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Anthropology Essential Ideas/Terms
Chapter 12 Summary notes
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1. Essential function of language is communication.
2. Spoken language is the primary vehicle through which culture is shared/transmitted
3. System of communication not unique to humans
4. Animals communicate by sound, odor, body movement…
5. Symbolic language not exclusive to humans (ex. Gorillas/chimps learning sign language)
Chapter Essential Ideas
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6. Human language is unique-it spoken and symbolic nature provides for infinite combinations
7. Structural Linguists attempt to discover rules of phonology (patterning of sounds), morphology (patterning of sound sequences and words) and syntax (patterning of phrases and sentences)
8.Historical linguists focus on discovering “protolanguage” (common ancestral language)
Continued…
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9. When two groups speaking same language separate they will develop small changes in phonology, morphology and syntax
10. If separation endures-they will develop separate languages.
11. Contact between groups leads to language resemblance.
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Code switchingUsing more than one language in the course of conversing
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CognatesWords or morphs
that belong to different languages but have similar sounds and meanings
Night and Nacht
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Core VocabularyHighly functional,
meaningful, high-frequency words and phrases
The small number of words that are used for the majority of communication. .
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Dialectsthe usage or
vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people
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Historical LinguisticsThe study of how
languages change over time
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Lexicondictionary: a reference book containing an alphabetical list of words with information about them
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ProtolanguageA hypothesized
ancestral language from which two or more languages seem to have derived.
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Structural LinguisticsThe study of how
languages are constructed.
Phonology=sounds
Morphology=words
Syntax=sentences