![Page 1: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Advanced Topics in PhysicsVelocity Speed and Rates of Change
Photo credit Dr Persin Founder of Lnk2Lrn
Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application
The Rate of Change of a Function
Consider a function x = f(t)
t
x
A
bull ( t f(t) )
bull ( t + t f(t + t)) B
t t + + t
f(t + t)
f(t)
The Slope of the Secant Line AB
A
bull (t f(t) )
bull ( t + t f(t + t)) B
t t + + t
f(t + t)
ft)
y f(t+t) - f(t)m = =
x (t+ t) - t
Gives us the Gives us the average rate of average rate of change of position versus timechange of position versus time or the average velocity vor the average velocity vavgavg of of
an object an object
More useful is More useful is instantaneousinstantaneous rate of changerate of changePosition
x
tTime
1630rsquos Descartes and Fermat discover the general rule for the slope of tangent to a polynomial using the Limit as t 0
Reneacute Descartes
ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
Pierre de Fermat
xn + yn = zn has no non-zero integer solutions for x y and z when n gt 2
Instantaneous Rate of Change
This is the Slope of the Tangent to the Curve given by the Limit as t 0 or
f(t+t) - f(t)
(t+t) - t
LimLimt t 0 0
dxdx
dtdt==
Also known as the first derivative of the function with respect to t
Or the rate of change of the function based on slight changes in t
This the instantaneous velocity v
= = vv
Rules of Differentiation
Constant Rule If f(x) = k then f ΄(x) = 0
eg Suppose f(x) = 3 What is f΄(x)
Power Function Rule If f(x) = cxn then f ΄(x) = cnxn-1
eg Suppose f(x) = 3x2 what is f΄(x)
Sum-Difference Rule
If f(x) = g(x) plusmn h(x) then f ΄(x) = g΄(x) plusmn h΄(x)
eg Suppose f(x) = x2 + 3x3 what is f΄(x)
eg Suppose f(x) = 17 ndash 4x what is f΄ (x)
More rules of Differentiation
Product Rule
If f(x) = g(x)h(x) then f΄(x) = g(x)hrsquo(x) + h(x)grsquo(x)eg Suppose f(x) = (4x3)(5-x2) What is frsquo(x)
Quotient Rule
If f(x) = g(x) h(x) then frsquo(x) = [h(x)grsquo(x) -g(x)hrsquo(x) ] h(x)2
eg Suppose f(x) = 2x2 (x-2) What is frsquo(x)
More rules of differentiation
Log Rule If f(x) = ln( g(x) ) then frsquo(x) = grsquo(x) g(x)eg Suppose f(x) = ln(x) What is frsquo(x)
Exponential-Function Rule
If f(x) = eg(x) then frsquo(x) = grsquo(x)eg(x)
eg Suppose f(x) = e3x what is frsquo(x)
Integration
The derivative stemmed from the need to compute the slope of a function f(x)
Integral calculus emerged from the need to identify the area between a function f(x) and the x-axis
For example suppose you wanted to know the area under the function f(x) = 2 on the range from 0 to 10 Then a numerical solution for this integral obviously exists equals to 20
x
f(x)
0 10
2
Integration cont
The integral of f(x) is defined as F(x) = f(x) dx
Frsquo(x) represents the ldquoanti-derivativerdquo of the function f(x) In other words ldquoF prime of x equals f of xrdquo
Frsquo(x) = f(x)
Hints of the reciprocity between the derivative and the integral resulted from studies of integration by Wallis (1658) and Gregory (1668)
John Wallis James Gregory
First published proof of the relationship between the Derivative and the Integral by Barrow (1670)
Isaac Barrow
Derivative and the Integral first discovered by Newton (1666 unpublished) and later supported by Leibniz (1673)
Isaac Newton Gottfried Leibniz
Joseph Fourier (1807) Put the emphasis on definite
integrals (he invented the notation ) and defined
them in terms of area between graph and x-axis
a
b
AL Cauchy First to define the integral as the limit of the summation
f xi 1 xi xi 1
Also the first (1823) to explicitly state and prove the second part of the FTC d
dxf t dt f x
a
x
Bernhard Riemann (1822 - 1866) On the representation of a function as a limit of a series (Riemann Sum)
Defined as limit of f xi xi xi 1 f x
a
b
dx
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
S F LaCroix
(1765-1843)ldquoIntegral calculus is the inverse of differential calculus Its goal is to restore the functions from their differential coefficientsrdquo
ldquoWhen students find themselves stopped on a proof the professor should restrain from immediately pointing out the solution Let the students find it out for themselves and the error corrected may be more profitable than several theorems provedrdquo
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
Vito Volterra in 1881 found a function f with an anti-derivative F so that F΄(x) = f(x) for all x but there is no interval over which the definite integral of f(x) exists
Henri Lebesgue in 1901 came up with a totally different way of defining integrals using a ldquoStep Functionrdquo that is the same as the Riemann integral for well-behaved functions
Rules of IntegrationRule 1) a dx = ax + c
eg What is 2 dx = ______________
Rule 2) xn dx = xn+1 (n+1) + ceg What is x3 dx ________________
Rule 3) a f(x) dx = a f(x) dx eg What is 17 x3 dx ________________
Rule 4) If u and v are functions of x (u+v) dx = u dx + v dxeg What is (5 x3 + 13x) dx ____________________________
Note that for each of these rules we must add a constant of integration
To find the area under a curve we use a Definite Integral
Find the area under the graph of
f(x) = 7 - x2
from x= -1 to x = 2
Basic Properties of Integrals
Basic Properties of Integrals
Through this section we assume that all functions are continuous on a closed interval I = [ab] Below r is a real number f and g are functions
f x f fb c b
a a c
dx x dx x dx 3
f x 0c
c
dx 1 f x fb a
a b
dx x dx 2
f x g f gb b b
a a a
x dx x dx x dx 5
f x fb b
a a
r dx r x dx 4
These properties of integrals follow from the definition of integrals as limits of Riemann sums
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex Calculate5
1
12 1x dx
x
55 2
1 1
12 1 lnx dx x x x
x
2 25 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 2639056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 2: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application
The Rate of Change of a Function
Consider a function x = f(t)
t
x
A
bull ( t f(t) )
bull ( t + t f(t + t)) B
t t + + t
f(t + t)
f(t)
The Slope of the Secant Line AB
A
bull (t f(t) )
bull ( t + t f(t + t)) B
t t + + t
f(t + t)
ft)
y f(t+t) - f(t)m = =
x (t+ t) - t
Gives us the Gives us the average rate of average rate of change of position versus timechange of position versus time or the average velocity vor the average velocity vavgavg of of
an object an object
More useful is More useful is instantaneousinstantaneous rate of changerate of changePosition
x
tTime
1630rsquos Descartes and Fermat discover the general rule for the slope of tangent to a polynomial using the Limit as t 0
Reneacute Descartes
ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
Pierre de Fermat
xn + yn = zn has no non-zero integer solutions for x y and z when n gt 2
Instantaneous Rate of Change
This is the Slope of the Tangent to the Curve given by the Limit as t 0 or
f(t+t) - f(t)
(t+t) - t
LimLimt t 0 0
dxdx
dtdt==
Also known as the first derivative of the function with respect to t
Or the rate of change of the function based on slight changes in t
This the instantaneous velocity v
= = vv
Rules of Differentiation
Constant Rule If f(x) = k then f ΄(x) = 0
eg Suppose f(x) = 3 What is f΄(x)
Power Function Rule If f(x) = cxn then f ΄(x) = cnxn-1
eg Suppose f(x) = 3x2 what is f΄(x)
Sum-Difference Rule
If f(x) = g(x) plusmn h(x) then f ΄(x) = g΄(x) plusmn h΄(x)
eg Suppose f(x) = x2 + 3x3 what is f΄(x)
eg Suppose f(x) = 17 ndash 4x what is f΄ (x)
More rules of Differentiation
Product Rule
If f(x) = g(x)h(x) then f΄(x) = g(x)hrsquo(x) + h(x)grsquo(x)eg Suppose f(x) = (4x3)(5-x2) What is frsquo(x)
Quotient Rule
If f(x) = g(x) h(x) then frsquo(x) = [h(x)grsquo(x) -g(x)hrsquo(x) ] h(x)2
eg Suppose f(x) = 2x2 (x-2) What is frsquo(x)
More rules of differentiation
Log Rule If f(x) = ln( g(x) ) then frsquo(x) = grsquo(x) g(x)eg Suppose f(x) = ln(x) What is frsquo(x)
Exponential-Function Rule
If f(x) = eg(x) then frsquo(x) = grsquo(x)eg(x)
eg Suppose f(x) = e3x what is frsquo(x)
Integration
The derivative stemmed from the need to compute the slope of a function f(x)
Integral calculus emerged from the need to identify the area between a function f(x) and the x-axis
For example suppose you wanted to know the area under the function f(x) = 2 on the range from 0 to 10 Then a numerical solution for this integral obviously exists equals to 20
x
f(x)
0 10
2
Integration cont
The integral of f(x) is defined as F(x) = f(x) dx
Frsquo(x) represents the ldquoanti-derivativerdquo of the function f(x) In other words ldquoF prime of x equals f of xrdquo
Frsquo(x) = f(x)
Hints of the reciprocity between the derivative and the integral resulted from studies of integration by Wallis (1658) and Gregory (1668)
John Wallis James Gregory
First published proof of the relationship between the Derivative and the Integral by Barrow (1670)
Isaac Barrow
Derivative and the Integral first discovered by Newton (1666 unpublished) and later supported by Leibniz (1673)
Isaac Newton Gottfried Leibniz
Joseph Fourier (1807) Put the emphasis on definite
integrals (he invented the notation ) and defined
them in terms of area between graph and x-axis
a
b
AL Cauchy First to define the integral as the limit of the summation
f xi 1 xi xi 1
Also the first (1823) to explicitly state and prove the second part of the FTC d
dxf t dt f x
a
x
Bernhard Riemann (1822 - 1866) On the representation of a function as a limit of a series (Riemann Sum)
Defined as limit of f xi xi xi 1 f x
a
b
dx
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
S F LaCroix
(1765-1843)ldquoIntegral calculus is the inverse of differential calculus Its goal is to restore the functions from their differential coefficientsrdquo
ldquoWhen students find themselves stopped on a proof the professor should restrain from immediately pointing out the solution Let the students find it out for themselves and the error corrected may be more profitable than several theorems provedrdquo
