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Animal Contributions to Human Needs
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What animals are used for production purposes?
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SCIENCE
a process through which nature is STUDIED, DISCOVERED, and UNDERSTOOD.
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Animal Science
The PROCESS through which LIVESTOCK ANIMALS are STUDIED and UNDERSTOOD.
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Animal Science Involves BREEDING, feeding, care
and MANAGEMENT of animals; MARKETING and PROCESSING of animals and their PRODUCTS based on knowledge gained through practical EXPERIENCE and RESEARCH.
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Domestication
To adapt an animal for human use
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Five requirements for domestication
1.The animal is VALUED and there are clear PURPOSES for which it is kept.
2.The animal’s BREEDING is subject to human control.
3.The animal’s SURVIVAL depends upon humans.
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Five requirements for domestication
4.The animal’s BEHAVIOR (psychology) is changed in domestication.
5.Morphological (STRUCTURAL) characteristics have appeared which occur rarely if at all in the wild.
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Wild animal
not GENETICALLY altered by artificial selection for use by humans
Example
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Tame wild animal
a wild animal that, through intervention of man, has adapted BEHAVIORALLY so as to be useful to humans.
Example
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Exotic animal
a wild animal belonging to a species whose historic native range lies totally outside NORTH AMERICA
Example
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Domestic animal
an animal that has been genetically altered from the original wild species for use by humans through ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
Example
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Feral animal
a DOMESTIC animal that lives in the WILD with no human assistance
Example
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Feral population
a REPRODUCING group of FERAL animals
Example
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Species
a group of closely related animals that can INTERBREED and produce FERTILE offspring
Example
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Breed
animals of common ORIGIN with characteristics that distinguish them from other groups within the same SPECIES
Example
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Type
animals of the same SPECIES that are grouped together based on the PRODUCTS they produce
Example
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Scientific Names of Domesticated Livestock
Animals
Genus species
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European Cattle
Bos taurus
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Indian Cattle
Bos indicus
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Sheep
Ovis aries
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Goats
Capra hircus
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Swine
Sus scrofa domesticus
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Horse
Equus caballus
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Donkey
Equus asinus
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Rabbit
Oryctolagus cuniculus
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Llama
Llama glama
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Alpaca
Llama pacos
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Dog
Canis familiaris
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Cat
Felis catus
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Chicken
Gallus domesticus
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Turkey
Meleagris gallopavo
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Duck
Anas platyrhyncha
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Goose
Anser anser
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Terms of Domesticated Animals
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Cattle Terminology
Species Bovine
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Cattle Terminology
Group Herd
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Cattle Terminology
Adult MaleBull
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Cattle Terminology
Adult Female Cow
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Cattle Terminology
Young Male Bull Calf
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Cattle Terminology
Young Female Heifer Calf
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Cattle Terminology
Newborn Calf
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Cattle Terminology
Castrated Male Bullock or Steer
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Cattle Terminology
Offspring w/Dam Calf at Foot or Suckling
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Cattle Terminology
Birthing Calving
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Cattle Terminology
Mating Serving
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Sheep Terminology
Species Ovine
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Sheep Terminology
GroupFlock
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Sheep Terminology
Adult MaleRam, Buck, or Tup
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Sheep Terminology
Adult Female Ewe
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Sheep Terminology
Young Male Ram Lamb or Buck Lamb
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Sheep Terminology
Young Female Ewe Lamb
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Sheep Terminology
NewbornLamb
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Sheep Terminology
Castrated Male Wether
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Sheep Terminology
Offspring w/Dam Suckling
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Sheep Terminology
Birthing Lambing
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Sheep Terminology
MatingTupping
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Goats Terminology
Species Caprine
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Goats Terminology
GroupFlock or Band
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Goats Terminology
Adult MaleBuck or Billy
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Goats Terminology
Adult Female Doe or Nanny
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Goats Terminology
Young Male Buckling
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Goats Terminology
Young Female Goatling
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Goats Terminology
NewbornKid
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Goats Terminology
Castrated Male Wether
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Goats Terminology
Offspring w/Dam Suckling
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Goats Terminology
BirthingKidding
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Goats Terminology
MatingServing
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Swine Terminology
Species Swine or Sus
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Swine Terminology
GroupDrove
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Swine Terminology
Adult MaleBoar
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Swine Terminology
Adult Female Sow
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Swine Terminology
Young Male Boar Pig or Boarling
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Swine Terminology
Young Female Gilt
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Swine Terminology
NewbornPig, Piglet, Pigling
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Swine Terminology
Castrated Male Barrow, Stag, Hog
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Swine Terminology
Offspring w/Dam Suckling
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Swine Terminology
BirthingFarrowing
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Swine Terminology
MatingCoupling
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Poultry Terminology
Species Gallus
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Poultry Terminology
GroupFlock
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Poultry Terminology
Adult MaleRooster, Cock
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Poultry Terminology
Adult Female Hen
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Poultry Terminology
Young Male Cockerel
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Poultry Terminology
Young Female Pullet
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Poultry Terminology
NewbornChick
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Poultry Terminology
Castrated Male Capon
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Poultry Terminology
Offspring w/Dam Clutch, Brood
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Poultry Terminology
BirthingHatching
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Poultry Terminology
Mating?????
