Download - Animal and Plant Systems and Ecology
Animal and Plant Systems and Ecology
Mary Susan Mardon
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
• Prokaryotic Cells lack a membrane bound nucleus.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
• Eukaryotic Cells have a membrane bound nucleus. Cytoskeleton
Mitochondria
Cell Membrane
Lysosome
Golgi Apparatus
Ribosomes
Cilia
Nucleus
Centrioles
Flagellum
Plant Cell
• Plant Cells have Cell Walls• Have Plastids (three types)1. Chloroplast2. Leukoplast3. Chromoplast• Have large vacuoles• Lack Centrioles, Cilia, Flagella• Rectangular
Animal Cell
• Have Centrioles, Flagella, and Cilia• Lack Cell Wall• Round
Specialized Animal Cells
• Three types of Blood Cells1. Red Blood Cells2. White Blood Cells3. Thrombocytes (platelets)
Specialized Animal Cells
• Muscle Tissue1. Skeletal-voluntary2. Smooth-involuntary3. Cardiac-involuntary
Sarcolemma
Mitochondria
Myofibrils
A Band
I Band
Z Band
Nucleus
Structure of a Muscle Cell
Specialized Animal Cells
• Epithelial Cells1. Simple Squamous2. Simple Cuboidal3. Simple Columnar
Specialized Animal Cells
• Bone Tissue• Cartilage
Hinge Joint
Ball and Socket Joint
Immovable Joint
Nerve Cell
Specialized Plant Systems
• Plant Root Zone
Vascular Plants
• Have three different types of cells1. Epidermal2. Ground3. Vascular
Epidermal Cell
Epidermal Cell
Ground Tissue
• Sclerenchyma: thick, rigid cell walls makes it tough and strong.• Collenchyma: have
strong, flexible cell walls that help support larger plants.
Ground Tissue
• Parenchyma: are large similar cells that can be used to store nutrients
Vascular tissue
Phloem—vascular cells that transport nutrients within the plant.
Xylem—vascular cells that transport water within the plant
Stems
• Provides support for the plant• Transports nutrients from the roots to the
leaves• Waterproof covering made of epidermal cells
and wax (cuticle)• Some woody stems have cells called cork
which provide protection and prevent water loss
Leaves
• Cuticle—waxy covering on the leaf• Trichomes—specialized hairs on the outside of
the cuticle• Guard cells-form openings for the stoma• Stoma—regulate gas exchange with the
environment
Plant Systems
• Vascular plants have specialized tissues used for transport
1. Flowering plants, ferns, trees, shrubs, conifers2. Generally very large in size• Nonvascular plants lack transport tissues1. Mosses, liverworts, hornworts, green algae2. Most rely on osmosis and diffusion to
transport nutrients and water
Plant Systems continued…
• Phloem Tissue1. Carry nutrients made by the plant from the
leaves to the stems or roots2. Phloem tissue is composed of parenchyma
cells, sieve tube cells, and companion cells
Flowers
• Contain the reproductive parts of the plant• Pollen is the male gamete is produced on the
stamen the male reproductive organ• Ovary is the female gamete and located at the
bottom of the style (meiosis)• Pistil is the female reproductive organ• Anther produces the pollen (meiosis)• Pollen grains stick to the stigma (top of pistil)
Flowers continued…
• Pollen grain grows a pollen tube down through the style to the ovary where fertilization occurs in the ovule
• Self-pollination occurs when pollen of a flower is transferred to the stigma of the same flower
• Cross-pollination occurs when pollen of one flower is deposited on other flowers (wind, insects, birds)
Structure of a Flower
Plants and Light
• White light made up of all the colors of light• ROY G. BIV• Reflected light bounce off the leaf’s surface
and color is perceived
Plants and Light Continued…
• Plants contain two main pigments1. Chlorophyll a absorption peaks at 665 and
465 nm2. Chlorophyll b absorption peaks at 450 to 500 and 600-650 nm3. Wavelengths 500-600 nm are not absorbed
by either pigment---reflecting green
Plants and Light Continued…
• Chromoplasts contain yellow, red, orange , blue pigment
• Chromoplasts are found in flowers and fruits,
Photosynthesis and Respiration
• Photosynthesis is the chemical process plants use to trap energy.
• Two stages 1. Light-dependent reaction occurs in the
stroma of the chloroplast2. Light-independent reaction (carbon fixation) uses ATP carbon and NADPH to form glucose
Photosynthesis and Respiration Continued…
• External factors which affect the chemical reaction include
1. temperature2. light intensity3. pH
Cell Respiration
• Cell respiration is the process of breaking down molecules of glucose to release energy.
• Two types of respiration1. aerobic—oxygen is required2. anaerobic—other gases are utilized• Three phases of cellular respiration1. Glycolysis2. Krebs cycle3. Electron transport chain
Biological Classification
• Taxonomy is the classification of an organism based on factors such as structure, behavior, lifestyle, genetic make-up, nutritional needs, and methods of obtaining food.
History of Taxonomy
• Aristotle (384-322 BC) used two categories to classify plants and animals
• Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) a Swedish botanist developed a system called binomial
nomenclature to classify organisms1. Genus species-----Homo sapien2. Binomial name is written in Latin
Taxonomic Categories
• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species
Kingdoms
• Animalia• Plantae• Fungi• Protista• Eubacteria• Archaea bacteria
Influence of Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Biotic factors include all living organisms1. Flowers, insects, mammals, sponges2. Organisms must obtain and store energy
from abiotic factors• Abiotic factors include all non-living
components1. Water, soil, temperature, light 2. Determine the size of an ecosystem
Population Growth Patterns
• Population is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same geographic area
• Population dynamics include characteristics of populations such as growth rate, density, and distribution of a population
1. Growth rate of a population is the change in population size per unit time.
Population Growth Patterns
• Immigration occurs when organisms move into a population
• Emigration occurs when organisms move out of a population
• Exponential growth (J-shaped curve) occurs when the population growth starts out slowly, then increases rapidly as the number of reproducing individuals increase
Carrying Capacity
• Carrying capacity is the number of individuals the environment can support in a given area
• Population size exceeds the carrying capacity the number of births will decrease and the number of deaths will increase
• Logistic growth (S-shaped curve) curve will level out at a certain point
Regulation of Population Size
• Limiting factor occurs in a population that restricts the population size
• Two categories of limiting factors1. Density-dependent factors include
competition, disease, predation2. Density-independent factors include weather,
natural disasters, and seasonal cycles
Ecological Succession
• Ecological succession is described as a series of changes over a period of time
• Two types of succession1. Primary occurs in areas that are barren of life
due to lack of soil (volcanic islands, lava flow)• Pioneer species are the first species to grow
in barren land
Ecological Succession Continued…
• Secondary succession occurs when the community of living things has been partially or completely destroyed
• Climax community is a mature relatively stable community where there is little change in the predominant species in a area