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Invertebrateanatomy
Invertebrate
anatomy
KU022Physiology of Aquatic organismBent Vismann
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cnidarians
sponges
ctenophores
flatworms
annelids
gastropoda
bivalves
chelicerates
crustaceans
bryozoans
Echinoderms
ascidians
nemerteans
pogonophorans
cephalopods
pygnogonida
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cnidarians
sponges
ctenophores
flatworms
annelids
gastropoda
cheliceratesbryozoans
Echinoderms
ascidians
nemerteans
pogonophorans
cephalopods
bivalves
crustaceans
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Phyllum: Mollusca
Gastropoda Bivalvia Cephalopoda
Protobranchia Lamellibranchia
TAXONOMYTAXONOMY
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Edible cockle(Cerastoderma sp.)
Jackknife clam ( Ensis sp.)
Blue mussel(Mytilus edulis )
Pacific Oyster
(Crassostrea gigas )European oyster ( Ostrea edulis )
Venus clams ( Venus , Mercenaria, Cyclina sp.)
Scallops (Pectinidae)
(Pecten maximus )
Some commercially exploited species
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App. 5 kg and siphon up to 2 meter
Siphon
Geoduck
(Panope generosa )
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Adult blue mussels
egg
sperm
embryo
Veliger larvaeTrochophore
larvae
Pediveliger larvae
spat In e.g. oystersthis takes placeat the gills
(i.e., it is the veliger
larvae that comesout from the adultbivalve)
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W-shapedgill
stomach
Heart
mantle
MantlecavityAfferentcavity
Efferent cavity
Digestive gland
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Frontal cilia
Laterofrontal
cilia
Ciliary
junctionsLateral cilia
Food grove
Interlamellar
junctions
Branchial
vessels
http://mblserver3/bvismann/officefiler/powerpoint-filer/Physiology%20of%20aquatic%20organisms/FilibranchBivalve_tegnefilm.swf -
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How to measure filtration?How to measure filtration?
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FR: Filtration rate(or Pumping rate)
The water volumepumped per time unit
CR: Clearance rate
The water volume
cleared for particlesper time unit
RE: Retention efficiency
The gills efficiency to retain
particlesCR = FR * RE
When RE = 1
CR = FR
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In order to know how many algae is present(or removed) we need to quantify the algae
Microscope and counting chamber Cells ml -1
Coulter counter (electric registration of particles sucked through an orifice) Cells ml -1
Spectrophotometer (extraction of chlorophyll) g Chl a ml-1
Fluorometer
(excitation of chlorophyll and measuring the fluorescence) Volt
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Y = aX b
Cl
L2
Allometric
equation:
Relation between size and shape
W
L3 L
W1/3
Now turning to the bivalve
A bivalve is not just a bivalve; i.e., size matters for any given physiological activity
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Shell length (mm)
S o
f t p
a r t
( g )
W = 3.3 * 10-6
L3.16
Mhlenberg & Riisgrd 1979
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80Shell length (mm)
C l e a r a n c e
( l h - 1 )
Cl
= 0.0012 L 2.14
Kirboe & Mhlenberg 1981
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02468
101214161820
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Soft parts (g)
C l e a r a n c e
( l h - 1
g - 1 )
Cl
(W 1/3 )2
W2/3
W0.67
Cl
L2
and when L
W1/3
So, when measuring clearanceit is important to realize that theclearance rate is dependent onthe bivalve being measured.In other words, the clearance
rate must be given in a form,which can be related to other studies.Also remember the same holds
true for experimental conditions
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Soft parts (g)
C l e a r a n c e
( l h - 1 )
Cl
= 7.45 W 0.66
Jones et al. 1992
Cl d t
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (min)
A l g a e
( 1 0 0 0 c e
l l s m l
- 1 )
Mussels pumping at aconstant rate are placedin a tank with presenceof algae
Algae = a *e (mt)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60Time (min)
L n
( a l g a e
) ( 1 0 0 0 c e
l l s m
l - 1 )
Ln(Algae) = ln(a) + mtThis one can verify by alinear regression analysis
Closed system
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
25003000
3500
4000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (min)
A l g a e
( c e
l l s m
l - 1 )
C1
C2
In steady state:
Cl
= F * (C 1-C 2)/C 2 = 0.174 * (3500-1500)/1500 = 0.232 l min -1
F = 174 ml min -1 W = 4 g = 13.92 l h -1
= 3.48 l h -1 g -1
Weight specific clearance
basic experimental set up
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basic experimental set-up
Interface
Remotecontrolled
peristalticPump
PC & Labtech Notebook
Flow-troughfluorometerPump
Pump
Algaestock
solution
input
Closed loopControlOutput(on/off)
Analog input
Data on disk
L o g f u
n c t i o
n
The set-up can be used in two modes:A) Continously clearance rateB) Intermittent clearance rate
output
Flow-troughfluorometer
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Where n = number of mussels (or biomass); t = time; v p = dosing pumprate; t p = dosing pump active; C 1 = algae concentration in stock solution;C2 = algae concentration in aquaria
Cl
= 1/(n * t) * (v p * tp* C1)/ C 2
0
500
1000
15002000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (min)
A l g a e
( c e
l l s m
l - 1 )
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0
500
1000
1500
20002500
3000
3500
4000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (min)
A l g a e
( c e
l l s m
l - 1 )
Cl
= V/(n*t) * ln(C 0/C t)
V = volume; n = number of mussels (or biomass); C 0 and C t = algae concentrationat time 0 and t, respectively
Particles clearedParticles cleared
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RR
In connection with growth and activity someof the energy contained in the assimilatedfood is lost through respiration
(R)
FF
A part of the ingested food is not absorbedby the bivalve but is excreted as faeces
(F)
Energy balance: I
= P
+ R
+ U
+
F
P
= I ( R
+ U
+ F)
PP The remaining part of the absorbed foodis called the assimilated food and is used
for growth = Production ( P ).
A part of the absorbed food is excreted asurine, mucus mm. ( U)
UU
II
Particles retained by the gills can either beingested ( I)
or rejected
as
pseudofaeces(PF )
PFPF
Particles clearedParticles cleared
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Sejr et al. 2004
Max clearance at 2000 cells ml -1
AE = (I -
(U + F))/I
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Energy: Algae = 1.75 J cell -1; O 2 = 14 J mg -1; NH 4 = 0.025 J g -1
P = I
(R + U + F) AE = (I -
(U + F))/I P = (I * AE) - R
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Algae concentration (cells ml -1)
E n e r g y
( J o u l e
h - 1 )
ingestionRespirationExcretionproduction
Zero production at app. 21000 cells ml -1
Optimal production
6000 cells ml -1
In situ P
I = Cl
* [algae]
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Phyllum: ArthropodaPhyllum: Arthropoda
TrilobitomorphaTrilobitomorpha ChelicerateChelicerate ArachnidaArachnidaMandibulataMandibulata
PycnogonidaPycnogonida
CrustaceaCrustacea InsectaInsectaChilopodaChilopoda DiplopodaDiplopoda
CopepodaCopepoda CirripediaCirripedia MalacostracaMalacostraca
MysidaceaMysidacea CummaceaCummacea IsopodaIsopoda AmphipodaAmphipoda
EucaridaEucarida
EuphausiaceaEuphausiacea
DecapodaDecapoda
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Telson
Uropods
Abdomen
Pleopods 4. walking leg 1. walking leg Cheliped
Eye Rostrum 1. antenna
2. antennaMaxillipedCarapace
Cervicalgroove
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Gills
Heart
artery
Hemocoel
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