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Advanced Wireless Communications
lecture notes: section 1Andrea M. Tonello
Double Master Degree inElectrical Engineering - University of Udine, Italy
andInformation and Communication Engineering - University of Klagenfurt, Austria
Note: these lecture notes have been prepared as part of the material for the joint class “Advanced wirelesscommunications” and “Comunicazioni Wireless” by A. Tonello. The class has been offered in the Spring 2015 term, by
means of video conferencing in time sharing between two locations.
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A. Tonello 2
Class Content Description
o The class advanced wireless communications offers a description of relevant techniques fordata transmission in wireless channels. It starts with a review of basic topics in mobilecommunications (as the cellular concept, fading channel models, digital modulationtechniques). Then, it discusses the performance in fading channels of digital modulation,antenna diversity techniques, state-of-the-art multicarrier modulation techniques, spreadspectrum and code division multiple access, ultra wide band modulation.
Topics
o Review of the cellular communication concepto Baseband representation of a digital modulation systemo Mobile wireless channel: fading and its statisticso Performance analysis of digital modulation in fading channelso Antenna diversity techniques and performanceo Multicarrier modulation: OFDM and FMTo Spread spectrum systems: DS-CDMA, multiple access interference, rake receivero Ultra wide band modulationo Some elements of wireless standards
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A. Tonello 3
Material
Text books
o J. G. Proakis, Digital Communications, McGraw-Hill, NewYork, 2001o G. T. Stüber, Principles of mobile communications, KAP, 2001o T. Rappaport, Wireless communications: Principles and practice, 2001
Class materialo Slides and class material
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A. Tonello 4
History of Communications: 1937-1970
Antonio Meucci, 1871
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A. Tonello 5
History of Communications: 1971-1999
D. Ring, R. Young, 1947
R. Frenkiel, J. Engel, P. Porter, 1967
M. Cooper, 1973
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A. Tonello 6
Communication Services
There has been a tremendous growth of communication services
High speed core networks have been realized using optical fiber
Last mile communications and internet access enabled by DSL
Wireless communications are now massively deployed and support mobility
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A. Tonello 7
Evolution of Cellular Technology: from GSM to LTE
Bits
per
seco
nd
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A. Tonello 8
Mobile Communication Standards
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A. Tonello 9
Spectrum is Limited
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A. Tonello 10
Evolution of Mobile Terminals
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A. Tonello 11
Complexity
Increased data rates determine increased processing power
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A. Tonello 12
Key points are:
o Increase spectral efficiency
o Reduce complexity, power consumption and size
o Devise fast analysis and prototyping methodologies
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A. Tonello 13
Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model
In the OSI model, a communication network comprises nodes that implementthe procedures described by the seven layers
This class is about L1: the physical layer
L7: Application
L6: Presentation
L5: Session
L4: Transport
L3: Network
L2: Data link
L1: Physical
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A. Tonello 14
Block Diagram of a Communication System
This class offers the tools to design and analyze a wireless physical layer:o Channel modelo Digital modulation and performanceo Diversity techniqueso Advanced modulation techniques
Source coder Channel coder Digital modulator
Digital Demodulator Channel decoder Source decoder
Channel
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A. Tonello 15
Background Knowledge
Advanced wireless communications is the second part of the class“Comunicazioni wireless” offered in Udine Students of “Comunicazioni wireless” have already learnt about:
o Cellular concepto Network aspects and element of system capacityo Multiplexing and media access techniqueso Mobile radio channel model: path loss and fast fading models
