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LED EVENT 2017
ADDING AN ‘O’ TO LEDS STATUS AND PERSPECTIVES OF ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES
PAWEL E. MALINOWSKI, TUNGHUEI KE
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LED EVENT 2017
LIVING ROOM NOT SO LONG AGO...
2 Source: Warner Bros.
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LED EVENT 20173 Source: Warner Bros.
CRT
Incadescent
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LED EVENT 2017
LIVING ROOM NOW...
4 Source: Philips
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LED EVENT 20175 Source: Philips
LED / OLED
LED-LCD / AMOLED
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LIGHTING
6
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LED EVENT 2017
FROM BULBS TO PANELSNEW FORM FACTORS FOR OLED LIGHTING
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LED EVENT 2017
OLED LIGHTING: INSTALLATIONS
8
OLED Works
OLED Works
Konica Minolta
OSRAM
Sumitomo
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LED EVENT 2017
OLED LIGHTING: AUTOMOTIVE
9
BMW M4
Audi TT RS
Astron Fiamm
Audi
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LED EVENT 2017
OLED LIGHTING: PANELS
10
IKEA
aerelightLG Chem
Acuity
LG Chem
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DISPLAYS
11
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LED EVENT 2017
LCD VS. OLED~15 MM PANELVS. ~5 MM PANEL
LCD OLED
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LED EVENT 2017
AMOLED DISPLAYS TODAY
13
BOESamsung
Tianma
AUO
BOE
Apple/LG
Sharp
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LED EVENT 2017
AMOLED DISPLAYS: SMARTPHONE
14
Apple
Samsung
Samsung
Huawei
LG
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LED EVENT 2017
AMOLED DISPLAYS: TV
15
LG
Sony
LG
LG
Samsung
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LED EVENT 2017
CURVED DISPLAYS
16 Source: LG Display
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LED EVENT 2017
FLEXIBLE DISPLAYS
17 Source: LG Display
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THE “O”
18
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LED EVENT 2017
ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODESULTRA-THIN LAYERS EMITTING LIGHT
ITO (transparent contact)
glass
Metal (reflective contact)
emission layer
(organic semiconductor)
+
-
-+
First small molecule OLED in 1987
Tang et al in Applied Physics Letters
First polymer OLED in 1990
Burroughes et al in Nature
Organic semiconductor:
- small molecule vacuum evaporation
- polymer solution processing
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LED EVENT 2017
MODERN ORGANIC LED STRUCTURE FOR SINGLE COLOR
20
MORE EFFICIENT MULTILAYER OLED STRUCTURE
ITO (transparent contact)
glass
Metal (reflective contact)
Doped Emission layer
Doped Electron injection layer
Doped Hole injection layer
Hole blocking layer
Electron blocking layer
Doped Electron transport layer
Doped Hole transport layer
Single color OLED:
5-10 layers, 10-15 materials, 100-200 nm thick
Increasing
recombination
Reducing
turn-on voltage
Increasing
light outcoupling
Doped Emission Layer
for increasing
internal quantum efficiency
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LED EVENT 2017
MODERN ORGANIC LED STRUCTURE FOR WHITE
21
EVEN MORE LAYERS FOR EFFICIENT WHITEImproved OLED structure:
White OLED:
stacking different colorsSeparate layer for phosphorescent red
and green and for fluorescent blue
8-15 layers, 20+ materials
tandem white OLED by Novaled
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LED EVENT 2017
10$/klm
200-500$/klm
Adapted from: IDTechX
60 lm per Watt (150lm/W in R&D)
50,000 hours
