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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Analysis of a Ginzburg-Landau Type EnergyModel for Smectic C* Liquid Crystals with
Defects
Sean Colbert-Kelly, joint work with Daniel Phillips andGeoffrey McFadden
Applied and Computational Mathematics Division Seminar SeriesNational Institute of Standards and Technology
May 28, 2013
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Outline
1 Ginzburg-Landau (GL)Functional
2 Introduction to LiquidCrystals (LCs)
3 Effects of Defects in LiquidCrystals
4 The Generalized GLFunctional
5 References
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Outline
1 Ginzburg-Landau (GL)Functional
2 Introduction to LiquidCrystals (LCs)
3 Effects of Defects in LiquidCrystals
4 The Generalized GLFunctional
5 References
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
GL functional is defined as
Eε (u) =12
∫Ω|∇u|2 +
12ε2 (1−|u|2)2 dx
Introduced in study of phase transition problems insuperconductivity (also used in superfluids and mixture offluid states)u - complex order parameter (condensate wavefunction/concentration/vector field orientation)ε - coherence length which can depend on temperature(ξ (T ))/diffuse interface/core radius
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
When in equilibrium, the order parameter u minimizes Eε .Taking variations of u, the following must be satisfied
δEε =∫
Ω[−∆u− 1
ε2 u(1−|u|2)]δu dx = 0
=⇒−∆u =
1ε2 u(1−|u|2)
Ex: ut = u + tv , δEε = dEε
dt (u + tv)|t=0, δu = v
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Example in 1D
The Euler-Lagrange (E-L) equation in 1D then becomes
−uxx −1ε2 u(1−u2) = 0
Solution: uε = tanh( x√2ε
) given the boundary conditionsu(0) = lim|x |→∞ux (x) = 0.
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
The function y = (1− t2)2 (Two-well potential in 1D)
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Plot of solutions for various epsilons
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Outline
1 Ginzburg-Landau (GL)Functional
2 Introduction to LiquidCrystals (LCs)
3 Effects of Defects in LiquidCrystals
4 The Generalized GLFunctional
5 References
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
What are LCs
Figure: The molecular orientation of different states of matter. Left -Solid, Middle - Liquid Crystal, Right - Isotropic Liquid
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Types of LCs
Figure: Arrangement of Molecules in particular LCs. Left - NematicLCs, Middle - Cholesteric (Chiral Nematic) LCs, Right - Smectic LCs
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Smectic C* Liquid Crystal Molecular Orientation
Figure: Left Two Figures Source: http://barrett-group.mcgill.ca/teaching/liquid_crystal/LC03.htm
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Director Projection onto Plane
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Outline
1 Ginzburg-Landau (GL)Functional
2 Introduction to LiquidCrystals (LCs)
3 Effects of Defects in LiquidCrystals
4 The Generalized GLFunctional
5 References
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Introducing a dust particle
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Figure: The effect of impurity ions on a thin film Smectic C* liquidcrystal[LPM]
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Energy Described over Smectic C* Liquid Crystals
Consists of elastic energy, anchoring energy at domainboundary, and anchoring energy at boundary of defect coreEnergy from core boundary negligible.Anchoring energy at domain boundary results frompolarization field.
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Effect of polarization field
p‖n×v =⇒ p⊥c
The elastic energy contribution from the polarization field isdescribed as ∫
Ω∇ ·pdx =
∫∂Ω
p ·ν dσ
where ν is the outer unit normal vector on ∂ ΩColbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Want∫
∂Ω p ·ν dσ to be as negative as possible.=⇒ p =−αν , α ∈ R+ on ∂ Ω=⇒ c‖τ on ∂ Ω
Introducing boundary values model effect of spontaneouspolarization.
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
The resulting framework becomes minimizing∫Ω
k1(div u)2 + k2(curl u)2 dA
u = (u1,u2), |u|= 1
div u = ∂x1u1 + ∂x2u2, curl u = ∂x1u2−∂x2u1
splay and bend constants k1,k2 > 0, k1 6= k2 to incorporateelectrostatic contribution from p.
u ∈ H1(Ω) : |u(x)|= 1 for x ∈ Ω and u = g on ∂ Ω= /0
for deg g := d > 0.
