONOMICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
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Core Case Study: A New Economic and Environmental Vision
• Some components of more environmentally sustainable economic development.
Figure 24-1
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ECONOMIC SYSTEMS AND SUSTAINABILITY
• An economic system produces and distributes goods and services by using natural, human, and manufactured resources.
• In a pure free-market system, buyers and sellers interact without any government or other interference.
– Actual capitalist market systems deviate from this model.
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Economic Resources: The Big Three
• Three types of resources are used to produce goods and services.
Figure 24-2
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Market Economic Systems: Pure Free Market and Capitalistic Models
• Supply, demand, and market equilibrium for a good or service in a pure market system.
Figure 24-3
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Government Intervention in Market Economic Systems:
Correcting Market Failures
• Governments intervene in market systems to help provide economic stability, national security, and public services such as education, crime protection, and environmental protection.
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Environmentally Sustainable Economic Development:
Copying Nature
• Models of ecological economists are built on the following assumptions:
– Resources are limited.
– Encourage environmentally beneficial and sustainable forms of development.
– The harmful environmental and health effects of producing goods and services should be included in market prices.
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Depletion of nonrenewable
resources
Degradation & depletion
of renewable resources used
faster than replenished
Pollution, waste from
overloading nature’s waste
disposal & recycling systems
Fig. 24-4, p. 573
Sun EARTH
HeatEconomic
Systems
Natural Capital Production
Air, water, land, soil, biodiversity, minerals, raw materials, energy resources; dilution, decomposition, & recycling services Consumption
Recyclingand reuse
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Economic Development
• Comparison of unsustainable economic development and environmentally sustainable economic development.
Figure 24-5
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ESTIMATING THE VALUE OF ECOLOGICAL SERVICES AND MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS
• Economists have developed several ways to estimate nonmarket values of the earth’s ecological services based using:
– Mitigation cost: how much it takes to offset any environmental damage.
– Willingness to pay: determine how much people are willing to pay to keep the environment in tact (e.g. protect an endangered species).
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ESTIMATING THE VALUE OF ECOLOGICAL SERVICES AND MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS
• Economists use discount rates (estimate resource’s future value compared to current) to estimate the future value of a resource.
• The market price you pay for something does not include most of the environmental, health, and other harmful costs associated with its production and use.
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Estimating the Optimum Levels of Pollution Control and Resource Use
• Environmental economists try to determine optimum levels of pollution control and resource use.
Figure 24-6
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Optimum Pollution Control
• The marginal cost of cleaning up pollution rises with each additional unit removed.
Figure 24-7
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Cost-Benefit Analysis: a Useful but Crude Tool
• Comparing likely costs and benefits of an environmental action is useful but involves many uncertainties.
– Cost–benefit analyses involves determining:
• Who or what might be affected by a particular regulation or project.
• Projecting potential outcomes.
• Evaluating alternative actions.
• Establishing who benefits and who is harmed.
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Environmental and Economic Indicators: Environmental Radar
• We need indicators that reflect changing levels of environmental quality and human health.
– Gross domestic product (GDP): measures the annual economic value of all goods and services produced in a country without taking harmful effects into consideration.
– Genuine progress indicator (GPI): Subtracts from the GDP costs that lead to a lower quality of life or deplete / degrade natural resources.
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Environmental and Economic Indicators: Environmental Radar
• Comparison of the per capita GDP and the GPI in the U.S. between 1950 and 2002.
Figure 24-8
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How Would You Vote?
Should full-cost pricing be used in setting market prices for goods and services?
– a. No. Low-income people will not be able to afford some essential goods and services.
– b. Yes. Full-cost pricing will improve environmental protection.
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ECONOMIC TOOLS FOR IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
• Including external costs in market prices informs consumers about the harmful impact of their purchases the earth’s life-support systems and on human health.
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Eco-Labeling: Informing Consumers So They can Vote with Their Wallets
• Certifying and labeling environmentally beneficial goods and resources extracted by more sustainable methods can help consumers decide what goods and services to buy.