This second part is related to physical layer aspects. Required background:
o Signal theory: convolution (filtering) and Fourier transformo Statistics: random variables and random processeso Principles of communications
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A. Tonello 16
Review of the Cellular Concept
Key aspects Exploit signal attenuation with
distance Exploit frequency reuse Offer wide coverage Offer high capacity with limited
spectrum Support mobility Mobility affects the channel
x x
x
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xx
x x
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x x
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x x
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A. Tonello 17
Review of Multiplexing
Contention based protocols are also used, e.g., Aloha, Slotetd Aloha, CSMA
User 1 User 2 User 3
time
frequency
User 1 User 2 User 3
Code 1
Code 2
TDMA : Time Division Multiple Access
FDMA : Frequency Division Multiple Access
CDMA : Code Division Multiple Access
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A. Tonello 18
Review of Digital Modulation
We consider band pass digital quadrature modulation (only)
A. Transmission of a stream of bits
B. The communication medium (radio channel) is band pass
C. The bit stream has to be mapped into a suitable band pass analog waveform
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 … t f-f0 f0
V(f)v(t)
bit stream analog real waveform band pass spectrum
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A. Tonello 19
Linear Modulator
a(t), tℝ: real base band signal
A(f)
f-B B
A(f)=Fa(t), f [-B, B]
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A. Tonello 20
Linear Modulator
a(t), tℝ: real base band signal
Va(f)
f
12A(f−fo)
a(t)X
cos(2πfot)
va(t)
12A(f+fo)
A(f)
f-B B
fo-fo
A(f)=Fa(t), f [-B, B]Va f = 12A(f−fo)+12A(f+fo)
Correct modulation condition: f0 > B
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A. Tonello 21
Quadrature Modulator
a(t), b(t), tℝ: base band real signals
A(f), B(f)
f-B B
A(f), B(f), f [-B, B]a(t)
X
cos(2πfot)
va(t)
b(t)X
-sin(2πfot)
vb(t)+
v(t)
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A. Tonello 22
Quadrature Modulator
a(t), b(t) tℝ: real base band signals
V(f)
f
12A(f+fo)+12j B(f+fo)
fo-fo
f-B B
-+
V(f) = Va(f)+Vb(f)
=12 A(f−fo)+A(f+fo) +
12j B(f+fo)−B(f−fo)
A(f), B(f), f [-B, B]a(t)
X
cos(2πfot)
va(t)
b(t)X
-sin(2πfot)
vb(t)+
v(t)
12A(f−fo) − 12j B(f−fo)
A(f), B(f)
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A. Tonello 23
M-QAM Modulation
an
bn
Map
Map
S/Pbits
The streams of bits are mapped into two real symbol sequencesan = a nT bn = b nT ∈ ℤ T is the symbol period,M is the modulation order Alphabet of an, bn has L values, e.g., L= M, = − L + 1,… , − 1,1, … , L − 1
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A. Tonello 24
M-QAM Modulation
an
bn
Map
Map
S/Pbits
Alphabet elements are labeled with N=log2L bits
31-1-3
10110100
M=16 modulation orderL = 4 levels for an and bnN = 2 bits
The streams of bits are mapped into two real symbol sequencesan = a nT bn = b nT ∈ ℤ T is the symbol period,M is the modulation order Alphabet of an, bn has L values, e.g., L= , = − L + 1,… , − 1,1, … , L − 1
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A. Tonello 25
M-QAM Modulation
The continuous time signals a t , b(t) are obtained by the interpolation of thesequences of data symbols an, bn with the base band pulse shaping filter gTX(t)
a(t)X
cos(2πfot)
va(t)
b(t)X
-sin(2πfot)
vb(t)
+v(t)
↑ gTX(t)an
↑ gTX(t)bn
Map
Map
S/Pbits
a t = angTX(t − nT) b t = bngTX(t − nT)Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) on each channel
G(f)
f12 =− 12
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A. Tonello 26
Complex Representation
v t = angTX t − nT cos(2πfot) − bngTX t − nT sin(2πfot)
a(t)X
cos(2πfot)
va(t)
b(t)X
-sin(2πfot)
vb(t)
+v(t)
an
bn
↑ gTX(t)
↑ gTX(t)
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A. Tonello 27
Complex Representation
v t = angTX t − nT cos(2πfot) − bngTX t − nT sin(2πfot)v t = Re an + jbn gTX t − nT e
cn=an+jbn complex data symbols
c(t)X
v(t)↑ gTX(t)cn Re ·
e
a(t)X
cos(2πfot)
va(t)
b(t)X
-sin(2πfot)
vb(t)
+v(t)
an
bn
↑ gTX(t)
↑ gTX(t)
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A. Tonello 28
Constellation The alphabet of the data symbol cn can be represented in the complex plane with
points of a regular lattice forming a constellation
Since = , both the phase and the amplitude of the signal are modulated
Bit rate: R = bit/s
By increasing the modulation order M, we transmit more bits per second !