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
Vito Volterra in 1881 found a function f with an anti-derivative F so that F΄(x) = f(x) for all x but there is no interval over which the definite integral of f(x) exists
Henri Lebesgue in 1901 came up with a totally different way of defining integrals using a ldquoStep Functionrdquo that is the same as the Riemann integral for well-behaved functions
Rules of IntegrationRule 1) a dx = ax + c
eg What is 2 dx = ______________
Rule 2) xn dx = xn+1 (n+1) + ceg What is x3 dx ________________
Rule 3) a f(x) dx = a f(x) dx eg What is 17 x3 dx ________________
Rule 4) If u and v are functions of x (u+v) dx = u dx + v dxeg What is (5 x3 + 13x) dx ____________________________
Note that for each of these rules we must add a constant of integration
To find the area under a curve we use a Definite Integral
Find the area under the graph of
f(x) = 7 - x2
from x= -1 to x = 2
Basic Properties of Integrals
Basic Properties of Integrals
Through this section we assume that all functions are continuous on a closed interval I = [ab] Below r is a real number f and g are functions
f x f fb c b
a a c
dx x dx x dx 3
f x 0c
c
dx 1 f x fb a
a b
dx x dx 2
f x g f gb b b
a a a
x dx x dx x dx 5
f x fb b
a a
r dx r x dx 4
These properties of integrals follow from the definition of integrals as limits of Riemann sums
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex Calculate5
1
12 1x dx
x
55 2
1 1
12 1 lnx dx x x x
x
2 25 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 2639056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 3: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Slope of the Secant Line AB
A
bull (t f(t) )
bull ( t + t f(t + t)) B
t t + + t
f(t + t)
ft)
y f(t+t) - f(t)m = =
x (t+ t) - t
Gives us the Gives us the average rate of average rate of change of position versus timechange of position versus time or the average velocity vor the average velocity vavgavg of of
an object an object
More useful is More useful is instantaneousinstantaneous rate of changerate of changePosition
x
tTime
1630rsquos Descartes and Fermat discover the general rule for the slope of tangent to a polynomial using the Limit as t 0
Reneacute Descartes
ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
Pierre de Fermat
xn + yn = zn has no non-zero integer solutions for x y and z when n gt 2
Instantaneous Rate of Change
This is the Slope of the Tangent to the Curve given by the Limit as t 0 or
f(t+t) - f(t)
(t+t) - t
LimLimt t 0 0
dxdx
dtdt==
Also known as the first derivative of the function with respect to t
Or the rate of change of the function based on slight changes in t
This the instantaneous velocity v
= = vv
Rules of Differentiation
Constant Rule If f(x) = k then f ΄(x) = 0
eg Suppose f(x) = 3 What is f΄(x)
Power Function Rule If f(x) = cxn then f ΄(x) = cnxn-1
eg Suppose f(x) = 3x2 what is f΄(x)
Sum-Difference Rule
If f(x) = g(x) plusmn h(x) then f ΄(x) = g΄(x) plusmn h΄(x)
eg Suppose f(x) = x2 + 3x3 what is f΄(x)
eg Suppose f(x) = 17 ndash 4x what is f΄ (x)
More rules of Differentiation
Product Rule
If f(x) = g(x)h(x) then f΄(x) = g(x)hrsquo(x) + h(x)grsquo(x)eg Suppose f(x) = (4x3)(5-x2) What is frsquo(x)
Quotient Rule
If f(x) = g(x) h(x) then frsquo(x) = [h(x)grsquo(x) -g(x)hrsquo(x) ] h(x)2
eg Suppose f(x) = 2x2 (x-2) What is frsquo(x)
More rules of differentiation
Log Rule If f(x) = ln( g(x) ) then frsquo(x) = grsquo(x) g(x)eg Suppose f(x) = ln(x) What is frsquo(x)
Exponential-Function Rule
If f(x) = eg(x) then frsquo(x) = grsquo(x)eg(x)
eg Suppose f(x) = e3x what is frsquo(x)
Integration
The derivative stemmed from the need to compute the slope of a function f(x)
Integral calculus emerged from the need to identify the area between a function f(x) and the x-axis
For example suppose you wanted to know the area under the function f(x) = 2 on the range from 0 to 10 Then a numerical solution for this integral obviously exists equals to 20
x
f(x)
0 10
2
Integration cont
The integral of f(x) is defined as F(x) = f(x) dx
Frsquo(x) represents the ldquoanti-derivativerdquo of the function f(x) In other words ldquoF prime of x equals f of xrdquo
Frsquo(x) = f(x)
Hints of the reciprocity between the derivative and the integral resulted from studies of integration by Wallis (1658) and Gregory (1668)
John Wallis James Gregory
First published proof of the relationship between the Derivative and the Integral by Barrow (1670)
Isaac Barrow
Derivative and the Integral first discovered by Newton (1666 unpublished) and later supported by Leibniz (1673)
Isaac Newton Gottfried Leibniz
Joseph Fourier (1807) Put the emphasis on definite
integrals (he invented the notation ) and defined
them in terms of area between graph and x-axis
a
b
AL Cauchy First to define the integral as the limit of the summation
f xi 1 xi xi 1
Also the first (1823) to explicitly state and prove the second part of the FTC d
dxf t dt f x
a
x
Bernhard Riemann (1822 - 1866) On the representation of a function as a limit of a series (Riemann Sum)
Defined as limit of f xi xi xi 1 f x
a
b
dx
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
S F LaCroix
(1765-1843)ldquoIntegral calculus is the inverse of differential calculus Its goal is to restore the functions from their differential coefficientsrdquo
ldquoWhen students find themselves stopped on a proof the professor should restrain from immediately pointing out the solution Let the students find it out for themselves and the error corrected may be more profitable than several theorems provedrdquo
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
Vito Volterra in 1881 found a function f with an anti-derivative F so that F΄(x) = f(x) for all x but there is no interval over which the definite integral of f(x) exists
Henri Lebesgue in 1901 came up with a totally different way of defining integrals using a ldquoStep Functionrdquo that is the same as the Riemann integral for well-behaved functions
Rules of IntegrationRule 1) a dx = ax + c
eg What is 2 dx = ______________
Rule 2) xn dx = xn+1 (n+1) + ceg What is x3 dx ________________
Rule 3) a f(x) dx = a f(x) dx eg What is 17 x3 dx ________________
Rule 4) If u and v are functions of x (u+v) dx = u dx + v dxeg What is (5 x3 + 13x) dx ____________________________
Note that for each of these rules we must add a constant of integration
To find the area under a curve we use a Definite Integral
Find the area under the graph of
f(x) = 7 - x2
from x= -1 to x = 2
Basic Properties of Integrals
Basic Properties of Integrals
Through this section we assume that all functions are continuous on a closed interval I = [ab] Below r is a real number f and g are functions
f x f fb c b
a a c
dx x dx x dx 3
f x 0c
c
dx 1 f x fb a
a b
dx x dx 2
f x g f gb b b
a a a
x dx x dx x dx 5
f x fb b
a a
r dx r x dx 4
These properties of integrals follow from the definition of integrals as limits of Riemann sums
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex Calculate5
1
12 1x dx
x
55 2
1 1
12 1 lnx dx x x x
x
2 25 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 2639056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 4: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1630rsquos Descartes and Fermat discover the general rule for the slope of tangent to a polynomial using the Limit as t 0
Reneacute Descartes
ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
Pierre de Fermat
xn + yn = zn has no non-zero integer solutions for x y and z when n gt 2
Instantaneous Rate of Change
This is the Slope of the Tangent to the Curve given by the Limit as t 0 or
f(t+t) - f(t)
(t+t) - t
LimLimt t 0 0
dxdx
dtdt==
Also known as the first derivative of the function with respect to t
Or the rate of change of the function based on slight changes in t
This the instantaneous velocity v
= = vv
Rules of Differentiation
Constant Rule If f(x) = k then f ΄(x) = 0
eg Suppose f(x) = 3 What is f΄(x)
Power Function Rule If f(x) = cxn then f ΄(x) = cnxn-1
eg Suppose f(x) = 3x2 what is f΄(x)
Sum-Difference Rule
If f(x) = g(x) plusmn h(x) then f ΄(x) = g΄(x) plusmn h΄(x)
eg Suppose f(x) = x2 + 3x3 what is f΄(x)
eg Suppose f(x) = 17 ndash 4x what is f΄ (x)
More rules of Differentiation
Product Rule
If f(x) = g(x)h(x) then f΄(x) = g(x)hrsquo(x) + h(x)grsquo(x)eg Suppose f(x) = (4x3)(5-x2) What is frsquo(x)
Quotient Rule
If f(x) = g(x) h(x) then frsquo(x) = [h(x)grsquo(x) -g(x)hrsquo(x) ] h(x)2
eg Suppose f(x) = 2x2 (x-2) What is frsquo(x)
More rules of differentiation
Log Rule If f(x) = ln( g(x) ) then frsquo(x) = grsquo(x) g(x)eg Suppose f(x) = ln(x) What is frsquo(x)
Exponential-Function Rule
If f(x) = eg(x) then frsquo(x) = grsquo(x)eg(x)
eg Suppose f(x) = e3x what is frsquo(x)
Integration
The derivative stemmed from the need to compute the slope of a function f(x)
Integral calculus emerged from the need to identify the area between a function f(x) and the x-axis
For example suppose you wanted to know the area under the function f(x) = 2 on the range from 0 to 10 Then a numerical solution for this integral obviously exists equals to 20
x
f(x)
0 10
2
Integration cont
The integral of f(x) is defined as F(x) = f(x) dx
Frsquo(x) represents the ldquoanti-derivativerdquo of the function f(x) In other words ldquoF prime of x equals f of xrdquo
Frsquo(x) = f(x)
Hints of the reciprocity between the derivative and the integral resulted from studies of integration by Wallis (1658) and Gregory (1668)
John Wallis James Gregory
First published proof of the relationship between the Derivative and the Integral by Barrow (1670)
Isaac Barrow
Derivative and the Integral first discovered by Newton (1666 unpublished) and later supported by Leibniz (1673)
Isaac Newton Gottfried Leibniz
Joseph Fourier (1807) Put the emphasis on definite