Figure 24-9
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Subsidy Shifting
• Taxes on pollution and resource use can move us closer to full-costing pricing.
– Shifting taxes from wages and profits to pollution and waste (green taxes) helps make this feasible.
• We can improve environmental quality and human health by replacing environmentally harmful government subsidies with environmentally beneficial ones.
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Fig. 24-10, p. 580
Trade-Offs
Environmental Taxes and Fees
Advantages Disadvantages
Helps bring about full-cost pricing Penalizes low income groups
unless safety nets are provided
Provides incentive for
businesses to do better to
save moneyHard to determine optimal level
for taxes and fees
Need to frequently readjust levels,
which is technically and politically
difficult
Can change behavior of
polluters and consumers if
taxes & fees are set at a high
enough level
Gov’ts may see this as a way of
increasing general revenue instead of
using funds to improve environmental
quality and reduce taxes on income,
payroll, & profitsEasily administered by existing tax
agencies
Fairly easy to detect cheaters
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How Would You Vote?
Do the advantages of green taxes and fees outweigh the disadvantages?
– a. No. Low-income people, farmers, ranchers, and small businesses would suffer from environmental taxes and fees.
– b. Yes. They would reduce waste and protect the environment.
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Green Taxes
• Advantages of taxing wages and profits less and pollution and waste more.
Figure 24-11
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How Would You Vote?
Do you favor shifting taxes on wages and profits to pollution and waste?
– a. No. This tax system would penalize many farmers, ranchers, and businesses that cannot avoid generating waste.
– b. Yes. But, only if we offer subsidies to assist lower income people in meeting their basic needs.
– c. Yes. It would promote a cleaner environment.
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ECONOMIC TOOLS FOR IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
• Environmental laws and regulations work best if they motivate companies to find innovative ways to control and prevent pollution and reduce resource waste.
• Governments can set a limit on pollution emissions or use of a resource, give permits to users, and allow them to trade their permits on the marketplace.
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Fig. 24-12, p. 582
Trade-Offs
Tradable Environmental Permits
Advantages Disadvantages
Big polluters and resource wasters can
buy their way out
Flexible
Easy to administer May not reduce pollution at dirtiest plants
Encourages pollution prevention
and waste reduction
Can exclude small companies from buying
permits
Caps can be too low
Can promote achievement of capsCaps must be gradually reduced to
encourage innovation
Determining caps is difficultPermit prices determined by market
transactions Must decide who gets permits and why
Administrative costs high with many
participantsConfronts ethical problem of how much
pollution or resource waste is
acceptable Emissions and resource wastes must
be monitored
Confronts problem of how permits
should be fairly distributedSets bad example by selling legal rights to
pollute or waste resources
Self-monitoring can promote cheating
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How Would You Vote?
Do the advantages of using tradable pollution and resource-use permits to reduce pollution and resource waste outweigh the disadvantages?
– a. No. The policies would allow old and dirty plants to continue polluting local air and water.
– b. Yes. The policies are effective ways of capping and then reducing air and water pollution and resource use.
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Green Economics: Selling Services Instead of Things
• Some businesses can greatly decrease their resource use, pollution, and waste by shifting from selling goods and services to selling the services the goods provide.
– Carrier has begun shifting selling heating and air conditioning equipment to providing the service itself.
• It makes higher profits by having the most energy-efficient units.
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REDUCING POVERTY TO IMPROVE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND HUMAN
WELL-BEING
• We can sharply cut poverty by forgiving the international debts of the poorest countries, greatly increasing international aid and small individual loans to help the poor help themselves.
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Distribution of the World’s Wealth: a Widening Gap
• The global distribution of income shows that most of the world’s income flows up.
Each horizontal band is 1/5th
of the world’s populationFigure 24-13
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Solutions: Achieving the Millennium Development Goals
• In 2000, the world’s nations set goals for sharply reducing hunger and poverty, improving health care and moving toward environmental sustainability by 2015.
