Alternatively Fueled Vehicles

The Pollution Solution?

Outline

Introduction History Types Efficiencies Why Hybrids? Conclusions

Why Change?

Conventional emissions

• 1/3 of CO2 emissions worldwide

In urban areas• 40% of ozone• 80-90% of CO• 50-60% of other

toxins

Why Change?

A non-renewable resource

~80 years Gasoline prices

high

Not a New Idea

Electric vehicle First conceived of in mid-1800s Easier to start, more reliable Less range, harder to refuel

Hybrids One patented in 1905 One in Ford museum (~1910)

PNGV

The Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles – September 1993

Government and Industry partnership Reconcile the automobile with the

environment Ensure long-term competitiveness of the

automobile industry 80mpg car mid-sized sedan

Types: Fuel Cell

Advantages Less air pollution Greater efficiency

than ICEs Refillable

Disadvantages Expensive Not ready for

production (at least two more years testing)

Convert fuel directly to energy Proton-exchange fuel cell

Types: Fuel Cell

Types: Electric

Advantages Zero emission Use regenerative

braking Very quiet ride 1/10 as polluting as

ICEs (total)

Disadvantages Very heavy

(batteries) Low acceleration Limited range before

recharging

Run on rechargeable batteries

EV1– 1999 Model

Two-seater Battery = 2 gallons

of gas Range ~ 130 miles 0 to 60 mph in 9

seconds (that’s fast!) Cost reduction when

leased ($34,000 to buy)

97% fewer emissions total

Hybrids

“…at least one of the energy stores, sources, or converters can deliver electric energy” (Wouk, 1995)

Combine multiple types of energy production/storage units Flywheels Ultracapacitors

Hybrid electric

Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Advantages Optimises engine

performance No range problems

(engine charges batteries)

1/8 as polluting as ICEs (total)

Disadvantages Not 100% emission

free

Combines ICE and EV

Series Vs. Parallel

Series Vs. Parallel

Series Very efficient – long range with small

engine & generator Less powerfulParallel More powerful (feels like ICE) Smaller engine and motor – less

efficient

Toyota Prius

Combines series and parallel characteristics

$20,450 base price Seats five City/Highway mpg:

52/45 (double Camry)

Efficiency

Internal Combustion Engines Average power ~100kW, average used

during city driving ~7.5kW Efficiency of engine depends on load

Engines today – 30-40% thermal efficiency When idling/low load, 15% efficiency

Fuel evaporates

Efficiency

Electric Vehicles Power generation – 38% Power transmission – 94% Charge/discharge of battery – 55% Total efficiency ~ 55% (based on JSAE

review estimate)

Efficiency

Hybrid Electric Vehicles Operate gasoline engine at top

efficiency (see figure, next slide) Charge battery when vehicle is idling Overall efficiency ~70%

Efficiency of Gasoline Engine

Efficiency: Comparison

.4Walking

.2HEV carpool of four

.5ULEV-HEV car, 80mpg

.7Fuel cell, H2 from NG

.8EV, .295kWh/mi

1.71993 new car fleet

1.81985 new car fleet

3.51975 new car fleet

Energy consumption (kWh/mi) (total)

Method of Transportation

Why Hybrids?

Already in development Battery technology cannot produce

results at the moment Fuel cell technology too expensive Power of ICE (for same size vehicle)

Conclusions

80mpg goal of PNGV Tier II emission standards (.07 gpm

NOx, .02 gpm PM) Safe, average cost mid-sized sedan Improved technology – fuel cell,

batteries