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Outline
1 Ginzburg-Landau (GL)Functional
2 Introduction to LiquidCrystals (LCs)
3 Effects of Defects in LiquidCrystals
4 The Generalized GLFunctional
5 References
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
We study instead
Jε (u) =12
∫Ω
k1(divu)2 + k2(curlu)2 +1
2ε2 (1−|u|2)2 dx
=∫
Ωjε (u,∇u)dx
(1)
u ∈ H1g (Ω) = u ∈ H1(Ω;R2) : u = g on ∂ Ω
where g is smooth on ∂ Ω, |g|= 1, and deg g = d > 0
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Set k = min(k1,k2).
k1(div u)2 + k2(curl u)2
= k1|∇u|2 + (k2−k1)(curl u)2 + 2k1det ∇u
= k2|∇u|2 + (k1−k2)(div u)2 + 2k2det ∇u
If k = k1, all constants in second line are positive and if k = k2,all constants in third line are positive.
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Splay Configuration
us =± x|x |
=±(x1,x2)
|x |
curl us = 0 =⇒ (div us)2 = |∇us|2 =1|x |2
for x 6= 0
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Bend Configuration
ub =± x t
|x |=±(−x2,x1)
|x |=±i
x|x |
div ub = 0 =⇒ (curl ub)2 = |∇ub|2 =1|x |2
for x 6= 0
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Choose b1, . . . ,bd , fix R > 0 and define a particular test functionuε .
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Let uε ∈ H1g (Ω;R2) be a minimizer to Jε in the set of admissible
functions. Then from our construction
Jε (uε )≤ Jε (uε )≤ kπd log(1ε
) + C1
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Now, note that k∫
Ω det ∇u dx = kπd for all u in the set ofadmissible functions. Hence, if k = k1,∫
Ωk1(div u)2 + k2(curl u)2 dx
=∫
Ωk |∇u|2 + (k2−k)(curl u)2 + 2kdet ∇u dx
=∫
Ωk |∇u|2 + (k2−k)(curl u)2 dx + 2kπd
≥∫
Ωk |∇u|2 dx
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Jε (uε )≥ 12
∫Ω
k |∇uε |2 +1
2ε2 (1−|uε |2)2 dx
≥ kπd log(1ε
)−C2
The last inequality is due to the work of Bethuel, Brezis, andHelein [BBH] and Struwe [St]
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
With the two inequalities, we obtain the following estimate
1ε2
∫Ω
(1−|uε |2)2 dx ≤ C3
From the above inequality, we can show
‖uε‖C(Ω),ε‖∇uε‖C(Ω) ≤ C4
for 0 < ε < 1.
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Define v(y) = uε (εy + x0), x0 ∈ Ω,y ∈ B1(0) := B1.=⇒ ∫
B1
(1−|v |2)2 dy ≤ C3
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
E-L Equations
−k1∇(∇ ·u) + k2∇× (∇×u) =1ε2 u(1−|u|2)
Identifying L u =−k1∇(∇ ·u) + k2∇× (∇×u), then for v definedon B1 solves
L v = v(1−|v |2).
=⇒‖v‖C1(B1/2) ≤ C4
where C4 does not depends on x0, giving the estimates.
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Jε (uε )≤ kπd log(1ε
) + C1
Jε (uε )≥ kπd log(1ε
)−C21ε2
∫Ω(1−|uε |2)2 dx ≤ C3
‖uε‖C(Ω),ε‖∇uε‖C(Ω) ≤ C4
With these estimates, using the Structure and Compactnessresults of Lin [L], we obtain a family uε of functions thatsatisfy the following:
uε`(x)→ u∗(x) :=
d
∏j=1
x−aj
|x−aj |eih(x)
where aj ∈ Ω, al 6= aj for l 6= j and h ∈ H1(Ω) for somesubsequence ε`→ 0; convergence is strong in L2 and weaklyH1
loc(Ω\a1, . . . ,ad).Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Because uε are minimizers to Jε , we obtain strongerconvergence, i.e. uε`
→ u∗ in Cα
loc(Ω\a1, . . . ,ad) andCm
loc(Ω\a1, . . . ,ad). Furthermore |u`| → 1 uniformily awayfrom a1, . . . ,ad.This gives us information away from the cores but not muchabout defects or what is occurring near them.