– In 1980 and 2002, developed countries agreed to devote 0.7% of their annual national income towards achieving such goals.
• The average amount donated was 0.25%.
• The U.S. gives 0.16%.
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Fig. 24-14a, p. 586
Expenditures per year (2005)
World military
U.S. military
U.S. highways$29 billion
U.S. potato
chips & snacks$22 billion
U.S. pet foods$19 billion
U.S. EPA$8 billion
U.S. foreign aid$8 billion
U.S. cosmetics$8 billion
$492 billion
(including Iraq)
$1
trillion
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Fig. 24-14b, p. 586
Expenditures per year needed to
Eliminate hunger & malnutrition $48 billion
Provide clean drinking water
and sewage treatment for all$37 billion
Provide basic health care for all $33 billion
Protect biodiversity $31 billion
Protect topsoil on cropland $24 billion
Provide universal primary
education and end illiteracy$16 billion
Restore fisheries $13 billion
Deal with global HIV/AIDS $10 billion
Stabilize water tables$10 billion
Restore rangelands$9 billion
Protect tropical forests$8 billion
Reforest the earth$6 billion
Total Earth Restoration and Social Budget = $245 billion
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MAKING THE TRANSITION TO MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE
ECONOMIES• Nature's four principles of sustainability and a
number of environmental and economic strategies can be used to develop more environmentally sustainable economies.
• The Netherlands has dedicated itself to making its economy more environmentally sustainable.
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Eco-Economies
• Principles for shifting to more environmentally sustainable economies during this century.
Figure 24-15
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Jobs, Profits, and the Environment:
New Industries and New Jobs
• Shifting to more environmentally sustainable economies will create immense profits and huge numbers of jobs.
Figure 24-16
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Sustainable development aims for a bottom line
• Sustainability does not mean just protecting the environment from humans
• Triple bottom line = the new goal for sustainability – Finding ways to promote social justice, economic well-
being, and environmental quality at the same time
– This goal is most pressing in developing nations, although the whole Earth is in need
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The UN’s Millennium Development Goals
• The Millennium Project and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment have determined that:– Environment degradation is a major barrier to
achieving the Millennium Development Goals
– Investing in environmental assets and management is vital to relieving poverty, hunger, and disease
– Reaching environmental goals requires progress in eradicating poverty
• Actions by many people and institutions are showing that sustainability is possible
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Environmental protection enhances opportunity
• Reducing consumption and waste saves money
• New jobs arise
– People think that protecting the northern spotted owl costs loggers their jobs
– But, jobs are at more risk when companies log unsustainably, then leave
• Environmental protection actually helps economy
– And leads to increased value of property and homes
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The economy-versus-environment divide
• What accounts for the view that we cannot protect the environment and provide for people’s needs?
– Economic development has clearly diminished biodiversity, decreased habitat, and degraded ecological systems
– Many people believe command-and-control environmental policy poses excessive costs for industry and restricts rights of private citizens
– Historically, we lived with abundant resources, and exploited them
• Philosophers have said that the perceived dichotomy between humans and nature is the root of all our environmental problems
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Humans are not separate from the environment
• We feel disconnected from nature
– Industrialization, large cities, houses, shuttered building, vehicles, and ignorant about wildlife
• A few centuries or even decades ago, most of the world could name and describe in detail the species that lived near them
– Modern life has made it difficult to keep maintain ties with the natural environment
– Once we learn to consider where things come from, it is easier to see how people are part of the environment
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Even a banana split has ties to the environment
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Strategies for Sustainability
• Sustainable solutions to environmental problems are numerous
• Challenges to sustainability:
– Being imaginative enough to think of solutions
– Being shrewd and dogged enough to overcome political and economic obstacles
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Strategies that spawn sustainable solutions
• We can refine our ideas about economic growth and quality of life– Economic growth is merely a tool to attain the real
goal of maximizing human happiness
– We cannot attain long-term happiness by endlessly expanding our economy
– We need to incorporate external costs into market prices of goods and services
– Green taxes and phasing out harmful substances could encourage sustainability
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Sustainable strategies: we can consume less
• Economic growth is driven by consumption
• We believe that more is better
– The U.S., with 5% of the world’s population, uses 30% of the resources
• Consumption of limited resources cannot continue
– It is taking place in a tiny slice of time in the long course of history
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Humans have existed for only 1 or 2 seconds
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True progress is not economic growth, but happiness
• We can reduce consumption while enhancing our quality of life by:– Improving technology and efficiency in industry
– Developing a sustainable manufacturing system
– Modify our behavior, attitudes, and lifestyles to minimize consumption
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Money cannot buy happiness
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Population growth must cease
• Continued human population growth is not sustainable
• Technology has expanded the Earth’s carrying capacity– Sooner or later, growth will end, but how?