integrals (he invented the notation ) and defined
them in terms of area between graph and x-axis
a
b
AL Cauchy First to define the integral as the limit of the summation
f xi 1 xi xi 1
Also the first (1823) to explicitly state and prove the second part of the FTC d
dxf t dt f x
a
x
Bernhard Riemann (1822 - 1866) On the representation of a function as a limit of a series (Riemann Sum)
Defined as limit of f xi xi xi 1 f x
a
b
dx
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
S F LaCroix
(1765-1843)ldquoIntegral calculus is the inverse of differential calculus Its goal is to restore the functions from their differential coefficientsrdquo
ldquoWhen students find themselves stopped on a proof the professor should restrain from immediately pointing out the solution Let the students find it out for themselves and the error corrected may be more profitable than several theorems provedrdquo
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
Vito Volterra in 1881 found a function f with an anti-derivative F so that F΄(x) = f(x) for all x but there is no interval over which the definite integral of f(x) exists
Henri Lebesgue in 1901 came up with a totally different way of defining integrals using a ldquoStep Functionrdquo that is the same as the Riemann integral for well-behaved functions
Rules of IntegrationRule 1) a dx = ax + c
eg What is 2 dx = ______________
Rule 2) xn dx = xn+1 (n+1) + ceg What is x3 dx ________________
Rule 3) a f(x) dx = a f(x) dx eg What is 17 x3 dx ________________
Rule 4) If u and v are functions of x (u+v) dx = u dx + v dxeg What is (5 x3 + 13x) dx ____________________________
Note that for each of these rules we must add a constant of integration
To find the area under a curve we use a Definite Integral
Find the area under the graph of
f(x) = 7 - x2
from x= -1 to x = 2
Basic Properties of Integrals
Basic Properties of Integrals
Through this section we assume that all functions are continuous on a closed interval I = [ab] Below r is a real number f and g are functions
f x f fb c b
a a c
dx x dx x dx 3
f x 0c
c
dx 1 f x fb a
a b
dx x dx 2
f x g f gb b b
a a a
x dx x dx x dx 5
f x fb b
a a
r dx r x dx 4
These properties of integrals follow from the definition of integrals as limits of Riemann sums
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex Calculate5
1
12 1x dx
x
55 2
1 1
12 1 lnx dx x x x
x
2 25 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 2639056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 5: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Instantaneous Rate of Change
This is the Slope of the Tangent to the Curve given by the Limit as t 0 or
f(t+t) - f(t)
(t+t) - t
LimLimt t 0 0
dxdx
dtdt==
Also known as the first derivative of the function with respect to t
Or the rate of change of the function based on slight changes in t
This the instantaneous velocity v
= = vv
Rules of Differentiation
Constant Rule If f(x) = k then f ΄(x) = 0
eg Suppose f(x) = 3 What is f΄(x)
Power Function Rule If f(x) = cxn then f ΄(x) = cnxn-1
eg Suppose f(x) = 3x2 what is f΄(x)
Sum-Difference Rule
If f(x) = g(x) plusmn h(x) then f ΄(x) = g΄(x) plusmn h΄(x)
eg Suppose f(x) = x2 + 3x3 what is f΄(x)
eg Suppose f(x) = 17 ndash 4x what is f΄ (x)
More rules of Differentiation
Product Rule
If f(x) = g(x)h(x) then f΄(x) = g(x)hrsquo(x) + h(x)grsquo(x)eg Suppose f(x) = (4x3)(5-x2) What is frsquo(x)
Quotient Rule
If f(x) = g(x) h(x) then frsquo(x) = [h(x)grsquo(x) -g(x)hrsquo(x) ] h(x)2
eg Suppose f(x) = 2x2 (x-2) What is frsquo(x)
More rules of differentiation
Log Rule If f(x) = ln( g(x) ) then frsquo(x) = grsquo(x) g(x)eg Suppose f(x) = ln(x) What is frsquo(x)
Exponential-Function Rule
If f(x) = eg(x) then frsquo(x) = grsquo(x)eg(x)
eg Suppose f(x) = e3x what is frsquo(x)
Integration
The derivative stemmed from the need to compute the slope of a function f(x)
Integral calculus emerged from the need to identify the area between a function f(x) and the x-axis
For example suppose you wanted to know the area under the function f(x) = 2 on the range from 0 to 10 Then a numerical solution for this integral obviously exists equals to 20
x
f(x)
0 10
2
Integration cont
The integral of f(x) is defined as F(x) = f(x) dx
Frsquo(x) represents the ldquoanti-derivativerdquo of the function f(x) In other words ldquoF prime of x equals f of xrdquo
Frsquo(x) = f(x)
Hints of the reciprocity between the derivative and the integral resulted from studies of integration by Wallis (1658) and Gregory (1668)
John Wallis James Gregory
First published proof of the relationship between the Derivative and the Integral by Barrow (1670)
Isaac Barrow
Derivative and the Integral first discovered by Newton (1666 unpublished) and later supported by Leibniz (1673)
Isaac Newton Gottfried Leibniz
Joseph Fourier (1807) Put the emphasis on definite
integrals (he invented the notation ) and defined
them in terms of area between graph and x-axis
a
b
AL Cauchy First to define the integral as the limit of the summation
f xi 1 xi xi 1
Also the first (1823) to explicitly state and prove the second part of the FTC d
dxf t dt f x
a
x
Bernhard Riemann (1822 - 1866) On the representation of a function as a limit of a series (Riemann Sum)
Defined as limit of f xi xi xi 1 f x
a
b
dx
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
S F LaCroix
(1765-1843)ldquoIntegral calculus is the inverse of differential calculus Its goal is to restore the functions from their differential coefficientsrdquo
ldquoWhen students find themselves stopped on a proof the professor should restrain from immediately pointing out the solution Let the students find it out for themselves and the error corrected may be more profitable than several theorems provedrdquo
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
Vito Volterra in 1881 found a function f with an anti-derivative F so that F΄(x) = f(x) for all x but there is no interval over which the definite integral of f(x) exists
Henri Lebesgue in 1901 came up with a totally different way of defining integrals using a ldquoStep Functionrdquo that is the same as the Riemann integral for well-behaved functions
Rules of IntegrationRule 1) a dx = ax + c
eg What is 2 dx = ______________
Rule 2) xn dx = xn+1 (n+1) + ceg What is x3 dx ________________
Rule 3) a f(x) dx = a f(x) dx eg What is 17 x3 dx ________________
Rule 4) If u and v are functions of x (u+v) dx = u dx + v dxeg What is (5 x3 + 13x) dx ____________________________
Note that for each of these rules we must add a constant of integration
To find the area under a curve we use a Definite Integral
Find the area under the graph of
f(x) = 7 - x2
from x= -1 to x = 2
Basic Properties of Integrals
Basic Properties of Integrals
Through this section we assume that all functions are continuous on a closed interval I = [ab] Below r is a real number f and g are functions
f x f fb c b
a a c
dx x dx x dx 3
f x 0c
c
dx 1 f x fb a
a b
dx x dx 2
f x g f gb b b
a a a
x dx x dx x dx 5
f x fb b
a a
r dx r x dx 4
These properties of integrals follow from the definition of integrals as limits of Riemann sums
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex Calculate5
1
12 1x dx
x
55 2
1 1
12 1 lnx dx x x x
x
2 25 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 2639056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 6: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Rules of Differentiation
Constant Rule If f(x) = k then f ΄(x) = 0
eg Suppose f(x) = 3 What is f΄(x)
Power Function Rule If f(x) = cxn then f ΄(x) = cnxn-1
eg Suppose f(x) = 3x2 what is f΄(x)
Sum-Difference Rule
If f(x) = g(x) plusmn h(x) then f ΄(x) = g΄(x) plusmn h΄(x)
eg Suppose f(x) = x2 + 3x3 what is f΄(x)
eg Suppose f(x) = 17 ndash 4x what is f΄ (x)
More rules of Differentiation
Product Rule
If f(x) = g(x)h(x) then f΄(x) = g(x)hrsquo(x) + h(x)grsquo(x)eg Suppose f(x) = (4x3)(5-x2) What is frsquo(x)
Quotient Rule
If f(x) = g(x) h(x) then frsquo(x) = [h(x)grsquo(x) -g(x)hrsquo(x) ] h(x)2
eg Suppose f(x) = 2x2 (x-2) What is frsquo(x)
More rules of differentiation
Log Rule If f(x) = ln( g(x) ) then frsquo(x) = grsquo(x) g(x)eg Suppose f(x) = ln(x) What is frsquo(x)
Exponential-Function Rule
If f(x) = eg(x) then frsquo(x) = grsquo(x)eg(x)
eg Suppose f(x) = e3x what is frsquo(x)
Integration
The derivative stemmed from the need to compute the slope of a function f(x)
Integral calculus emerged from the need to identify the area between a function f(x) and the x-axis
For example suppose you wanted to know the area under the function f(x) = 2 on the range from 0 to 10 Then a numerical solution for this integral obviously exists equals to 20
x
f(x)
0 10
2
Integration cont
The integral of f(x) is defined as F(x) = f(x) dx
Frsquo(x) represents the ldquoanti-derivativerdquo of the function f(x) In other words ldquoF prime of x equals f of xrdquo
Frsquo(x) = f(x)
Hints of the reciprocity between the derivative and the integral resulted from studies of integration by Wallis (1658) and Gregory (1668)
John Wallis James Gregory
First published proof of the relationship between the Derivative and the Integral by Barrow (1670)
Isaac Barrow
Derivative and the Integral first discovered by Newton (1666 unpublished) and later supported by Leibniz (1673)
Isaac Newton Gottfried Leibniz
Joseph Fourier (1807) Put the emphasis on definite
integrals (he invented the notation ) and defined
them in terms of area between graph and x-axis
a
b
AL Cauchy First to define the integral as the limit of the summation
f xi 1 xi xi 1
Also the first (1823) to explicitly state and prove the second part of the FTC d
dxf t dt f x
a
x
Bernhard Riemann (1822 - 1866) On the representation of a function as a limit of a series (Riemann Sum)
Defined as limit of f xi xi xi 1 f x
a
b
dx
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
S F LaCroix
