Download - Animals let
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Animal Morphology and Diversity
Dr. Eden V. Evangelista
Department of Biological Sciences
Philippine Normal University
Manila
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Levels of ClassificationKingdoms (C. Linnaeus)
1.Plant 2. Animal
five-kingdom system 1.Plant 4. Protist2.Animal 5. Fungi3.Monera
Six-kingdom system1. Plant 4. Protist2. Animal 5. Fungi3. Monera Eubacteria Archaebacteria
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8 – Kingdom1. Plant2. Animal3. Monera Eubacteria Archaebacteria4. Fungi5. Protist Archaezoa
Protista
Chromista
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* Animals cannot make their own food. They depend on other living organisms.
*Animals digest their food. They cannot use proteins, fats and carbohydrates directly.
*Many animals move from place to place. By moving around, they can find food, escape their enemies, find a better place to live and find mates.
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*Animals have many cells. Different cells carry out different functions such as digestion and reproduction.
*Animal cells are eucaryotic. The cells have nucleus and organelles enclosed by a membrane.
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Examples of major phyla of the animal kingdom: (more or less 36 phyla)
Porifera Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes Aschelminthes
Mollusca Annelida
Arthropoda Echinodermata
Chordata
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Butterfly, fish, grasshoppers,
spider, bird
Animals without backbones
(invertebrates)
Animals with backbones
(vertebrates)
With 3 body regions (Moth & grasshopper)
With 2 body
regions
With gills Without gills
Butterfly & grasshopper
Spider Fish Bird
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Arrangement of the body parts (symmetry ) :
Radial symmetry - animals that have body parts arranged in a circle around a central point. Examples: Sea anemones and starfish.
Bilateral symmetry - animals that can be divided into right and left halves by drawing an imaginary line down the length of its body.
Asymmetrical animals - animals that do not have definite shape
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Evolutionary Tree of Animals
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Poriferans (Sponges)
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Venus Flower Basket
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Sponges
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Cnidaria
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Hydra are named after the nine-headed sea snake of Greek mythology and are freshwater relatives of corals, sea anemones and jellyfish. Cnidaria and share in common stinging tentacles and a radially symmetrical body plan.
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Jelly Fish
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Sea Anemone
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Sea Anemone
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Platyhelminthes
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Flatworms
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Tapeworm
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Tapeworm
lamb is passing a tapeworm
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Nematoda
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Anatomy of Roundworms
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Annelida
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Earthworm Anatomy
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External Parts of an Earthworm
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Leech
Nereis
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Mollusca
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Chiton
Snail
Limpet
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Shell
Squid
Octopus
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Coelom Formation
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Clam Anatomy
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Arthropoda
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Butterfly Spider
Centipede
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Metamorphosis
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External Parts of a Grasshopper
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Compound Eyes of Mosquito
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Millipede
Shrimp
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Echinodermata
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Sea Cucumber
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Chordata
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Lancelets
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Tunicates
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Protochordates
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Amphibians (Frogs, Toads, Salamanders and Newts)
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Frogs, toads and salamanders are amphibians. - They have moist, smooth skin, or warty skin without scales.
- They can breathe through their skin. - - Oxygen and carbon dioxide can be
exchanged through the skin and the lining of the mouth.
- have very small sac-like lungs in the chest cavity that are used for breathing on land. - also called cold-blooded which means
that their body temperature changes depending on the temperature of the environment.
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External Parts of the Frog
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Frog
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The Reptiles (Lizards, Snakes, Turtles and Crocodiles)
-cold-blooded vertebrate with dry, scaly skin
-special type of egg adaptations that enable
them to live their entire life out of water.
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- Snakes and lizards make up the largest group of reptiles
- Turtles make up a very successful order of animals. They can be found in almost every continent and in most of the world's oceans. The body of a turtle is covered by a hard shell both on top and at the bottom. Most turtles can withdraw into their shell for protection. Turtles have no teeth and use their beaks to feed on insects,worms, fish and plants.
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A sea turtle
Turtles are found or live in water, while Tortoise live on land
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A Crocodile
Crocodiles and alligators are among the world's largest living reptiles. They are carnivorous and some species can grow up to 7 meters in length with a mass of around 1,000 kilograms.
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Vertebrates
Around 5% of all animals are vertebrates. They have the following characteristics: presence of vertebral column; internal joint skeleton that protects internal organs; closed circulatory system; paired appendages; efficient organ for obtaining oxygen; kidneys as excretory organ; and a high degree of cephalization.