• The demographic transition may help developing countries, as it helped developed countries
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Technology can help us
• Technology has spurred population increase
– Agricultural revolution, advances in medicine and health
• Technology magnifies our impact on Earth
– The I = PAT equation
• Short-sighted uses of technology have created a mess
– But wiser use of green technology can help us get out
• Developed countries have exported technologies to developing countries
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The catalytic converter: green technology
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Industry can mimic natural systems
• Environmental systems operate in cycles– Feedback loops and circular material flows
– Output is recycled into input
• Human systems are linear– Raw materials are processed, which generates waste
• Virtually all products can be recycled, given the right technology– The ultimate vision is to generate no waste
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We can think in the long term• Short-term plans appeal to many policy makers
– They offer immediate results to help them get reelected
• Unfortunately environmental problems can be resolved only by long-term periods
– Costs of addressing problems are short term
– Benefits are long term
• Businesses may act according to either short or long term
– A business committed to long-term operations has an incentive to sustain environmental quality
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We can promote self-sufficiency
• When people feel closely tied to an area, they value it and try to protect it
• Globalization has positive and negative impacts
– Positive: increased communication leads to greater respect of cultural differences
– Negative: homogenization of cultures
• People have reacted against homogenization and the growing power of multinational corporations
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Citizens exert political influence• Democracies offer a compelling route for pursuing sustainability: the power of the vote– We can guide our political leaders to enact
policies for sustainability
• A person can exercise power by:– Voting
– Attending public hearings
– Donating to advocacy groups
– Writing letters and making phone calls
“Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed people
can change the world. Indeed, it’s the only thing that ever has.”
(Margaret Mead)
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Consumers vote with their wallets
• We wield influence in the choices we make as consumers
• Consumers can buy ecolabeled products– Promote “green” purchasing at work and school
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Legal action
Regulating enforcement body
Public
hearing
Fig. 25-6, p. 598
Lobbyists Lobbyists
Lawmaking body
Special-interest groups
Environmental
organizations
Courts Corporations and
small business
Individual
Public
advisory
Laws and
regulations
Lawyers
Boycotts
Membership
support
Laws and
regulations
Purchase recyclable,
recycled, &
environmentally safe products
Recycle cans,
bottles, paper,
& plastic
Plant a
garden
Donate clothes
& used goods
to charities
Use water,
energy, & other
Resources
efficiently
Use mass
transit, walk,
ride a bike,
or carpool
Legal action
Lawyers
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Fig. 25-5, p. 597
White
House
Office
Office of
Management
and Budget
Council on
Environmental
Quality
• Overall policy
• Agency
coordination
• Budget
• Agency coordination
and management
• Environmental policy • Agency coordination • Environmental impact statements
Dept of Health
& Human
Services
Environmental
Protection
Agency
Department
of Justice
Department
of the
Interior
Department
of
Agriculture
Department
of Defense
• Health • Air & water pollution
• Noise
• Pesticides
• Solid waste
• Radiation
• Toxic substances
• Environmental
litigation
• Endangered species
• Energy
• Minerals
• National parks
• Public lands
• Fish and wildlife
• Water development
• Soil
conservation
• Forestry
• Civil works
construction
• Dredge & fill permits
• Pollution control from
defense facilities
Nuclear
Regulatory
Commission
Department
of State
Department
of
Commerce
Department
of Labor
Department of
Housing and
Urban
Development
Department of
Transportation
• Licensing and
regulation of
nuclear power
• International
environment
• Oceanic and atmospheric monitoring and research
• Occupational
health• Housing
• Urban parks
• Urban planning
• Airplane noise
• Mass transit
• Oil pollution
• Roads
Tennessee
Valley
Authority
Department
of Energy
• Energy policy
• Petroleum allocation • Electric power generation
President
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How a Bill Becomes a Law
• Individual citizens and lobbyists can influence how the bill is written before it is introduced and through subsequent stages.
