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ANTIBIOTICS FROM MICROORGANIS
Prof. Dr. Ir. H. Irwan Effendi, M. Sc
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INTRODUCTION
• Antibiotics are chemical compounds being produced by living organisms and inhibitory to other living organisms at low concentration.
• Living organisms produce primary metabolites such as the tri-carboxylic acids, for example, members of the TCA cyclic which generates energy for growth of living organisms.
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INTRODUCTION
• Unlike the primary metabolites, the majority of antibiotics are products being released as the results of secondary metabolic pathways which branches from primary metabolic pathways.
• Although the chemical structures of secondary metabolites are somewhat complicated, they are assumed to be derived from primary metabolites.
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• Practical chemotherapy requires chemical compounds having selective activity but also availability of sufficient amount necessary for therapy.
• Antibiotics which are in practical use at present satisfy the above requirements by their selective toxicity to pathogens and by reproducible cultivation of the producing microorganisms.
• The best example is provided by penicillin which is toxic selectively to bacteria but not to human beings and is produced reasonably by fermentation with a fungus.
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STATIONARY PHASE
• Lack of Nutrient• Lack of space• Production of extra metabolites
• Secondary metabolites• Antibiotics
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• nearly 4,000 antibiotics have been found mostly from terrestrial microorganisms and it is presumable that organisms living in unique environments may often provide new antibiotics.
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SOUCES OF MICROBES
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Methods of Isolation
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Methods of Isolation
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