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WARM-UP1. What is the pacemaker? Where is it
located?
2. List the parts of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart.
3. Draw and label the 3 waves of a typical EKG tracing. What is happening at each wave?
4. What causes the heart sounds (lub-dub)?
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WARM-UP
1. Compare arteries, capillaries, & veins.
1. Imagine you are a red blood cell. List the pathway you would travel through the body in a complete circuit starting at a pinky toe.
2. Explain how blood pressure is measured.
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WARM-UP
1. What is hypertension? What are possible causes?
2. What is atherosclerosis?
3. What can you do to prevent atherosclerosis?
4. What treatment options are available for patients with coronary atherosclerosis?
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BLOOD VESSELS & CIRCULATION
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Vascular System: blood circulates inside closed transport systems
Types of Blood Vessels:Arteries (takes blood away from
heart)ArteriolesCapillary beds VenulesVeins (return blood back to heart)
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ANATOMY OF BLOOD VESSELSThree coats (tunics):1.Tunica intima: endothelium
lines the interior of vessels; decreases friction as blood flows
2.Tunica media: smooth muscle & elastic tissue (dilates & constricts vessels)
3.Tunica externa: fibrous connective tissue on outside supports and protects vessels
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ArteriesArteries CapillariesCapillaries VeinsVeins
• Blood away from heart• Thicker walls• Withstand
high pressure
• Walls 1-cell thick• Exchange
gases between blood and tissue cells
• Blood back to heart• Thinner walls• Low pressure• Large lumen• ValvesValves:
prevent blood backflow• Skeletal
muscles enhance venous return
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VERICOSE VEINS People stand for long periods of time
inactivity or pressure on veins Blood pools in feet and legs Valves weaken veins become twisted &
dilated Treatment: compression stockings, exercise,
laser treatment, surgery
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VITAL SIGNS
Pulse: expansion & recoil of an artery with each beat of left ventricle
Pressure points (eg. carotid artery, radial artery)
Normal resting: 70-76 beats/min
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VITAL SIGNS
Blood pressure: pressure of blood on inner walls of blood vessels
Systolic presure: peak of ventricular contraction
Diastolic pressure: ventricles relaxedWritten: Systolic/DiastolicNormal: (120 mm Hg)/(70 mm Hg) or
120/70
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MEASURING BLOOD PRESSURE
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USING A SPHYGMOMANOMETER Wrap cuff around upper arm Place stethoscope on brachial artery Inflate cuff to 180 mm Hg Slowly release air listen for whooshing
sounds in brachial artery (Korotkoff sounds)Systolic: when sound begin to appear Diastolic: when sounds disappear
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YouTube: How to Measure Blood Pressure
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HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
Hypertension: high blood pressure (>140/90) Circulatory shock: acute hypotension
Blood loss Atherosclerosis – artery walls thicken due
to fatty deposits (plaques)
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STENT VS. BYPASS SURGERY
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CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE Progressive weakening of heart Low heart efficiency circulation inadequate
to meet tissue needs Caused by:
Coronary atherosclerosisPersistent high blood pressureMultiple heart attacks – scar tissue