Figure 25-7
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Major Environmental Laws in the U.S.
• Many of these laws have been amended (weakened or strengthened) since 1969.
Figure 25-8
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Promoting research and education is vital
• Nothing will succeed if the public is not aware of their importance
• Individual actions have little impact, unless many others do the same thing
• Individuals can influence others by educating them and serving as role models
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Precious time• It can be hard to give attention to problems we don’t
need to attend to on a daily basis• The sheer number of environmental problems can be
overwhelming• However, natural systems are changing rapidly• Human impacts are intensifying
– Overfishing, deforestation, land clearing, resource extraction
• We need to find solutions before we do irreparable harm
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We need to reach again for the moon
• President Kennedy created NASA in response to the prospect of “losing” the race to the moon
• Humanity faces a challenge more important than any previous one
– Achieving sustainability
– Larger and more complex than going to the moon
• Human ingenuity is capable; we merely need to rally public resolve and engage everyone in the race
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The environmental bottleneck
• We can achieve sustainability, but we must be realistic about the challenges– We are giving ourselves less room to maneuver
• Until we implement a sustainable solution, we will be squeezing ourselves through a progressively tighter space, like being squeezed through the neck of a bottle
• It would be terrible to let the entire world turn into Easter Island and use up all of our resources completely
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We must think of Earth as an island• Earth is, indeed, an island
– Islands can be paradise, or they can be destroyed
• Some people speak out for conservation and finding ways to live sustainably amid dwindling resources– Others ignore those calls, and continue environmental
destruction
• It would be a tragic folly to let the planet be destroyed
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The Earth is an island
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GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
• Many analysts believe that environmental security is as important as military and economic security.
– Some developing nations view the concept of environmental security as an agenda for rich countries to continue their control of the world’s natural resources.
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How Would You Vote?
Is environmental security just as important as economic and military security?
– a. No. Terrorism, unemployment, hunger, and inflation are more urgent threats to most nations.
– b. Yes. Environmental quality strongly influences the economies and security of most nations.
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Fig. 25-10, p. 611
Trade-Offs
Global Efforts on
Environmental Problems
Good News Bad News
Environmental protection agencies
in 115 nationsMost international environmental treaties
lack criteria for monitoring and evaluating
their effectiveness
Over 500 international environmental
treaties and agreements 1992 Rio Earth Summit led to nonbinding
agreements without enough funding to
implement them
UN Environment Programme (UNEP)
created in 1972 to negotiate and monitor
international environmental treaties By 2003 there was little improvement in the
major environmental problems discussed
at the 1992 Rio summit
1992 Rio Earth Summit adopted key
principles for dealing with global
environmental problems 2002 Johannesburg Earth Summit failed to
provide adequate goals, deadlines, and
funding for dealing with global
environmental problems such as climate
change, biodiversity loss, and poverty2002 Johannesburg Earth Summit
attempted to implement policies and goals
of 1992 Rio summit and find ways to
reduce poverty
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GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
• International environmental organizations:
– Expand understanding of environmental issues.
– Gather and evaluate environmental data.
– Help develop and monitor environmental treaties.
– Provide funds and loans for sustainable economic development.
– Help nations develop environmental laws and institutions.