(1765-1843)ldquoIntegral calculus is the inverse of differential calculus Its goal is to restore the functions from their differential coefficientsrdquo
ldquoWhen students find themselves stopped on a proof the professor should restrain from immediately pointing out the solution Let the students find it out for themselves and the error corrected may be more profitable than several theorems provedrdquo
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
Vito Volterra in 1881 found a function f with an anti-derivative F so that F΄(x) = f(x) for all x but there is no interval over which the definite integral of f(x) exists
Henri Lebesgue in 1901 came up with a totally different way of defining integrals using a ldquoStep Functionrdquo that is the same as the Riemann integral for well-behaved functions
Rules of IntegrationRule 1) a dx = ax + c
eg What is 2 dx = ______________
Rule 2) xn dx = xn+1 (n+1) + ceg What is x3 dx ________________
Rule 3) a f(x) dx = a f(x) dx eg What is 17 x3 dx ________________
Rule 4) If u and v are functions of x (u+v) dx = u dx + v dxeg What is (5 x3 + 13x) dx ____________________________
Note that for each of these rules we must add a constant of integration
To find the area under a curve we use a Definite Integral
Find the area under the graph of
f(x) = 7 - x2
from x= -1 to x = 2
Basic Properties of Integrals
Basic Properties of Integrals
Through this section we assume that all functions are continuous on a closed interval I = [ab] Below r is a real number f and g are functions
f x f fb c b
a a c
dx x dx x dx 3
f x 0c
c
dx 1 f x fb a
a b
dx x dx 2
f x g f gb b b
a a a
x dx x dx x dx 5
f x fb b
a a
r dx r x dx 4
These properties of integrals follow from the definition of integrals as limits of Riemann sums
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex Calculate5
1
12 1x dx
x
55 2
1 1
12 1 lnx dx x x x
x
2 25 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 2639056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 7: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
More rules of Differentiation
Product Rule
If f(x) = g(x)h(x) then f΄(x) = g(x)hrsquo(x) + h(x)grsquo(x)eg Suppose f(x) = (4x3)(5-x2) What is frsquo(x)
Quotient Rule
If f(x) = g(x) h(x) then frsquo(x) = [h(x)grsquo(x) -g(x)hrsquo(x) ] h(x)2
eg Suppose f(x) = 2x2 (x-2) What is frsquo(x)
More rules of differentiation
Log Rule If f(x) = ln( g(x) ) then frsquo(x) = grsquo(x) g(x)eg Suppose f(x) = ln(x) What is frsquo(x)
Exponential-Function Rule
If f(x) = eg(x) then frsquo(x) = grsquo(x)eg(x)
eg Suppose f(x) = e3x what is frsquo(x)
Integration
The derivative stemmed from the need to compute the slope of a function f(x)
Integral calculus emerged from the need to identify the area between a function f(x) and the x-axis
For example suppose you wanted to know the area under the function f(x) = 2 on the range from 0 to 10 Then a numerical solution for this integral obviously exists equals to 20
x
f(x)
0 10
2
Integration cont
The integral of f(x) is defined as F(x) = f(x) dx
Frsquo(x) represents the ldquoanti-derivativerdquo of the function f(x) In other words ldquoF prime of x equals f of xrdquo
Frsquo(x) = f(x)
Hints of the reciprocity between the derivative and the integral resulted from studies of integration by Wallis (1658) and Gregory (1668)
John Wallis James Gregory
First published proof of the relationship between the Derivative and the Integral by Barrow (1670)
Isaac Barrow
Derivative and the Integral first discovered by Newton (1666 unpublished) and later supported by Leibniz (1673)
Isaac Newton Gottfried Leibniz
Joseph Fourier (1807) Put the emphasis on definite
integrals (he invented the notation ) and defined
them in terms of area between graph and x-axis
a
b
AL Cauchy First to define the integral as the limit of the summation
f xi 1 xi xi 1
Also the first (1823) to explicitly state and prove the second part of the FTC d
dxf t dt f x
a
x
Bernhard Riemann (1822 - 1866) On the representation of a function as a limit of a series (Riemann Sum)
Defined as limit of f xi xi xi 1 f x
a
b
dx
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
S F LaCroix
(1765-1843)ldquoIntegral calculus is the inverse of differential calculus Its goal is to restore the functions from their differential coefficientsrdquo
ldquoWhen students find themselves stopped on a proof the professor should restrain from immediately pointing out the solution Let the students find it out for themselves and the error corrected may be more profitable than several theorems provedrdquo
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
Vito Volterra in 1881 found a function f with an anti-derivative F so that F΄(x) = f(x) for all x but there is no interval over which the definite integral of f(x) exists
Henri Lebesgue in 1901 came up with a totally different way of defining integrals using a ldquoStep Functionrdquo that is the same as the Riemann integral for well-behaved functions
Rules of IntegrationRule 1) a dx = ax + c
eg What is 2 dx = ______________
Rule 2) xn dx = xn+1 (n+1) + ceg What is x3 dx ________________
Rule 3) a f(x) dx = a f(x) dx eg What is 17 x3 dx ________________
Rule 4) If u and v are functions of x (u+v) dx = u dx + v dxeg What is (5 x3 + 13x) dx ____________________________
Note that for each of these rules we must add a constant of integration
To find the area under a curve we use a Definite Integral
Find the area under the graph of
f(x) = 7 - x2
from x= -1 to x = 2
Basic Properties of Integrals
Basic Properties of Integrals
Through this section we assume that all functions are continuous on a closed interval I = [ab] Below r is a real number f and g are functions
f x f fb c b
a a c
dx x dx x dx 3
f x 0c
c
dx 1 f x fb a
a b
dx x dx 2
f x g f gb b b
a a a
x dx x dx x dx 5
f x fb b
a a
r dx r x dx 4
These properties of integrals follow from the definition of integrals as limits of Riemann sums
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex Calculate5
1
12 1x dx
x
55 2
1 1
12 1 lnx dx x x x
x
2 25 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 2639056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 8: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
More rules of differentiation
Log Rule If f(x) = ln( g(x) ) then frsquo(x) = grsquo(x) g(x)eg Suppose f(x) = ln(x) What is frsquo(x)
Exponential-Function Rule
If f(x) = eg(x) then frsquo(x) = grsquo(x)eg(x)
eg Suppose f(x) = e3x what is frsquo(x)
Integration
The derivative stemmed from the need to compute the slope of a function f(x)
Integral calculus emerged from the need to identify the area between a function f(x) and the x-axis
For example suppose you wanted to know the area under the function f(x) = 2 on the range from 0 to 10 Then a numerical solution for this integral obviously exists equals to 20
x
f(x)
0 10
2
Integration cont
The integral of f(x) is defined as F(x) = f(x) dx
Frsquo(x) represents the ldquoanti-derivativerdquo of the function f(x) In other words ldquoF prime of x equals f of xrdquo
Frsquo(x) = f(x)
Hints of the reciprocity between the derivative and the integral resulted from studies of integration by Wallis (1658) and Gregory (1668)
John Wallis James Gregory
First published proof of the relationship between the Derivative and the Integral by Barrow (1670)
Isaac Barrow
Derivative and the Integral first discovered by Newton (1666 unpublished) and later supported by Leibniz (1673)
Isaac Newton Gottfried Leibniz
Joseph Fourier (1807) Put the emphasis on definite
integrals (he invented the notation ) and defined
them in terms of area between graph and x-axis
a
b
AL Cauchy First to define the integral as the limit of the summation
f xi 1 xi xi 1
Also the first (1823) to explicitly state and prove the second part of the FTC d
dxf t dt f x
a
x
Bernhard Riemann (1822 - 1866) On the representation of a function as a limit of a series (Riemann Sum)
Defined as limit of f xi xi xi 1 f x
a
b
dx
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
S F LaCroix
(1765-1843)ldquoIntegral calculus is the inverse of differential calculus Its goal is to restore the functions from their differential coefficientsrdquo
ldquoWhen students find themselves stopped on a proof the professor should restrain from immediately pointing out the solution Let the students find it out for themselves and the error corrected may be more profitable than several theorems provedrdquo
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
Vito Volterra in 1881 found a function f with an anti-derivative F so that F΄(x) = f(x) for all x but there is no interval over which the definite integral of f(x) exists
Henri Lebesgue in 1901 came up with a totally different way of defining integrals using a ldquoStep Functionrdquo that is the same as the Riemann integral for well-behaved functions
Rules of IntegrationRule 1) a dx = ax + c
eg What is 2 dx = ______________
Rule 2) xn dx = xn+1 (n+1) + ceg What is x3 dx ________________
Rule 3) a f(x) dx = a f(x) dx eg What is 17 x3 dx ________________
Rule 4) If u and v are functions of x (u+v) dx = u dx + v dxeg What is (5 x3 + 13x) dx ____________________________
Note that for each of these rules we must add a constant of integration
To find the area under a curve we use a Definite Integral
Find the area under the graph of
f(x) = 7 - x2
from x= -1 to x = 2
Basic Properties of Integrals
Basic Properties of Integrals
Through this section we assume that all functions are continuous on a closed interval I = [ab] Below r is a real number f and g are functions
f x f fb c b
a a c
dx x dx x dx 3
f x 0c
c
dx 1 f x fb a
a b
dx x dx 2
f x g f gb b b
a a a
x dx x dx x dx 5
f x fb b
a a
r dx r x dx 4
These properties of integrals follow from the definition of integrals as limits of Riemann sums
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex Calculate5
1
12 1x dx
x
55 2
1 1
12 1 lnx dx x x x
x