100...150 lm per Watt (200 lm/W in R&D)
40,000 hrs
OLED VS. LED
22
DIFFERENTIATOR IS TRANSPARENCY AND FLEXIBILITY
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LED EVENT 2017
OLED PERFORMANCE
• Brightness – depending on application:
• lighting: 1000-2000 cd/m2 (more – better)
• TV: 200 cd/m2
• viewfinder: 200-300 cd/m2
• smartphone: 500-800 cd/m2
• augmented reality: 3000-5000 cd/m2 (not sufficient lifetime at present)
• head up display in cars: 10k-20k cd/m2 (not sufficient lifetime at present)
• Efficiency – depending on brightness, color point, lifetime, operation condition, barrier,
integration process flow:
• red: 15-30 cd/A
• green : 50-80 cd/A
• blue: 5-15 cd/A
BRIGHTNESS AND EFFICIENCY REQUIREMENTS
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LED EVENT 2017
OLED LIGHTING MARKET
• 2014 IHS: market will grow tenfold by 2020 to reach $26 million
• 2015 Nanomarkets: $1 billion OLED lighting market in 2020
• 2015 ElectroniCast: to almost $2.4 billion in 2020 and $6.7 billion in 2023
• 2016Yole Developpement: $1.5 billion OLED lighting market in 2021
• 2016 UBI: growth from $114 million to $1.6 billion by 2020
• 2017 UBI: OLED lighting market will reach $1.9 billion by 2021
• 2017 IDTechEx: OLED lighting market will reach $2.5 billion in 2027
24
LARGE GROWTH ESTIMATED – BUT THE ESTIMATES SHIFT
ElectroniCastIDTechEx
UBI
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IMEC & HOLST CENTRE
25
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LED EVENT 2017
IMEC (LEUVEN, BE) / HOLST CENTRE (EINDHOVEN, NL)
wafer fabs:
6 / 8 / 12 inch
plate line:
GEN1 (35x32 cm)
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NANOTECHNOLOGY
SINCE 1984
3500 PEOPLE
77 NATIONALITIES
>600 PARTNERS
IMEC: INDEPENDENT R&D HUB
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LED EVENT 201728
THIN-FILM ELECTRONICS PROGRAM
FLEXIBLE DISPLAYS
TFT TECHNOLOGY
AMOLED
PROTOTYPING
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LED EVENT 2017
R&D ON DEMAND
29
PROTOTYPING FACILITY FOR THIN-FILM ELECTRONICS
From fundamental research to tech transfer
Collaboration in shared and dedicated projects
6 inch and Gen 1 (350x320 mm2) lines
FPD compatible processes
Low-volume:100-10,000 components
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OLED LIGHTING @ HOLST CENTRE
30
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LED EVENT 2017
FLEXIBLE OLED ROADMAP
31
Upscaling< €100 /m²< €1 /100 lm> 10 million m2
/yr> 20 years lifetime
60% Transparency
Cuttable
Tunable colour & shape
Form factor
Interaction
Adaptive Electronics
Foldable
Active shape changing
Soft
80% Transparency
Seamless integration & ease of assembly
“Self”-powered
Making OLEDs flexible
Pilot production up to 5000 m2/year
Roll-to-roll barrier tool
Roll-to-roll tool for solution processed OLEDs
S2S Thin film encapsulation>20 years lifetime in products
Sheet–to-sheet Flexible OLEDs >5 years lifetime
Dynamic colourchanging
Smart surfaces:Combination with sensors, actuators & logic
Real 3D
Integration with driving chips
Mass customisation
Self-healing
202620162006
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LED EVENT 201732
Confidential
80% transparent or
imperceptible
3D ultra-thin shapeable or
stretchable form to seamlessly
follow contours
VISION FOR FLEXIBLE OLED INTEGRATION
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LED EVENT 2017
Illumination with OLEDs
Integrated NFC antenna
Capacitive buttons
Capacitive slider
PROTOTYPE OF
FLEXIBLE OLED INTEGRATION
INTO CAR CONSOLE UNIT
IN-MOLD ELECTRONICS
33
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LED EVENT 2017
OLED powered by NFC
WIRELESS CONTACT OF FLEXIBLE OLED
LIGHTING AND SIGNAGE
34