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
We analyzing the canonical map u∗(x) for x near each defect aj
Ω = (Ω\∪dj=1Bρ (aj))∪ (∪d
j=1Bρ (aj)\Brε(aj))∪ (∪d
j=1Brε(aj)))
ε << rε = o(1)
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
The function u∗ = ∏dj=1
x−aj|x−aj |e
ih(x) satisfies∫
Ωk1|∇h|2 + (k2−k1)(curl u∗)2 dx < ∞ if k = k1∫
Ωk2|∇h|2 + (k1−k2)(div u∗)2 dx < ∞ if k = k2
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
x −aj
|x −aj |= eiθj (x),x 6= aj
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Fix an. Then set φn = ∑j 6=n θj + h. Then we have∫
Bρ (an)
sin2(φn)
|x−an|2dx ≤ C if k = k1∫
Bρ (an)
cos2(φn)
|x−an|2dx ≤ C if k = k2.
The constant C does not depend on ρ.
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
1
|∂Bρ (an)|
∫∂Bρ (an)
φn dx →mnπ for some mn ∈ Z if k = k1
1|∂Bρ (an)|
∫∂Bρ (an)
φn dx → π
2+ mnπ for some mn ∈ Z if k = k2.
In terms of the limit function, the above limit implies that
u∗(ρy + an)→
±y if k = k1
±iy if k = k2
in L2(∂B1) as ρ → 0. Hence, one pattern has less energy thanthe other in either case. (k2 < k1 =⇒ bend pattern has lessenergy than splay pattern)
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Figure: g = eiθ ,k2 < k1
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Figure: g = e2iθ ,k2 < k1
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Now we want to show that these locations minimize the energyover the domain. Again, construct the proper test function v`
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Let a = (a1, . . . ,ad ), for simplicity, let k = k1. Then we can write
k1(div u)2 + k2(curl u)2 = k |∇u|2 + (k2−k)(curl u)2 + 2kdet ∇u
Using the constructed test function, we can show
lim`→∞
(Jε`
(u`)−kπd ln(
1ε`
))= kW (a) + H(a,k1,k2) + dγ
where a minimizes kW (b) + H(b,k1,k2), b ∈ Ωd .
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Gb = ∑dn=1 ln(|x−bn|),
W (b) =12
∫∂Ω
2Gb(∂τg×g)− (∂νGb)Gb dσ + πd
− ∑m 6=n
π ln(|bn−bm|)
and
H (b,φ ,k1,k2) =12
∫Ω
k1|∇φ |2 + (k2−k1)(curl v)2 dx if k = k1
H(b,k1,k2) := minφ
H (b,φ ,k1,k2)
v =d
∏j=1
x −bj
|x −bj |eiφ(x)
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Outline
1 Ginzburg-Landau (GL)Functional
2 Introduction to LiquidCrystals (LCs)
3 Effects of Defects in LiquidCrystals
4 The Generalized GLFunctional
5 References
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
[BPP] P. Bauman, J. Park, and D. Phillips,Analysis of Nematic Liquid Crystals with Disclination Lines.preprint, arXiv:1106.5031.
[BBH] F. Bethuel, H. Brezis., F. Helein.Ginzburg-Landau Vortices.Birkhauser, Boston, 1994.
[LPM ] J-B. Lee, R. A. Pelcovits, Robert A, R. B. Meyer.Role of Electrostatics in the Texture of Islands inFree-Standing Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Films.Physical Review E, 75(051701):1-5, 2007
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
[L] F-H. Lin.Static and Moving Vortices in Ginzburg-Landau Theories.Progress in Nonlinear Differential Equations and TheirApplications, 29:71-111, Verlag Basel/Switzerland, 1997.
[Sa] E. SandierLower Bounds for the Energy of Unit Vector Fields andApplicationsJournal of Functional Analysis, 152:379-403, 1998
[St] M. StruweOn the Asymptotic Behavior of Minimizers of theGinzburg-Landau Model in 2 DimensionsDifferential and Integral Equations, 7(6):1613-1624, 1994
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
[V] E. Virga.Variational Theories for Liquid Crystals.Chapman & Hall, London, 1994.
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy
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Ginzburg-Landau (GL) FunctionalIntroduction to Liquid Crystals (LCs)Effects of Defects in Liquid Crystals
The Generalized GL FunctionalReferences
Thank you!
Colbert-Kelly Analysis of a G-L Energy