2 25 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 2639056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 9: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Integration
The derivative stemmed from the need to compute the slope of a function f(x)
Integral calculus emerged from the need to identify the area between a function f(x) and the x-axis
For example suppose you wanted to know the area under the function f(x) = 2 on the range from 0 to 10 Then a numerical solution for this integral obviously exists equals to 20
x
f(x)
0 10
2
Integration cont
The integral of f(x) is defined as F(x) = f(x) dx
Frsquo(x) represents the ldquoanti-derivativerdquo of the function f(x) In other words ldquoF prime of x equals f of xrdquo
Frsquo(x) = f(x)
Hints of the reciprocity between the derivative and the integral resulted from studies of integration by Wallis (1658) and Gregory (1668)
John Wallis James Gregory
First published proof of the relationship between the Derivative and the Integral by Barrow (1670)
Isaac Barrow
Derivative and the Integral first discovered by Newton (1666 unpublished) and later supported by Leibniz (1673)
Isaac Newton Gottfried Leibniz
Joseph Fourier (1807) Put the emphasis on definite
integrals (he invented the notation ) and defined
them in terms of area between graph and x-axis
a
b
AL Cauchy First to define the integral as the limit of the summation
f xi 1 xi xi 1
Also the first (1823) to explicitly state and prove the second part of the FTC d
dxf t dt f x
a
x
Bernhard Riemann (1822 - 1866) On the representation of a function as a limit of a series (Riemann Sum)
Defined as limit of f xi xi xi 1 f x
a
b
dx
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
S F LaCroix
(1765-1843)ldquoIntegral calculus is the inverse of differential calculus Its goal is to restore the functions from their differential coefficientsrdquo
ldquoWhen students find themselves stopped on a proof the professor should restrain from immediately pointing out the solution Let the students find it out for themselves and the error corrected may be more profitable than several theorems provedrdquo
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
Vito Volterra in 1881 found a function f with an anti-derivative F so that F΄(x) = f(x) for all x but there is no interval over which the definite integral of f(x) exists
Henri Lebesgue in 1901 came up with a totally different way of defining integrals using a ldquoStep Functionrdquo that is the same as the Riemann integral for well-behaved functions
Rules of IntegrationRule 1) a dx = ax + c
eg What is 2 dx = ______________
Rule 2) xn dx = xn+1 (n+1) + ceg What is x3 dx ________________
Rule 3) a f(x) dx = a f(x) dx eg What is 17 x3 dx ________________
Rule 4) If u and v are functions of x (u+v) dx = u dx + v dxeg What is (5 x3 + 13x) dx ____________________________
Note that for each of these rules we must add a constant of integration
To find the area under a curve we use a Definite Integral
Find the area under the graph of
f(x) = 7 - x2
from x= -1 to x = 2
Basic Properties of Integrals
Basic Properties of Integrals
Through this section we assume that all functions are continuous on a closed interval I = [ab] Below r is a real number f and g are functions
f x f fb c b
a a c
dx x dx x dx 3
f x 0c
c
dx 1 f x fb a
a b
dx x dx 2
f x g f gb b b
a a a
x dx x dx x dx 5
f x fb b
a a
r dx r x dx 4
These properties of integrals follow from the definition of integrals as limits of Riemann sums
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex Calculate5
1
12 1x dx
x
55 2
1 1
12 1 lnx dx x x x
x
2 25 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 2639056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 10: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Integration cont
The integral of f(x) is defined as F(x) = f(x) dx
Frsquo(x) represents the ldquoanti-derivativerdquo of the function f(x) In other words ldquoF prime of x equals f of xrdquo
Frsquo(x) = f(x)
Hints of the reciprocity between the derivative and the integral resulted from studies of integration by Wallis (1658) and Gregory (1668)
John Wallis James Gregory
First published proof of the relationship between the Derivative and the Integral by Barrow (1670)
Isaac Barrow
Derivative and the Integral first discovered by Newton (1666 unpublished) and later supported by Leibniz (1673)
Isaac Newton Gottfried Leibniz
Joseph Fourier (1807) Put the emphasis on definite
integrals (he invented the notation ) and defined
them in terms of area between graph and x-axis
a
b
AL Cauchy First to define the integral as the limit of the summation
f xi 1 xi xi 1
Also the first (1823) to explicitly state and prove the second part of the FTC d
dxf t dt f x
a
x
Bernhard Riemann (1822 - 1866) On the representation of a function as a limit of a series (Riemann Sum)
Defined as limit of f xi xi xi 1 f x
a
b
dx
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
S F LaCroix
(1765-1843)ldquoIntegral calculus is the inverse of differential calculus Its goal is to restore the functions from their differential coefficientsrdquo
ldquoWhen students find themselves stopped on a proof the professor should restrain from immediately pointing out the solution Let the students find it out for themselves and the error corrected may be more profitable than several theorems provedrdquo
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
Vito Volterra in 1881 found a function f with an anti-derivative F so that F΄(x) = f(x) for all x but there is no interval over which the definite integral of f(x) exists
Henri Lebesgue in 1901 came up with a totally different way of defining integrals using a ldquoStep Functionrdquo that is the same as the Riemann integral for well-behaved functions
Rules of IntegrationRule 1) a dx = ax + c
eg What is 2 dx = ______________
Rule 2) xn dx = xn+1 (n+1) + ceg What is x3 dx ________________
Rule 3) a f(x) dx = a f(x) dx eg What is 17 x3 dx ________________
Rule 4) If u and v are functions of x (u+v) dx = u dx + v dxeg What is (5 x3 + 13x) dx ____________________________
Note that for each of these rules we must add a constant of integration
To find the area under a curve we use a Definite Integral
Find the area under the graph of
f(x) = 7 - x2
from x= -1 to x = 2
Basic Properties of Integrals
Basic Properties of Integrals
Through this section we assume that all functions are continuous on a closed interval I = [ab] Below r is a real number f and g are functions
f x f fb c b
a a c
dx x dx x dx 3
f x 0c
c
dx 1 f x fb a
a b
dx x dx 2
f x g f gb b b
a a a
x dx x dx x dx 5
f x fb b
a a
r dx r x dx 4
These properties of integrals follow from the definition of integrals as limits of Riemann sums
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex Calculate5
1
12 1x dx
x
55 2
1 1
12 1 lnx dx x x x
x
2 25 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 2639056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 11: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Hints of the reciprocity between the derivative and the integral resulted from studies of integration by Wallis (1658) and Gregory (1668)
John Wallis James Gregory
First published proof of the relationship between the Derivative and the Integral by Barrow (1670)
Isaac Barrow
Derivative and the Integral first discovered by Newton (1666 unpublished) and later supported by Leibniz (1673)
Isaac Newton Gottfried Leibniz
Joseph Fourier (1807) Put the emphasis on definite
integrals (he invented the notation ) and defined
them in terms of area between graph and x-axis
a
b
AL Cauchy First to define the integral as the limit of the summation
f xi 1 xi xi 1
Also the first (1823) to explicitly state and prove the second part of the FTC d
dxf t dt f x
a
x
Bernhard Riemann (1822 - 1866) On the representation of a function as a limit of a series (Riemann Sum)
Defined as limit of f xi xi xi 1 f x
a
b
dx
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
S F LaCroix
(1765-1843)ldquoIntegral calculus is the inverse of differential calculus Its goal is to restore the functions from their differential coefficientsrdquo
ldquoWhen students find themselves stopped on a proof the professor should restrain from immediately pointing out the solution Let the students find it out for themselves and the error corrected may be more profitable than several theorems provedrdquo
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
Vito Volterra in 1881 found a function f with an anti-derivative F so that F΄(x) = f(x) for all x but there is no interval over which the definite integral of f(x) exists
Henri Lebesgue in 1901 came up with a totally different way of defining integrals using a ldquoStep Functionrdquo that is the same as the Riemann integral for well-behaved functions
Rules of IntegrationRule 1) a dx = ax + c
eg What is 2 dx = ______________
Rule 2) xn dx = xn+1 (n+1) + ceg What is x3 dx ________________
Rule 3) a f(x) dx = a f(x) dx eg What is 17 x3 dx ________________
Rule 4) If u and v are functions of x (u+v) dx = u dx + v dxeg What is (5 x3 + 13x) dx ____________________________
Note that for each of these rules we must add a constant of integration
To find the area under a curve we use a Definite Integral
Find the area under the graph of
f(x) = 7 - x2
from x= -1 to x = 2
Basic Properties of Integrals
Basic Properties of Integrals
Through this section we assume that all functions are continuous on a closed interval I = [ab] Below r is a real number f and g are functions
f x f fb c b
a a c
dx x dx x dx 3
f x 0c
c
dx 1 f x fb a
a b
dx x dx 2
f x g f gb b b
a a a
x dx x dx x dx 5
f x fb b
a a
r dx r x dx 4
These properties of integrals follow from the definition of integrals as limits of Riemann sums
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex Calculate5
1
12 1x dx
x
55 2
1 1
12 1 lnx dx x x x
x
