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1
An Overview of
Ocean Ambient Noise
John Hildebrand
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
University of California San Diego
Ocean Noise in Canada’s Pacific
Vancouver, BC
January 31, 2012
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Ambient Noise in the Ocean
Hildebrand 2009, following Wenz 1962
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Primary Anthropogenic Noise Sources
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Ocean Noise from Shipping
- - - - - - - - - -
Fre
quen
cy (
KH
z)
0
1
Time (seconds) 0 10
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(Source: Donald Ross)
Ship Noise Sources and Spectral Band
1 1 0 100 1K 10K 100K
Frequency (Hz)
Propeller Cavitation
Propeller
Blade Tones
Singing
Propellers
Turbines
Turbine
Blades
Gears
Diesels
Auxiliaries
Motor
Slots
Turbulence
Hull
Pressure
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Ship Noise Sources: Propellers
Dominant Source of
Radiated Underwater Noise
for Surface Vessels
• Cavitation Blade Tonals -
Blade Passage Frequency
and Harmonics
• Propeller Cavitation Noise -
Broad Spectal Range
BEG logistics GmbH
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(Source: Donald Ross)
Sources of Ship Noise: Cavitation
Cavitation: rupture of a liquid or a liquid-solid contact
• Reduction of efficiency of hydraulic machinery
• Erosion produced by collapsing cavities
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Acoustic Signatures of Ship Types Container ship
~23kts
Vehicle Carrier ~17kts
Bulk Carrier ~15kts
* Mean SL with standard error
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Whale Watch Vessel - Olympas
Yacht with 49 passengers
3 Engines
Ambient Noise at High Frequency
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2/7/07
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2/7/07
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Shipping Lanes from HITS Model
(Courtesy of Richard Heitmeyer - NRL)
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West Coast Shipping Ports
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Shallow Water Continental Shelf
Down-slope Conversion of Sound to Deep Water
Propagation of Noise
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A Tale of Two Sites: San Nicolas and Eel Point
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San Nicolas SOSUS Array – 1964 (Blue), 2004 (Red)
Shipping noise has increased ~3 dB/decade
Long Term Trends in Ship Noise
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Ambient Noise – Long Term Trends
North Pacific Ambient Noise at 40 Hz has increased ~3 dB/decade
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Shallow Water Noise Including Local Ships
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Shallow Water / Deep Water Noise Comparison
Eel Point
San Nicolas
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No Local Ships - NO CHANGE in 4 Decades
Shipping noise has increased ~1 dB/decade
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A Tale of Two Sites: San Nicolas and Eel Point
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Monitoring Ship Traffic with AIS
Color indicates direction of travel
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Ambient Noise in the Santa Barbara Channel
Time (Local)
Fre
quen
cy (
kH
z)
Dolphin Echolocation
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Changes in Ship Traffic
Economic Downturn
July 2009 Air Quality Rule
http://www.calculatedriskblog.com
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McKenna et al. submitted
2008
2009
Change in Shipping Lanes 2008 vs 2009
2008
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Megan McKenna et al. submitted
Trends in Ambient in the Santa Barbara Channel
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Deepwater Horizon – Acoustic Monitoring
MC HARP
Deployed May 11
HARP 8 nmiles from DH Deepwater Horizon
Oil Spill Began April 22
Well Capped July 15
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NOAA Oil Trajectory Forecast
Extracted from http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/
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Oil Index for MC HARP Site
Daily estimate of oil within 3 km radius of HARP
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Noise Index for MC HARP Site
Hourly estimate of ambient noise at MC HARP
400 Hz used as proxy for nearby ships
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2/7/07
Ambient Noise – Airguns and Echosounders
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Time (seconds) 0 15
Fre
quen
cy (
KH
z)
0
15
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Global Offshore Seismic Exploration
Data for 1994 - 2005
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Monthly Average Airgun Usage
30
20
10
0
AF
RIC
A
CA
NA
DA
CH
INA
FO
RM
ER
US
SR
EU
RO
PE
FA
R E
AS
T
LA
TIN
AM
ER
ICA
MID
DL
E E
AS
T
US
1994 - 2005 Monthly Average Crew-Counts
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From Roth et al. 2012
Airgun Noise in Arctic
Alaska
HARP
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From Roth et al. 2012
Airgun Noise in Arctic
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2/7/07
Mid-Frequency Active Sonar
Time (seconds) 0 3
Fre
quen
cy (
Hz)
2000
3500 x
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West Coast Naval Training Ranges
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SOCAL Range Complex – Annual Received Sonar
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• Characterize Noise Source Output
• Determine Locations of Sources
• Model Propagation from Source Area
• Assess Long-Term Trends in Noise
• Develop New Quieting Technologies
Research Needs for Ocean Noise