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Birds and Mammals (Warm-blooded animals)
- a warm-blooded animal with an outer
covering of feathers, two legs used for
walking or perching, and front limbs
modified into wings.
- bird's body temperature is about 40 0C
they have higher body temperature than the
human body.
- most striking characteristic is the presence
of feathers.
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External Parts of a Bird
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Orders of Mammalia
Mammals are classified according to means of reproduction:
- mammals that lay eggs;
- mammals that have pouches; and
- mammals that have placentas.
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Man, monkeys, etc.
Mammals
Based on development and
reproduction
Marsupial
Platypus
MonotremePlacental
Kangaroo / Koala
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Egg- laying Mammals
- monotremes are a small group of mammals that lay eggs. - they do not have nipples like the placental mammals - the young licks milk from the skin and hair surrounding the female's mammary gland.
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Spiny Anteater
Platypus
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Mammals with Pouches
- develop their young in pouches, but the youngs are born, not hatched from eggs. - marsupials, common in Australia and New Zealand. - young marsupial develops for a short while inside the body of the mother. When they are born, they are tiny and helpless.
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Mammals with Placenta
- largest group of mammals- mammals whose embryo
develops inside the placenta. - in a placenta, the baby can stay inside the mother longer - a baby placental mammal is more developed and active than other new born mammals.
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Lion Monkey
Dog Cat
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Primates
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Man
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Point of
Comparison
AgnathaChondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia
Modes of Feeding
filter-feeders (larvae) parasites (adults)
filter-feeders, carnivores, predators
filter-feeders, carnivores, herbivores
herbivores, carnivores
herbivores, carnivores
herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, insectivores
Respiration
gills gill slits (gills)
gills, swim bladder
skin, gills, lungs
lungs lungs, air sacs
lungs
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Point of
Comparison
AgnathaChondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia
General Characteristic
jawless; lack bony skeleton; smooth non scaly skin
skeleton of cartilage, with epidermal placoid (toothlike) scales
skeleton of bone, with swim blassder (gas filled sac)
with four legs, metamorphosis, smooth and moist
with four legs, dry scaly skin, shelled egg
with feathers, hard shelled egg, with wings
with hair or fur, infant dependency, mammary glands
Classes of Phylum Chordata
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Point of
Comparison
AgnathaChondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia
Internal Transport
simple circuit of closed circulatory system
closed circulatory system; 2 chambered heart
closed circulatory system; 2 chambered heart
closed circulatory system; 3 chambered heart; double circulation
closed circulatory system; 4 chambered heart
closed; 4 chambered heart, blood vessels, air sacs
closed; 4 chambered heart; blood vessels
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Point of
Comparison
AgnathaChondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
Amphibia
Reptilia Aves Mammalia
Excretion
kidney kidney kidney kidney kidneys; salt glands
kidneys
Response
well-developed sense of smell and hearing, with lateral line to sense vibrations
well-developed sense of smell; brain, cold-blooded/ ectothermic
ectothermic/ cold-blooded; well-developed brain
ectothermic/ cold-blooded; well-developed brain
ectothermic/ cold-blooded; well-developed brain
endothermic/ warm-blooded; well-developed brain
endothermic/ warm-blooded; well-developed brain
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Point of
Comparison
AgnathaChondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia
Movement
muscles
fins fins legs, feet
legs and some are legless
wings, feet
limbs, legs, feet
Reproduction
sexual, external, fertilization
sexual, internal fertilization
sexes separate; external fertilization
separate sexes; external/ internal fertilization
sexes separate; internal fertilization
sexes separate; with copulatory organs; internal ferilization
sexes separate, with copulatory organs; internato fertilization
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Point of
Comparison
AgnathaChondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia
Symmetry
bilateral
bilateral
bilateral
bilateral
bilateral
bilateral
bilateral
Habitat aquatic
aquatic
aquatic
terrestrial/ aquatic
terrestrial/ aquatic
terrestrial/ aquatic
terrestrial/ aquatic
Examples lampreys, hagfishes
shark, rays, skates
body fishes
salamanders, caecicilians, frogs, toads
turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, alligators
birds anteater, kangaroo, dogs, apes, bats, whale, horse, rabbits, rats, moles, elephants, deer
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E.V.EE.V.E