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LED EVENT 2017
TRANSPARENT FLEXIBLE OLED SIGNAGE FILM
IN AUTOMOTIVE DEMONSTRATOR
35
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LED EVENT 2017
c
OLEDS WITH A SOFT FORM FACTOR
36
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LED EVENT 2017
FLEXIBLE ROLL-TO-ROLL OLEDS
37
Holst Centre R2R moisture barrier film
Fraunhofer FEP R2R ITO + R2R evaporated OLED1.8 m x 30 cm
(15 m made in each run)
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AMOLED DISPLAYS @ HOLST CENTRE
38
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LED EVENT 201739
FUTURE MIXED REALITY DISPLAYS
photo: Shutterstock
Opening hours
10:00 – 18:00
open now
Hi-Res TFT backplane
Hi-Brightness OLEDs
Efficient data processing
Sensors (e.g. eye-tracking)
User interface (haptic feedback)
Power management
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OLED DISPLAYS @ HOLST CENTRE
40
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LED EVENT 2017
IMEC/HOLST AMOLED DISPLAYS
41
IGZO backplane
OLED frontplane
GEN1 substrate
165 process steps
Diagonal 4.0 inch
Resolution QVGA, 320 ppi
Pixel Circuit 2T1C
OLED Type Top-Emission
Display Driving IC / in-panel
Substrate PEN or PI
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LED EVENT 2017
IMEC/HOLST DEMO AT TOUCH TAIWAN 2015
42
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LED EVENT 2017
1250 PPI 2-COLOR PASSIVE OLED DISPLAY
43
TOUCH TAIWAN 2017 DEMO
electroluminescence
5 mm
Only 1st color Only 2nd color
1st and 2nd color together Zoom of the array
Display video
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LED EVENT 2017
PASSIVE OLED DISPLAY DEMO
44
2500 ppi passive OLED display
100 µm
standard smartphone LCD
100 µm
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SUMMARY
45
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LED EVENT 2017
THE “O“ IN LEDS
• OLEDs are here to stay
• market getting larger and healthier
• improvements still needed in TRL and MRL
• OLED R&D platform at Holst Centre
• from screening materials, through process development and prototyping to fab transfer
• international collaborations from academia to industry
46
SUMMARY
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CONFIDENTIAL – INTERNAL USE
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LED EVENT 2017
IMEC / HOLST ORGANIC PATTERNING TRACK RECORD
• P.E. Malinowski et al. “Photolithography as enabler of AMOLED displays beyond 1000 ppi”, paper 44.1 (invited talk), SID Display Week,
Los Angeles, 2017.
• T.H. Ke et al. “Effect of Integrated Protection Layer on Photolithographic Patterned OLED stack,” 23rd International Display
Workshops, IDW’16, Fukuoka, JP, 2016.
• P.E. Malinowski et al. “Multicolor 1250-ppi OLED Arrays Patterned by Photolithography”, paper 74.3, SID Display Week, San Francisco,
2016.
• P.E. Malinowski et al. “Organic Photodetectors with Active Layer Patterned by Lithography”, IEEE Sensors 2015, Busan, KR, 2015.
• T.H. Ke et al. “High aperture ratio organic light emitting diodes (OLED) pixels with 640 ppi resolution realized by CA i-line
photolithography”, 22nd International Display Workshops, IDW’15, Otsu, JP, 2015.
• P.E. Malinowski et al. “Patterning of multicolor OLEDs with ultra-high resolution by photolithography”, paper 16.3, SID Display Week,
San Jose, 2015.
• P. E. Malinowski et al. „Photolithographic patterning of organic photodetectors with a non-fluorinated photoresist system,” Organic
Electronics 15 (10), 2014
• P.E. Malinowski et al. “Patterning of multicolor OLEDs with ultra-high resolution by photolithography”, 21st International Display
Workshops, IDW’14, Niigata, JP, 2014 (Best Paper Award).