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American Expansion Video Notes
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Reasons for Imperialism
• Economic – need resources and markets• Military strength – needed to expand
economic interest• Belief in racial superiority – the white races
“God given duty” to civilize their “brown brothers”; Kiplings – “White Mans Burden”
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Japan
• Date: 1853 – first approached with offer; 1854 – signed Treaty
• Used Gunboat Diplomacy – threat of force to get agreement• Why:
– Commodore Mathew Perry - Secure ports in Pacific to refuel naval ships
• How: – 1853 – Perry & navy sail into Edo harbor in Japan with heavily
armed ships• Result:
– Japan opened trade, fair treatment to shipwreck sailors and allow US to refuel in Japan
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Alaska
• Date: 1867• Acquired through Purchase• Why:
– Russia want to sell land to pay for Crimean War– U.S. Sec. of State Seward – saw Alaska value for trade, base for
war, potential for resources – timber & fur• How:
– Treaty of Cessations – purchased Alaska for 7.2M, 2.5 cents an acre• Results:
– Seward ridiculed – “Seward’s Folly”, “Seward’s Ice Box”– US gained territory rich in oil
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Hawai’i
• Date:– 1893: overthrow; threat of force– 1898: annexation
• Acquired through overthrow & annexation• Why:– U.S. business interests – sugar
• How:– Overthrow & then annexation
• Results:– Gained refueling station & strategic military installation –
Pearl Harbor
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Spanish-American War• Spanish misrule in Cuba
– Cuban’s want independence• Am involved in Cuba b/c:
– Spain violates Monroe Doctrine– US business investments: $50M in sugar/fruit; $100M trade
investment• Causes:
– Spain’s General Weyler sets up Reconcentration Camps – abuse of Cubans
– Jingoism & Yellow Journalism; newspaper owner’s Hearst & Pulitzer get American’s riled up to support Cubans
– De Lome Letter: Spanish Ambassador to US criticizes Pres. McKinley, Hearst publishes letter in newspaper – embarrasses Pres.
– Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine battleship (at the time thought it was the Spanish, but found out later it was boiler room explosion on the ship)
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Span-Am War Continued
• The War:– Theodore Roosevelt & Rough Riders, take Kettle Hill to win the war– More US soldiers died from disease and food poisoning than from
the war– War lasted 15 months – “The Splendid Little War”
• Results:– Teller Amendment, 1898
• US intervenes; secure “stable” government; not interfere with sovereignty
– Occupied Cuba until 1902– Platt Amendment, 1903 – Granted conditional Cuban independence:
• US not interfere with Cuban sovereignty as long as they does the following:• No alliances with other countries that may take them over• US allowed to intervene to ensure Cuban independence• Cuba must lease Guantanamo base to US• Cuba must not acquire huge debt
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Puerto Rico• Date: 1898• Spain surrenders territory to U.S.• Why:– Security
• How:– Acquired as a result of Spanish-Am war through Treaty of
Paris– Still a part of U.S. today
• Results:– 1900 Foraker Act – Puerto Rico becomes an unincorporated
territory, still is– Citizens under U.S. protection, given U.S. citizenship; can
vote, have rights.
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Guam• Date: 1898• Spain surrenders territory to U.S.• Why:– Used for strategic location in Pacific
• How:– Acquired as a result of Spanish-Am war through Treaty of
Paris– Still a part of U.S. today
• Results:– 1950 Guam Organic Act–becomes an unincorporated
territory, still is– Citizens under U.S. protection, given U.S. citizenship
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Philippines• Date: 1898• US purchases Spain for $20M• Why:
– Used for strategic location in Pacific• How:
– Acquired as a result of Spanish-Am war through Treaty of Paris– US promised independence if help to fight the Spanish colonial rule in
the Philippines– Rebel forces led by revolutionary Emilio Aguinaldo helps US – US does not give them their independence because believes they are
not capable of ruling by themselves.• Results:
– Becomes a Commonwealth unincorporated territory– Citizens under U.S. protection, given rights as a U.S. citizen but denied
citizenship– Granted Independence in 1946 after WWII
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Anti-Imperialist
• Am. Social Activists – • Threat to Am. value system – Democracy
should not keep other countries in servitude• Cost to maintain army and navy to support
imperialism• Take away jobs for Am. workers• Jane Adams – reformer (Hull House) was
against it, so was Mark Twain - author