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Horse Terminology
Species Equine
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Horse Terminology
GroupHerd, Band, etc.
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Horse Terminology
Adult MaleStallion
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Horse Terminology
Adult Female Mare
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Horse Terminology
Young Male Colt
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Horse Terminology
Young Female Filly
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Horse Terminology
NewbornFoal
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Horse Terminology
Castrated Male Gelding
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Horse Terminology
Offspring w/Dam Suckling or Foal at Side
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Horse Terminology
BirthingFoaling
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Horse Terminology
MatingServing
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Functions of Livestock
Product- an actual material provided by an animal that can be bought, sold, or used
Service- a work provided by an animal
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Functions of Livestock
Food Clothing Power Recreation
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Food
Meat Eggs Milk Honey
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Clothing
Wool Leather Hair/Fur Feathers
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Power
Horses Mules, Donkeys, Burros Llamas, Alpacas Oxen, Water buffalo, reindeer, yak,
camels
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Recreation
Pleasure Horses Purebred Herds and Flocks Livestock Exhibitions, Shows, Rodeos Horse Racing
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Mainstream Domestic Animals
Dairy Cattle Beef Cattle Sheep (Wool, Meat, Dairy) Swine Goats (Mohair, Milk, Meat, Cashmere) Horses, Mules, Donkeys, etc Poultry
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Non-Traditional Domestic Animals
Ostrich & Emu Deer and Elk Bison Aquaculture Llamas and Alpacas Alligators Rare Breeds of Domestic Animals
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Types of Livestock
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Cattle
Beef Type Dairy Type Dual Purpose Multi-Purpose
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Sheep Wool type
Fine Medium Long Colored
Meat or Mutton type Dual Purpose Dairy Type
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Swine
Lard Type Bacon Type Meat Type
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Horses
Draft Type Racing Ranch Work/Stock Horse Trotting Pacers
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Poultry
Eggs (Layers) Meat (Broilers) Ornamental Cock Fighting
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Why Farmers Use Livestock
Converts feed to meat; feed generally brings more money when marketed through livestock
Utilizes labor the year around Allows for greater production capacity and
increases opportunity for making profits Helps maintain fertility of the land
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Why Farmers Use Livestock
May more fully utilize capital, machinery and wasteland (range).
Utilizes roughage that can’t readily be sold (poor hay, corn stalks, straw, etc.)
Diversifies that farm and/or ranch Personal satisfaction of working with
domesticated animals
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Animal Protein
Animal proteins are superior to vegetable proteins for humans
Animal proteins have improved amino acid balance over vegetable protein
Producing animals for meat, mike, eggs, etc. is not as efficient as compared to cereal grains produced for humans alone
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Ruminants
Have a four compartment stomach Can digest roughages Manufacture essential amino acids and
energy Examples include:
Cattle Sheep Goats
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Non-ruminants (Monogastric)
Have a single compartment stomach Need supplementary sources of amino
acids and vitamins Examples include:
Swine Poultry Horses
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Contributions to Food Needs
Vegetarianism -- started in India, due to long-term population pressure and scarcity of feed and forage for animals -- also religious concerns; all life is sacred.