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Fig. 25-11, p. 611
Solutions
International Environmental Treaties
Problems Solutions
Take a long time to
develop and are
weakened by
requiring full
consensus
Do not require full
consensus among
regulating parties
Establish procedures
for monitoring and
enforcement
Poorly monitored
and enforced
Lack of funding for
monitoring and
enforcement
Increase funding for
monitoring and
enforcement
Treaties are not
integrated with one
another
Harmonize or
integrate existing
agreements
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GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
• Earth summits and international environmental treaties play important roles in dealing with global environmental problems, but most are not effectively monitored or enforced.
• Making the shift to a more equitable and environmentally secure and sustainable global society is an economic, political, and ethical decision.
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Core Case Study: Biosphere 2 - A Lesson in Humility
• Biosphere 2, was designed to be self sustaining life-supporting system for eight people sealed in the facility in 1991. The experiment failed because of a breakdown in its nutrient cycling systems.
Figure 26-1
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ENVIRONMENTAL WORLDVIEWS AND VALUES
• Your environmental worldview encompasses:
– How you think the world works.
– What you believe your environmental role in the world should be.
– What you believe is right and wrong environmental behavior.
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ENVIRONMENTAL WORLDVIEWS AND VALUES
• Environmental worldviews lie on a continuum.
Figure 26-2
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HUMAN-CENTERED AND LIFE-CENTERED ENVIRONMENTAL WORLDVIEWS
• The major difference among environmental worldviews is the emphasis they put on the role of humans dealing with environmental problems.
– Some view that humans are the planet’s most important species and should become managers or stewards of the earth.
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Planetary Management
• We are apart from the rest of
nature and can manage nature to
meet our increasing needs and
wants.
• Because of our ingenuity and
technology we will not run out of
resources.
• The potential for economic
growth is essentially unlimited.
• Our success depends on how
well we manage the earth's life
support systems mostly for our
benefit.
Stewardship
• We have an ethical
responsibility to be caring
managers, or stewards,
of the earth.
• We will probably not run out of
resources, but they should not be
wasted.
• We should encourage
environmentally beneficial forms
of economic growth & discourage
environmentally harmful forms.
• Our success depends on how
well we manage the earth's life
support systems for our benefit
and for the rest of nature.
Environmental Wisdom
• We are a part of and totally
dependent on nature and nature
exists for all species.
• Resources are limited, should
not be wasted, and are not all
for us.
• We should encourage earth
sustaining forms of economic
growth & discourage earth
degrading forms.
• Our success depends on
learning how nature sustains
itself and integrating such lessons
from nature into the ways we
think and act.
Fig. 26-3, p. 617
Environmental Worldviews
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Environmental Worldviews: An Overview
• Some analysts doubt that we can effectively manage the earth because we do not have enough knowledge to do so.
• Life-centered and earth-centered environmental worldviews believe that we have an ethical responsibility to prevent degradation of the earth’s ecosystems, biodiversity, and biosphere.
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Environmental Worldviews
• Deep ecology calls for us to think more deeply about our obligations toward both human and nonhuman life.
• Ecofeminist environmental worldview believes that women should be given the same rights that men have in our joint quest to develop more environmentally sustainable and socially just societies.
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Shifts in Environmental Values and Worldviews:
Some Encouraging Trends
• Global and national polls reveal a shift towards the stewardship, environmental wisdom, and deep ecology worldviews.
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How Would You Vote?Which one of the following comes closest to your environmental worldview: planetary management, stewardship, environmental wisdom, deep ecology, ecofeminist?
– a. Planetary management
– b. Stewartship
– c. Environmental wisdom
– d. Deep ecology
– e. Ecofeminist
– f. Other
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Which Worldview Is More Likely to Prove Correct?
• Using images of economic or ecological collapse can deter us from preventing or slowing environmental degradation.
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How Would You Vote?
Do you believe there are physical and biological limits to human economic growth?– a. No. I have faith in human ingenuity and
creativity.
