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Analyzing pressure responses to Earth Analyzing pressure responses to Earth tides for monitoring COtides for monitoring CO22 migration migration
Kozo SatoGeosystem EngineeringThe University of Tokyo
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ObjectiveObjective
Monitoring techs for geological sequestration
seismic (4D, VSP, cross-well tomography) non-seismic (electromagnetic, gravity, tilting, logging)
Alternative technique? cost-effective labor-saving
Utilize pressure responses to Earth tides perturbation by the M and the S (no artificial energy
required) pressure measurements only (no extra operation required)
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OutlineOutline
Objective Tidal deformations
Earth tide Cubic dilatation Calculation of Cubic dilatation
Poroelasticity Tidal signals in pressure responses Results and discussion Concluding remarks
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Tidal deformationsTidal deformations
Earth tide Tidal deformation (cyclic compaction and expansion) of the
solid Earth phenomenon similar to ocean tides the gravitational attraction of the solar system bodies: M
and S
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Tidal deformationsTidal deformations
Cubic dilatation cubic dilatation (trace of strain matrix)
normal stresses and strains
near the Earth surfacefree surface boundary condition 0rr
rr
iiii 2
)(2
2
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Tidal deformationsTidal deformations
Calculation of cubic dilatation as a linear combination of Y and its derivatives w.r.t.
Y: spherical harmonics defining tidal potential
sample calculation of (an onshore site, Nagaoka, Japan)(latitude: 37.40, longitude: 138.70)
2
0
2 ),()/(m
mmYcargV
)/,,()/,,( 22 YYYY
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OutlineOutline
Objective Tidal deformations Poroelasticity
Deformations and pressure fluctuation and CO2 migration
Tidal signals in pressure responses Results and discussion Concluding remarks
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PoroelasticityPoroelasticity
Deformations and pressure fluctuation tidal deformation induces pressure fluctuation p
Biot-Gassmann equation
poroelastic parameter
KKp
u
1
2
sfu KK
KK
sf KKp
1
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PoroelasticityPoroelasticity
and CO2 migration Kf for the H2O-CO2 system
as a function of SCO2
sf KK
1
222
11)1(
1
COCO
wCO
f KS
KS
K
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PoroelasticityPoroelasticity
and CO2 migration Kf for the H2O-CO2 system
as a function of SCO2
KCO2=0.003~0.07GPa, Kw=2.4GPa @1000m increases as SCO2 increases: =ASCO2+B
=/p : a good indicator for monitoring the CO2 migration
BAS
KKS
KK
CO
swCO
wCO
2
22
111
222
11)1(
1
COCO
wCO
f KS
KS
K
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OutlineOutline
Objective Tidal deformations Poroelasticity Tidal signals in pressure responses
Pressure responses Retrieving p(t) from p(t)
Results and discussion Concluding remarks
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Tidal signals in pressure responsesTidal signals in pressure responses
Pressure responses long-term pressure trend pt(t)
associated with a certain event, s.a. CO2 sequestration
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Tidal signals in pressure responsesTidal signals in pressure responses
Pressure responses long-term pressure trend pt(t)
associated with a certain event, s.a. CO2 sequestration total pressure response p(t) : superposition of pt(t) and p(t) p(t): tidal signal induced by the Earth tide
)()()( tptptp t
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Tidal signals in pressure responsesTidal signals in pressure responses
Retrieving p(t) from p(t) model the long-term pressure trend with the cubic spline
retrieve the tidal signals
n
jjjt ptNtp
1
)()(
)()()( tptptp t
p(t) pt(t)
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Tidal signals in pressure responsesTidal signals in pressure responses
Retrieving p(t) from p(t) model the long-term pressure trend with the cubic spline
retrieve the tidal signals
p(t) pt(t) p(t)
n
jjjt ptNtp
1
)()(
)()()( tptptp t
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OutlineOutline
Objective Tidal deformations Poroelasticity Tidal signals in pressure responses Results and discussion
Monitoring at a sequestration test field Estimation of Detection of CO2 arrival
Concluding remarks
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Results and discussionResults and discussion
Monitoring at a sequestration test field onshore aquifer, Nagaoka, Japan sandston bed, thickness: 60m, depth: 1100m injection well: CO2-1, Zone-2a (6m) and Zone-2b (6m) monitoring wells: CO2-2, CO2-3, CO2-4
CO2-4
CO2-2
CO2-3
CO2-1
60m
120m
40m
loggingpressure measurements
logging
logging
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Results and discussionResults and discussion
Monitoring at a sequestration test field pressure measurement time-lapse sonic logging (compressional wave velocity)
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Results and discussionResults and discussion
Monitoring at a sequestration test field is it possible to detect CO2 arrival only with pressure
data? =ASCO2+B
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Results and discussionResults and discussion
Estimation of (132-139 days) calculation of
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Results and discussionResults and discussion
Estimation of (132-139 days) p retrieved from the pressure data
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Results and discussionResults and discussion
Estimation of (132-139 days) =/p scaled to match the p profile
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Results and discussionResults and discussion
Estimation of (132-139 days) =/p scaled to match the p profile 1GPa 17.0
p
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Results and discussionResults and discussion
Estimation of (387-394 days) calculation of
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Results and discussionResults and discussion
Estimation of (387-394 days) p retrieved from the pressure data
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Results and discussionResults and discussion
Estimation of (387-394 days) =/p scaled to match the p profile
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Results and discussionResults and discussion
Estimation of (387-394 days) =/p scaled to match the p profile 1GPa 40.0
p
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Results and discussionResults and discussion
Detection of CO2 arrival
1GPa 40.0
p
1GPa 17.0
p
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Results and discussionResults and discussion
Detection of CO2 arrival time-lapse estimation (13 intervals)
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Results and discussionResults and discussion
Detection of CO2 arrival time-lapse estimation (13 intervals) =ASCO2+B
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Results and discussionResults and discussion
Detection of CO2 arrival time-lapse estimation (13 intervals) =ASCO2+B
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Results and discussionResults and discussion
Detection of CO2 arrival time-lapse estimation (13 intervals) =ASCO2+B
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OutlineOutline
Objective Tidal deformations Poroelasticity Tidal signals in pressure responses Results and discussion Concluding remarks
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Concluding remarksConcluding remarks
The poroelastic parameter , a function of SCO2, can be estimated from p and .
The CO2 migration can be monitored with time-lapse estimations of .
The technique is applicable to well-developed sites (depleted o/g reservoirs).