2 25 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 2639056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 12: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
First published proof of the relationship between the Derivative and the Integral by Barrow (1670)
Isaac Barrow
Derivative and the Integral first discovered by Newton (1666 unpublished) and later supported by Leibniz (1673)
Isaac Newton Gottfried Leibniz
Joseph Fourier (1807) Put the emphasis on definite
integrals (he invented the notation ) and defined
them in terms of area between graph and x-axis
a
b
AL Cauchy First to define the integral as the limit of the summation
f xi 1 xi xi 1
Also the first (1823) to explicitly state and prove the second part of the FTC d
dxf t dt f x
a
x
Bernhard Riemann (1822 - 1866) On the representation of a function as a limit of a series (Riemann Sum)
Defined as limit of f xi xi xi 1 f x
a
b
dx
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
S F LaCroix
(1765-1843)ldquoIntegral calculus is the inverse of differential calculus Its goal is to restore the functions from their differential coefficientsrdquo
ldquoWhen students find themselves stopped on a proof the professor should restrain from immediately pointing out the solution Let the students find it out for themselves and the error corrected may be more profitable than several theorems provedrdquo
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
Vito Volterra in 1881 found a function f with an anti-derivative F so that F΄(x) = f(x) for all x but there is no interval over which the definite integral of f(x) exists
Henri Lebesgue in 1901 came up with a totally different way of defining integrals using a ldquoStep Functionrdquo that is the same as the Riemann integral for well-behaved functions
Rules of IntegrationRule 1) a dx = ax + c
eg What is 2 dx = ______________
Rule 2) xn dx = xn+1 (n+1) + ceg What is x3 dx ________________
Rule 3) a f(x) dx = a f(x) dx eg What is 17 x3 dx ________________
Rule 4) If u and v are functions of x (u+v) dx = u dx + v dxeg What is (5 x3 + 13x) dx ____________________________
Note that for each of these rules we must add a constant of integration
To find the area under a curve we use a Definite Integral
Find the area under the graph of
f(x) = 7 - x2
from x= -1 to x = 2
Basic Properties of Integrals
Basic Properties of Integrals
Through this section we assume that all functions are continuous on a closed interval I = [ab] Below r is a real number f and g are functions
f x f fb c b
a a c
dx x dx x dx 3
f x 0c
c
dx 1 f x fb a
a b
dx x dx 2
f x g f gb b b
a a a
x dx x dx x dx 5
f x fb b
a a
r dx r x dx 4
These properties of integrals follow from the definition of integrals as limits of Riemann sums
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex Calculate5
1
12 1x dx
x
55 2
1 1
12 1 lnx dx x x x
x
2 25 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 2639056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 13: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Derivative and the Integral first discovered by Newton (1666 unpublished) and later supported by Leibniz (1673)
Isaac Newton Gottfried Leibniz
Joseph Fourier (1807) Put the emphasis on definite
integrals (he invented the notation ) and defined
them in terms of area between graph and x-axis
a
b
AL Cauchy First to define the integral as the limit of the summation
f xi 1 xi xi 1
Also the first (1823) to explicitly state and prove the second part of the FTC d
dxf t dt f x
a
x
Bernhard Riemann (1822 - 1866) On the representation of a function as a limit of a series (Riemann Sum)
Defined as limit of f xi xi xi 1 f x
a
b
dx
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
S F LaCroix
(1765-1843)ldquoIntegral calculus is the inverse of differential calculus Its goal is to restore the functions from their differential coefficientsrdquo
ldquoWhen students find themselves stopped on a proof the professor should restrain from immediately pointing out the solution Let the students find it out for themselves and the error corrected may be more profitable than several theorems provedrdquo
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
Vito Volterra in 1881 found a function f with an anti-derivative F so that F΄(x) = f(x) for all x but there is no interval over which the definite integral of f(x) exists
Henri Lebesgue in 1901 came up with a totally different way of defining integrals using a ldquoStep Functionrdquo that is the same as the Riemann integral for well-behaved functions
Rules of IntegrationRule 1) a dx = ax + c
eg What is 2 dx = ______________
Rule 2) xn dx = xn+1 (n+1) + ceg What is x3 dx ________________
Rule 3) a f(x) dx = a f(x) dx eg What is 17 x3 dx ________________
Rule 4) If u and v are functions of x (u+v) dx = u dx + v dxeg What is (5 x3 + 13x) dx ____________________________
Note that for each of these rules we must add a constant of integration
To find the area under a curve we use a Definite Integral
Find the area under the graph of
f(x) = 7 - x2
from x= -1 to x = 2
Basic Properties of Integrals
Basic Properties of Integrals
Through this section we assume that all functions are continuous on a closed interval I = [ab] Below r is a real number f and g are functions
f x f fb c b
a a c
dx x dx x dx 3
f x 0c
c
dx 1 f x fb a
a b
dx x dx 2
f x g f gb b b
a a a
x dx x dx x dx 5
f x fb b
a a
r dx r x dx 4
These properties of integrals follow from the definition of integrals as limits of Riemann sums
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex Calculate5
1
12 1x dx
x
55 2
1 1
12 1 lnx dx x x x
x
2 25 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 2639056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 14: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Joseph Fourier (1807) Put the emphasis on definite
integrals (he invented the notation ) and defined
them in terms of area between graph and x-axis
a
b
AL Cauchy First to define the integral as the limit of the summation
f xi 1 xi xi 1
Also the first (1823) to explicitly state and prove the second part of the FTC d
dxf t dt f x
a
x
Bernhard Riemann (1822 - 1866) On the representation of a function as a limit of a series (Riemann Sum)
Defined as limit of f xi xi xi 1 f x
a
b
dx
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
S F LaCroix
(1765-1843)ldquoIntegral calculus is the inverse of differential calculus Its goal is to restore the functions from their differential coefficientsrdquo
ldquoWhen students find themselves stopped on a proof the professor should restrain from immediately pointing out the solution Let the students find it out for themselves and the error corrected may be more profitable than several theorems provedrdquo
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
Vito Volterra in 1881 found a function f with an anti-derivative F so that F΄(x) = f(x) for all x but there is no interval over which the definite integral of f(x) exists
Henri Lebesgue in 1901 came up with a totally different way of defining integrals using a ldquoStep Functionrdquo that is the same as the Riemann integral for well-behaved functions
Rules of IntegrationRule 1) a dx = ax + c
eg What is 2 dx = ______________
Rule 2) xn dx = xn+1 (n+1) + ceg What is x3 dx ________________
Rule 3) a f(x) dx = a f(x) dx eg What is 17 x3 dx ________________
Rule 4) If u and v are functions of x (u+v) dx = u dx + v dxeg What is (5 x3 + 13x) dx ____________________________
Note that for each of these rules we must add a constant of integration
To find the area under a curve we use a Definite Integral
Find the area under the graph of
f(x) = 7 - x2
from x= -1 to x = 2
Basic Properties of Integrals
Basic Properties of Integrals
Through this section we assume that all functions are continuous on a closed interval I = [ab] Below r is a real number f and g are functions
f x f fb c b
a a c
dx x dx x dx 3
f x 0c
c
dx 1 f x fb a
a b
dx x dx 2
f x g f gb b b
a a a
x dx x dx x dx 5
f x fb b
a a
r dx r x dx 4
These properties of integrals follow from the definition of integrals as limits of Riemann sums
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex Calculate5
1
12 1x dx
x
55 2
1 1
12 1 lnx dx x x x
x
2 25 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 2639056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 15: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
AL Cauchy First to define the integral as the limit of the summation
f xi 1 xi xi 1
Also the first (1823) to explicitly state and prove the second part of the FTC d
dxf t dt f x
a
x
Bernhard Riemann (1822 - 1866) On the representation of a function as a limit of a series (Riemann Sum)
Defined as limit of f xi xi xi 1 f x
a
b
dx
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
S F LaCroix
(1765-1843)ldquoIntegral calculus is the inverse of differential calculus Its goal is to restore the functions from their differential coefficientsrdquo
ldquoWhen students find themselves stopped on a proof the professor should restrain from immediately pointing out the solution Let the students find it out for themselves and the error corrected may be more profitable than several theorems provedrdquo
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
Vito Volterra in 1881 found a function f with an anti-derivative F so that F΄(x) = f(x) for all x but there is no interval over which the definite integral of f(x) exists
Henri Lebesgue in 1901 came up with a totally different way of defining integrals using a ldquoStep Functionrdquo that is the same as the Riemann integral for well-behaved functions
Rules of IntegrationRule 1) a dx = ax + c
eg What is 2 dx = ______________
Rule 2) xn dx = xn+1 (n+1) + ceg What is x3 dx ________________
Rule 3) a f(x) dx = a f(x) dx eg What is 17 x3 dx ________________
Rule 4) If u and v are functions of x (u+v) dx = u dx + v dxeg What is (5 x3 + 13x) dx ____________________________