Im cn
Re cnM=16 (constellation size)
0000 0001
0010 0011
0100 0101
0110 0111
1010
10001001
1011
1101 1100
11101111
bit label
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A. Tonello 29
Constellation for M=32
Im cn
Re cn
M=32
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A. Tonello 30
Demodulator
V(f)= Va(f)+Vb(f)
f+ -
gRX(t) za tX
cos(2πfot)
xa(t)
X
-sin(2πfot)
xb(t)
v(t)
gRX(t) zb t
fo-fo 12A(f−fo)−12j B(f−fo)
12A(f+fo)+12j B(f+fo)
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A. Tonello 31
Demodulation: contribution of signal a(t)
f
f
12A(f − f0)12A(f + f0)12 12A(f)/2
gRX(t) za tX
cos(2πfot)
xa(t)
X
-sin(2πfot)
xb(t)
v(t)
gRX(t) zb t Contribution of signal a(t)
fo-fo
-2fo 2fo
Va(f)
Xa(f)
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A. Tonello 32
Demodulation: contribution of signal a(t)
f
f
f
Za(f)=12A(f)
12A(f − f0)12A(f + f0)12 12
za(t)= a(t)+ signal bgRX(t) za tX
cos(2πfot)
xa(t)
X
-sin(2πfot)
xb(t)
v(t)
gRX(t) zb t Contribution of signal a(t)
A(f)/2-2fo 2foGRX(f)= rect 2
B-B
fo-fo
Va(f)
Xa(f)
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A. Tonello 33
Demodulation: contribution of signal b(t)
za(t)=12 a(t)+ signal b
Contribution of signal b(t)
gRX(t) za tX
cos(2πfot)
xa(t)
X
-sin(2πfot)
xb(t)
v(t)
gRX(t) zb t-
f+
f-+
f
Za(f)=0
− 12j B(f − f0)12j B(f + f0)12 12
GRX(f)= rect 20
-2fo 2fo
B-B0
fo-fo
Vb(f)
Xa(f)
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A. Tonello 34
Output Signals
zo t = za(t)+jzb(t) = 12 cng t − nT
za(t)=12 a(t)
zb(t)=12 b(t)
zo nT = (an+jbn) = cn Complex data symbol weighted by V0 /2
If gEQ nT = V0 for n = 00 for n ≠ 0 Nyquist criterion for no ISI
zo(t)=12 a(t)+ jb(t)
gRX(t) za tX
cos(2πfot)
xa(t)
X
-sin(2πfot)
xb(t)
v(t)
gRX(t) zb t
Let us sample the signal z(t) with period T:
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A. Tonello 35
Additive Noise
z (nT) = za(nT)+jzb(nT) = cn + w(nT)
gRX(t)X
cos(2πfot)
xa(t)
X
-sin(2πfot)
xb(t)
v(t)
gRX(t)+( )
za t = a(t) + wa(t)
zb t = b(t) + wb(t)
↓ za nT↓ zb nT
Output sample at time nT:
complex data symbol noise sample wa,n+jwb,n
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A. Tonello 36
Detection with Additive Noise Additive noise shifts the position of the transmitted data symbol
Detection (intuition): decide for the data symbol that is at minimum Euclideandistance from the received signal sample
Decision regions are determined
Im cn
Re cn
cn = argmin |z(nT) − a|2
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A. Tonello 37
Final Remarks
We have learnt:
o QAM exploits two digital amplitude modulators in quadrature
o QAM transmits a high number of bits in the available band
But what happens in wireless channel ?
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A. Tonello 38
Transmission Chain in a Mobile Radio Channel
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A. Tonello 39
Time Variant Radio Mobile Channel
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A. Tonello 40
Base Band System Rapresentation
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A. Tonello 41
Relevant Cases
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A. Tonello 42
Output BB Signal
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A. Tonello 43
Focus on Case A
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A. Tonello 44
Nyquist Criterion
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A. Tonello 45
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A. Tonello 46
Root Nyquist Pulse
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A. Tonello 47
Matched Filter
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A. Tonello 48
Focus on Case C
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A. Tonello 49
Slowly Time Variant Channel
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A. Tonello 50
Noise
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A. Tonello 51
Noise at the RX Output
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A. Tonello 52
Noise at the RX Output
Sampled at time kT
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A. Tonello 53
Inpt/Output Signal Model
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A. Tonello 54
Clarke‘s Channel Model
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A. Tonello 55
Statistical Radio Channel Model
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A. Tonello 56
Rayleigh Fading
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A. Tonello 57
Effect of Fading on Digital Modulation
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A. Tonello 58
Coherent Detection in Fading Optimal coherent detection: decide for the data symbol corrected by the channel
amplitude and phase (fading coefficient) that is at minimum Euclidean distancefrom the received signal sample
Im cnRe cn
ck = argmin |z(kT) − Ak |2
Im cnRe cn
Im cnRe cn
Original 4-PSK constellation Modified constellation Erroneous decision
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A. Tonello 59
Coherent Detection
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A. Tonello 60
Channel Estimation
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A. Tonello 61
Differential Modulation
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A. Tonello 62
Differential Demodulation
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A. Tonello 63
Penalty