Download - Anatomy of Vertebral Column
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VERTEBRAL COLUMNBy Sharmin SusiwalaFY BPT
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•Vertebral column consists of a number of separate irregular bones called VERTEBRAE
•Forms the central axis of the body.
•Functions:Protects spinal cord.Supports and transmits body weight.Provides attachment to axial muscles.Provides movement of the trunk.
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•Vertebrae are named according to region in which they lie.
•There are 33 vertebrae but only 31 spinal nerves.
Vertebrae Number Spinal Nerve NumberCervical 7 Cervical 8Thoracic 12 Thoracic 12Lumbar 5 Lumbar 5Sacral 5 Sacral 5Coccygeal 4 Coccygeal 1
• In adults, 5 sacral vertebrae fuse together to form ‘sacrum’ 4 coccygeal vertebrae fuse together to form ‘coccyx’.
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Characteristics of a vertebrae:
•A typical vertebrae has two parts:1. Body- anterior or ventral part.2. Arch-posterior or dorsal part (also called neural
arch).• Vertebral foramen: lies between the body and
arch.• Vertebrae are placed one above the other with
intervertebral discs between them and forms a vertebral canal(spinal canal) which lodges the spinal cord with its meninges and blood vessels.
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1.Body of vertebrae:• It is nearly cylindrical in shape, the size and shape
varying in vertebrae of different regions.• It possesses 6 surfaces: Upper, Lower, Anterior,
Posterior and two Lateral.i. Upper and Lower surfaces – Rough and provide
attachment to intervertebral discs. ii. Anterior surface – convex fom side to side; concave
from above downwards; it also bears few small openings for passage of veins.
iii. Posterior surface – flat from above downwards; slightly concave side to side; it also bears one or more large openings of exit of basi-vertebral vein and a no of small foramina for nutrient arteries.
iv. Lateral surface – continuous with anterior surface and has the same features.
• Bodies of vertebrae lie one above another separated by intervertebral disc and form the central axis.
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2.Vertebral (neural) arch:• The vertebral arch consists of:I. A pair of pedicles.II. A pair of lamina.III. Seven processes:o Spinous ---- oneo Articular ---- fouro Transverse --- two
The arch is connected to the body by pedicles.
Pedicles: • Short, thick processes pass backward from the
junction of lateral and posterior surfaces of the body. • Possess 2 surfaces and 4 borders.
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Surfaces:Medial---forms lateral boundary of vertebral column.Lateral---free and rough.
Borders:Anterior—united with the body.Posterior—united with the lamina.Superior---concave which forms superior vertebral notch.Inferior---concave which forms inferior vertebral notch.
Intervertebral foramen: When two vertebrae articulate with each other the inferior vertebral notch of the vertebrae above together with the superior vertebral notch of the vertebrae below form the intervertebral foramen.
Transmits: Spinal nerves and vessels.
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Lamina:•Broad plates of bone lying behind and medial to
pedicles.•They fuse behind in the median plane into the
spinous process.•They form posterior boundary of vertebral
foramen.
Processes:A. Spinous process---- Passes backwards and downwards from the
junction of the two laminae. Shape and size varies in vertebrae of different
regions. Gives attachment to muscles and ligaments.
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B.Articular process: 4 in number, 2 superior and 2 inferior. Arise from the junction of pedicles and laminae.Superior articular process:i. Project upwards from the junction of laminae
and pedicles.ii. Articular surface faces more or less backwards.iii. Articulate with inferior articular processes of the
vertebrae.Inferior articular process:iv. Project downwards.v. Articular surface faces more or less forwards.vi. Articulate with superior articular processes of
the vertebrae below.
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C. Transverse processes:• 2 in number.• Project laterally from the junction of pedicle
and lamina.• In thoracic region they articulate with ribs.
The most important distinguishing feature of vertebrae of different regions is-----
Cervical: Presence of a foramen in the transverse process, called Foramen Transversarium.
Thoracic: Presence of costal facets on the bodyLumbar: No foramen transversarium and no
costal facets on the body.