Note that for each of these rules we must add a constant of integration
To find the area under a curve we use a Definite Integral
Find the area under the graph of
f(x) = 7 - x2
from x= -1 to x = 2
Basic Properties of Integrals
Basic Properties of Integrals
Through this section we assume that all functions are continuous on a closed interval I = [ab] Below r is a real number f and g are functions
f x f fb c b
a a c
dx x dx x dx 3
f x 0c
c
dx 1 f x fb a
a b
dx x dx 2
f x g f gb b b
a a a
x dx x dx x dx 5
f x fb b
a a
r dx r x dx 4
These properties of integrals follow from the definition of integrals as limits of Riemann sums
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex Calculate5
1
12 1x dx
x
55 2
1 1
12 1 lnx dx x x x
x
2 25 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 2639056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 16: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Bernhard Riemann (1822 - 1866) On the representation of a function as a limit of a series (Riemann Sum)
Defined as limit of f xi xi xi 1 f x
a
b
dx
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
S F LaCroix
(1765-1843)ldquoIntegral calculus is the inverse of differential calculus Its goal is to restore the functions from their differential coefficientsrdquo
ldquoWhen students find themselves stopped on a proof the professor should restrain from immediately pointing out the solution Let the students find it out for themselves and the error corrected may be more profitable than several theorems provedrdquo
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
Vito Volterra in 1881 found a function f with an anti-derivative F so that F΄(x) = f(x) for all x but there is no interval over which the definite integral of f(x) exists
Henri Lebesgue in 1901 came up with a totally different way of defining integrals using a ldquoStep Functionrdquo that is the same as the Riemann integral for well-behaved functions
Rules of IntegrationRule 1) a dx = ax + c
eg What is 2 dx = ______________
Rule 2) xn dx = xn+1 (n+1) + ceg What is x3 dx ________________
Rule 3) a f(x) dx = a f(x) dx eg What is 17 x3 dx ________________
Rule 4) If u and v are functions of x (u+v) dx = u dx + v dxeg What is (5 x3 + 13x) dx ____________________________
Note that for each of these rules we must add a constant of integration
To find the area under a curve we use a Definite Integral
Find the area under the graph of
f(x) = 7 - x2
from x= -1 to x = 2
Basic Properties of Integrals
Basic Properties of Integrals
Through this section we assume that all functions are continuous on a closed interval I = [ab] Below r is a real number f and g are functions
f x f fb c b
a a c
dx x dx x dx 3
f x 0c
c
dx 1 f x fb a
a b
dx x dx 2
f x g f gb b b
a a a
x dx x dx x dx 5
f x fb b
a a
r dx r x dx 4
These properties of integrals follow from the definition of integrals as limits of Riemann sums
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex Calculate5
1
12 1x dx
x
55 2
1 1
12 1 lnx dx x x x
x
2 25 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 2639056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 17: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
S F LaCroix
(1765-1843)ldquoIntegral calculus is the inverse of differential calculus Its goal is to restore the functions from their differential coefficientsrdquo
ldquoWhen students find themselves stopped on a proof the professor should restrain from immediately pointing out the solution Let the students find it out for themselves and the error corrected may be more profitable than several theorems provedrdquo
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
Vito Volterra in 1881 found a function f with an anti-derivative F so that F΄(x) = f(x) for all x but there is no interval over which the definite integral of f(x) exists
Henri Lebesgue in 1901 came up with a totally different way of defining integrals using a ldquoStep Functionrdquo that is the same as the Riemann integral for well-behaved functions
Rules of IntegrationRule 1) a dx = ax + c
eg What is 2 dx = ______________
Rule 2) xn dx = xn+1 (n+1) + ceg What is x3 dx ________________
Rule 3) a f(x) dx = a f(x) dx eg What is 17 x3 dx ________________
Rule 4) If u and v are functions of x (u+v) dx = u dx + v dxeg What is (5 x3 + 13x) dx ____________________________
Note that for each of these rules we must add a constant of integration
To find the area under a curve we use a Definite Integral
Find the area under the graph of
f(x) = 7 - x2
from x= -1 to x = 2
Basic Properties of Integrals
Basic Properties of Integrals
Through this section we assume that all functions are continuous on a closed interval I = [ab] Below r is a real number f and g are functions
f x f fb c b
a a c
dx x dx x dx 3
f x 0c
c
dx 1 f x fb a
a b
dx x dx 2
f x g f gb b b
a a a
x dx x dx x dx 5
f x fb b
a a
r dx r x dx 4
These properties of integrals follow from the definition of integrals as limits of Riemann sums
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex Calculate5
1
12 1x dx
x
55 2
1 1
12 1 lnx dx x x x
x
2 25 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 2639056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 18: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If then f x a
b
dx F b F a F x f x
Vito Volterra in 1881 found a function f with an anti-derivative F so that F΄(x) = f(x) for all x but there is no interval over which the definite integral of f(x) exists
Henri Lebesgue in 1901 came up with a totally different way of defining integrals using a ldquoStep Functionrdquo that is the same as the Riemann integral for well-behaved functions
Rules of IntegrationRule 1) a dx = ax + c
eg What is 2 dx = ______________
Rule 2) xn dx = xn+1 (n+1) + ceg What is x3 dx ________________
Rule 3) a f(x) dx = a f(x) dx eg What is 17 x3 dx ________________
Rule 4) If u and v are functions of x (u+v) dx = u dx + v dxeg What is (5 x3 + 13x) dx ____________________________
Note that for each of these rules we must add a constant of integration
To find the area under a curve we use a Definite Integral
Find the area under the graph of
f(x) = 7 - x2
from x= -1 to x = 2
Basic Properties of Integrals
Basic Properties of Integrals
Through this section we assume that all functions are continuous on a closed interval I = [ab] Below r is a real number f and g are functions
f x f fb c b
a a c
dx x dx x dx 3
f x 0c
c
dx 1 f x fb a
a b
dx x dx 2
f x g f gb b b
a a a
x dx x dx x dx 5
f x fb b
a a
r dx r x dx 4
These properties of integrals follow from the definition of integrals as limits of Riemann sums
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex Calculate5
1
12 1x dx
x
55 2
1 1
12 1 lnx dx x x x
x
2 25 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 2639056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 19: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Henri Lebesgue in 1901 came up with a totally different way of defining integrals using a ldquoStep Functionrdquo that is the same as the Riemann integral for well-behaved functions
Rules of IntegrationRule 1) a dx = ax + c
eg What is 2 dx = ______________
Rule 2) xn dx = xn+1 (n+1) + ceg What is x3 dx ________________
Rule 3) a f(x) dx = a f(x) dx eg What is 17 x3 dx ________________
Rule 4) If u and v are functions of x (u+v) dx = u dx + v dxeg What is (5 x3 + 13x) dx ____________________________
Note that for each of these rules we must add a constant of integration
To find the area under a curve we use a Definite Integral
Find the area under the graph of
f(x) = 7 - x2
from x= -1 to x = 2
Basic Properties of Integrals
Basic Properties of Integrals
Through this section we assume that all functions are continuous on a closed interval I = [ab] Below r is a real number f and g are functions
f x f fb c b
a a c
dx x dx x dx 3
f x 0c
c
dx 1 f x fb a
a b
dx x dx 2
f x g f gb b b
a a a
x dx x dx x dx 5
f x fb b
a a
r dx r x dx 4
These properties of integrals follow from the definition of integrals as limits of Riemann sums
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex Calculate5
1
12 1x dx
x
55 2
1 1
12 1 lnx dx x x x
x
2 25 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 2639056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 20: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Rules of IntegrationRule 1) a dx = ax + c
eg What is 2 dx = ______________
Rule 2) xn dx = xn+1 (n+1) + ceg What is x3 dx ________________
Rule 3) a f(x) dx = a f(x) dx eg What is 17 x3 dx ________________
Rule 4) If u and v are functions of x (u+v) dx = u dx + v dxeg What is (5 x3 + 13x) dx ____________________________
Note that for each of these rules we must add a constant of integration
To find the area under a curve we use a Definite Integral
Find the area under the graph of
f(x) = 7 - x2
from x= -1 to x = 2
Basic Properties of Integrals
Basic Properties of Integrals
Through this section we assume that all functions are continuous on a closed interval I = [ab] Below r is a real number f and g are functions
f x f fb c b
a a c
dx x dx x dx 3
f x 0c
c
dx 1 f x fb a
a b
dx x dx 2
f x g f gb b b
a a a
x dx x dx x dx 5
f x fb b
a a
r dx r x dx 4
These properties of integrals follow from the definition of integrals as limits of Riemann sums
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex Calculate5
1
12 1x dx
x
55 2
1 1
12 1 lnx dx x x x
x
2 25 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 2639056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 21: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Basic Properties of Integrals
Basic Properties of Integrals
Through this section we assume that all functions are continuous on a closed interval I = [ab] Below r is a real number f and g are functions
f x f fb c b
a a c
dx x dx x dx 3
f x 0c
c
dx 1 f x fb a
a b
dx x dx 2
f x g f gb b b
a a a
x dx x dx x dx 5
f x fb b
a a