Rising Population Pressures -- particularly in developing regions force people to consume foods of plant origin
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Contributions to food Needs
Classification:% Animal
Dietary Energy
% Animal Protein of
Total Protein
Developed Countries 25 55Developing Countries 7 21
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Contributions to Food Needs
Meat -- is important in diet; excellent balance of amino acids, vitamins and especially Vitamin B12
Milk -- approximately 90% of milk for human consumption in the world comes from cattle
Over 85% of the world population desires food of animal origin
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1. Vegan
2. Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian
3. Vegetarian
4. Lacto Vegetarian
5. Ovo Vegetarian
6. Raw Vegan
7. Pescatarian
8. Flexitarian
9. Pollo Vegetarians
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1. Vegan: No animal products at all2. Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian: no meat, milk,
eggs3. Vegetarian: no meat4. Lacto Vegetarian: no meat or milk5. Ovo Vegetarian: no meat or eggs6. Raw Vegan: only raw, uncooked
vegetables and fruits7. Pescatarian: Will eat fish, no other
meat8. Flexitarian: Occasionally eats meat9. Pollo Vegetarians: Eats poultry, no
other meat
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Calories of cultural or Fossil Fuel expended per calorie of food
Hunting Game .1-.2 Soybeans .2-.5 Range Lamb .3-.4 Corn .4-.5 Range Beef .5-.6
Coastal Fishing .9-1.1 Poultry 1.5-2.0 Hogs 2.5-3.2 Farm Forage Beef 3.0-4.0 Feedlot Beef 10.5-12.0
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Feed Conversion Values
For each 1lb of gain, each animal eats Sheep 5-7 lbs Cattle 7-8 lbs Swine 3.0-3.5 lbs Turkeys 3.0-3.5 lbs Chicken 2
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Livestock Feed Consumption
Range/Pasture34% Processed Feed 7% Feed Grain 26% Hay 32% Wheat 1%
Range/Pasture
Hay
Feed Grains
Wheat
ProcessedFeeds
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US Livestock Producers- 1996
Beef 55.4% 909,100 Swine 11.9% 182,700 Chickens 10.9% 179,200 Dairy 8.5% 140,100 Horses 5.4% 88,400 Ducks/Geese 2.4% 39,600 Goats (milk) .9% 15,400 Goats (angora) .3% 5,400
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Top States in Beef Production
1. Texas 2. Kansas 3. Nebraska 4. Oklahoma 5. California Utah’s Rank 28th
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Top States in Dairy Production
1. California 2. Wisconsin 3. New York 4. Pennsylvania 5. Michigan Utah’s Rank 25th
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Top States in Sheep Production
1. Texas 2. California 3. Wyoming 4. Colorado 5. South Dakota Utah’s Rank 7th
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Top States in Goat Production
1. Texas 2. New Mexico 3. Arizona 4. Oklahoma 5. California Utah’s Rank ?
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Top States in Swine Production
1. Iowa 2. North Carolina 3. Michigan 4. Illinois 5. Indiana Utah’s Rank 20th
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Top States in Layers Production
1. California 2. Ohio 3. Indiana 4. Pennsylvania 5. Iowa Utah’s Rank 33rd
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Top States in Broiler Production
1. Arkansas 2. Georgia 3. Alabama 4. North Carolina 5. Mississippi Utah’s Rank ??
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Top States in Turkey Production
1. North Carolina 2. Minnesota 3. Arkansas 4. Missouri 5. California Utah’s Rank 14th
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Number of Farms and Ranches
1. Texas 2. Missouri 3. Iowa 4. Kentucky 5. Minnesota Utah’s Rank 36th
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Land in Farms and Ranches
1. Texas 2. Montana 3. Kansas 4. Nebraska 5. New Mexico Utah’s Rank 28th
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Utah’s Rank in Other Areas
Mink Production 2nd Trout Production 6th Honey Production 24th