– b. Depends. Some (but not all) aspects of economic growth are limited.
– c. Yes. Ecological economists are generally correct.
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LIVING MORE SUSTAINABLY
• Environmental literate citizens and leaders are needed to build more environmentally sustainable and socially just societies.
• In addition to formal learning, we need to learn by experiencing nature directly.
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LIVING MORE SUSTAINABLY
• Some affluent people are voluntarily adopting lifestyles in which they enjoy life more by consuming less.
Figure 26-7
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Fig. 26-6, p. 622
Solutions
Developing Environmentally
Sustainable Societies
Guidelines Strategies
Learn from & copy nature Sustain biodiversity
Eliminate povertyDo not degrade or deplete the earth's
natural capital, and live off the natural
income it providesDevelop eco-economies
Build sustainable communities
Do not use renewable resources faster
than nature can replace them
Take no more than we need
Do not reduce biodiversityUse sustainable agriculture
Depend more on locally available renewable
energy from the sun, wind, flowing water, and
sustainable biomass
Try not to harm life, air, water, soil
Emphasize pollution prevention and waste
reduction
Do not change the world's climate
Do not overshoot the earth's
carrying capacity
Do not waste matter and energy resourcesHelp maintain the earth's capacity
for self-repair Recycle, reuse, and compost 60–80% of
matter resources
Repair past ecological damageMaintain a human population size such that
needs are met without threatening life
support systemsLeave the world in as good a shape
as—or better than—we found itEmphasize ecological restoration
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LIVING MORE SUSTAINABLY
• We can help make the world a better place by not falling into mental traps that lead to denial and inaction and by keeping our empowering feelings of hope ahead of any immobilizing feeling of despair.
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Living More Lightly on the Earth: The Sustainable Dozen
• Agriculture
– Reduce you meat consumption.
– Buy locally grown and produced food.
– Buy more organic food and grow your own.
– Don’t use pesticides.
• Transportation
– Drive an energy-efficient vehicle.
– Walk, bike, carpool, or take mass transit.
– Work at home or live near work.
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Living More Lightly on the Earth: The Sustainable Dozen
• Home Energy Use
– Caulk leaks, add insulation, use energy efficient appliances.
– Try to use solar, wind, flowing water, biomass for home energy.
• Water
– Use water-saving showers and toilets, use drip irrigation, landscape yard with natural plants that do not require excess water.
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Living More Lightly on the Earth: The Sustainable Dozen
• Resource Consumption
– Reduce your consumption and waste of stuff by at least 10%: Refuse and Reuse.
Figure 26-5
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LIVING MORE SUSTAINABLY
• The Earth Charter calls for us to respect and care for life and biodiversity and to build more sustainable, just, democratic, and peaceful societies for present and future generations.
• We need hope, a positive vision of the future, and commitment to making the world a better place to live.
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Conclusion
• In any society facing dwindling resources and environmental degradation, there will be those who raise alarms and those who ignore them
• The challenge for our society today is to support that science so that we may judge false alarms from real problems and distinguish legitimate concerns from thoughtless denial
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QUESTION: ReviewWhich of the following ways is not helpful towards reaching
sustainability?
a) Use water efficiently b) Conserve energy c) Promote renewable energy d) Use many fossil fuels
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QUESTION: ReviewWhat does “sustainable development” mean?
a) Finding ways to promote social justice
b) Economic well-being
c) Environmental quality at the same time
d) All of the above
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QUESTION: ReviewWhich of the following is NOT a major approach to sustainability?
a) Reduce unnecessary consumption
b) Limit population growth
c) Discourage research and education
d) Think in the long term
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QUESTION: ReviewWhich is NOT an intense human impact on our natural systems?
a) Resource extraction
b) Wetland draining
c) Overfishing
d) Planting excess trees
e) Land clearing
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QUESTION: ReviewWhich of the following is NOT a strategy for sustainability?
a) Encourage green technologies
b) Think in the long term
c) Voting with our wallets
d) All of these are strategies for sustainability