r dx r x dx 4
These properties of integrals follow from the definition of integrals as limits of Riemann sums
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex Calculate5
1
12 1x dx
x
55 2
1 1
12 1 lnx dx x x x
x
2 25 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 2639056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 22: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex Calculate5
1
12 1x dx
x
55 2
1 1
12 1 lnx dx x x x
x
2 25 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 2639056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 23: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex Calculate 1 1 22
02 3x x dx
2let 3u x x
then 2
dudx
x
1 41 22 1 2
0 02 3x x x dx u du
43 2
0
2
3u
16
3
Notice limits change
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 24: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Computing Area
Ex Find the area enclosed by the x-axis the vertical lines x = 0 x = 2 and the graph of
23
02x dx
Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0 2]
22
3 4
00
12
2x dx x 4 41 1
2 02 2
8
Antiderivative Fund Thm of Calculus
22 y x
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 25: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
Ex 1 Suppose f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) after expanding the binomial
Solution f(x) = (2x + 5)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)25 + 3(2x) 52 + 52
= 8x3 + 60x2 + 150x + 125
f rsquo(x) = 24x2 + 120x + 150 = 6(4x2 + 20x + 25) = 6(2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 6(2x + 5)2
f rsquorsquo(x) = 48x + 120 = 24(2x + 5)
Notice similarities between the solutions and the original function
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 26: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
We can use the Chain Rule
If f (v) = vn and v is a function of x
then f (v) = nvn-1 dv
Now f(x) = (2x + 5)3 Find f rsquo(x) and f rsquorsquo(x) using the Chain Rule
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 27: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Lets Review the Following Before Going On
bull Basic Rules of Differentiation
bull The Product and Quotient Rules
bull The Chain Rule
bull Marginal Functions in Economics
bull Higher-Order Derivatives
bull Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
bull Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 28: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Basic Differentiation Rules
1
Ex
2
0 is a constantd
c cdx
( ) 5
( ) 0
f x
f x
Ex
1 is a real numbern ndx nx n
dx
7
6
( )
( ) 7
f x x
f x x
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 29: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Basic Differentiation Rules
3
Ex
4
( ) ( ) is a constantd d
cf x c f x cdx dx
8( ) 3f x x
Ex
( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g xdx dx dx
12( ) 7f x x
7 7( ) 3 8 24f x x x
11 11( ) 0 12 12f x x x
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 30: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
More Differentiation Rules
5
Ex 3 7 2( ) 2 5 3 8 1f x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d d d
f x g x f x g x g x f xdx dx dx
Product Rule
2 7 2 3 6( ) 3 2 3 8 1 2 5 21 16f x x x x x x x x
9 7 6 4 2( ) 30 48 105 40 45 80 2f x x x x x x x
Derivative of the first function
Derivative of the second function
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 31: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
More Differentiation Rules
6
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d dg x f x f x g xf xd dx dx
dx g x g x
Quotient Rule
lo hi hi lohi
lo lo lo
d dd
dx
Sometimes remembered as
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 32: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
More Differentiation Rules
6
Ex2
3 5( )
2
xf x
x
Quotient Rule (cont)
2
22
3 2 2 3 5( )
2
x x xf x
x
2
22
3 10 6
2
x x
x
Derivative of the numerator
Derivative of the denominator
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 33: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
More Differentiation Rules7 The Chain Rule
If ( ) ( ) thenh x g f x
( ) ( ) ( )h x g f x f x
Note h(x) is a composite function
If ( ) where ( ) theny h x g u u f x
dy dy du
dx du dx
Another Version
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 34: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
More Differentiation Rules
The General Power Rule
If ( ) ( ) real thenn
h x f x n
1( ) ( ) ( )
nh x n f x f x
Ex 1 22 2( ) 3 4 3 4f x x x x x
1 221
( ) 3 4 6 42
f x x x x
2
3 2
3 4
x
x x
The Chain Rule leads to
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 35: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Chain Rule Example7
2 1( )
3 5
xG x
x
6
2
3 5 2 2 1 32 1( ) 7
3 5 3 5
x xxG x
x x
66
2 8
91 2 12 1 13( ) 7
3 5 3 5 3 5
xxG x
x x x
Ex
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 36: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Chain Rule Example5 2 8 2 7 3y u u x x Ex
dy dy du
dx du dx
3 2 7556 6
2u x x
3 28 2 757 3 56 6
2x x x x
3 27 8 2140 15 7 3x x x x
Sub in for u
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 37: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Higher DerivativesThe second derivative of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the first derivative
Derivative Notations
nf
f
f
(4)f
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
2
2
d y
dx3
3
d y
dx4
4
d y
dxn
n
d y
dx
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 38: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Example of Higher Derivatives
5 3( ) 3 2 14f x x x Given find ( )f x
4 2( ) 15 6f x x x
3( ) 60 12f x x x
2( ) 180 12f x x
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 39: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given2 1
( )3 2
xf x
x
find (2)f
2
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 1 7( ) 7 3 2
3 2 3 2
x xf x x
x x
3
3
42( ) 14 3 2 3
3 2f x x
x
3 3
42 42 21(2)
3243(2) 2f
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 40: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Implicit Differentiation
33 4 17y x x
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x
3 3 1y xy x
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x
To differentiate the implicit equation we write f (x) in place of y to get
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 41: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Implicit Differentiation (cont)
Now differentiate
using the chain rule
3( ) ( ) 3 1f x x f x x
23 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3f x f x f x xf x
23 3y y y xy which can be written in the form
subbing in y
23 3y y x y
2
3
3
yy
y x
Solve for yrsquo
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 42: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to the rate of change of another quantity
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels west at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Note The rate of change of the distance between them is related to the rate at which the cars are traveling
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 43: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem1 Assign a variable to each quantity Draw a diagram if appropriate
2 Write down the known valuesrates
3 Relate variables with an equation
4 Differentiate the equation implicitly
5 Plug in values and solve
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 44: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Ex Two cars leave an intersection at the same time One car travels north at 35 mihr the other travels east at 60 mihr How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours
Distance = z
x
y35
dy
dt60
dx
dt
70y 120x
2 2 2x y z
2 2 2dx dy dz
x y zdt dt dt
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193dz
dt
From original relationship
695 mihrdz
dt
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 45: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1 to x2 and is defined by
2 1x x x Read ldquodelta xrdquo
An increment in y represents a change in y and is defined by
( ) ( )y f x x f x
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
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Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then the differential of x denoted dx is such that dx xThe differential of y denoted dy is
( ) ( )dy f x x f x dx
Note measures actual change in y y measures approximate change in dy y
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-
![Page 47: Advanced Topics in Physics: Velocity, Speed, and Rates of Change. Photo credit: Dr. Persin, Founder of Lnk2Lrn](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfce1a28abf838ca99ff/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Example2( ) 3 findf x x x
2 and as changes from 3 to 302y dy x
Given
1 as changes from 3 to 302x x302 3 002x
(302) (3)y f f 243412 24 03412
( ) 6 1dy f x dx x dx 6(3) 1 (002) 034
- Slide 1
- Advanced Topics in Physics - Calculus Application The Rate of Change of a Function
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Instantaneous Rate of Change
- Rules of Differentiation
- More rules of Differentiation
- More rules of differentiation
- Integration
- Integration cont
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Rules of Integration
- Basic Properties of Integrals
- Evaluating the Definite Integral
- Substitution for Definite Integrals
- Computing Area
- Derivatives of Functions of Higher Degree
- For More Efficient Solutions of Problems of This Type
- Slide 27
- Basic Differentiation Rules
- Slide 29
- More Differentiation Rules
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Higher Derivatives
- Example of Higher Derivatives
- Slide 39
- Implicit Differentiation
- Implicit Differentiation (cont)
- Related Rates
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Increments
- Differentials
- Example
-