-
MonumentValley, Utah
Acadia NationalPark, Maine
▼
▼
The Tongass National Forest inSoutheastern Alaska, coveringnearly 17 million acres, is the
single largest nationalforest in America.
▼
MonumentValley, Utah
Acadia NationalPark, Maine
▼
▼
The Tongass National Forest inSoutheastern Alaska, coveringnearly 17 million acres, is the
single largest nationalforest in America.
▼
-
Geography Handbook
The story of the United States begins with geography—thestudy of the earth in all of its variety. Geography describesthe earth’s land, water, and plant and animal life. It is thestudy of places and the complex relationships betweenpeople and their environments.
Geography of the United StatesThe United States is a land of startling physical
differences. It is also a nation of diverse groups ofpeople. A study of geography can help explainhow the United States acquired its diversity.
The United States—with a total land area of3,537,441 square miles (9,161,930 sq. km)—is theworld’s fourth-largest country in size.
The 50 StatesMost of the United States—48 of the 50 states—
spans the entire middle part of North America.This group of states touches three major bodies ofwater—the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico,and the Pacific Ocean. Two states—Alaska andHawaii—lie apart from the 48 states.
Our Nation’s GrowthWithin the borders of the United States stretch a
variety of landscapes—dense forests, hot deserts,rolling grasslands, and snow-capped mountains.Because of its large size and diverse regions, theUnited States throughout its history offered manyopportunities. Over the centuries people fromEurope, Africa, Asia, and other parts of the Americashave journeyed here. Today more than 281 millionpeople make their homes in the United States.
1
Geography Handbook
N
SEW
500 kilometers0Lambert Equal-Area projection
500 miles0
80°W90°W
120°W
30°N
40°N
50°N
TROPIC OFCANCER
Ohio
R.
Mis
siss
ippi
R.
Misso
uri R.
Color
ado R
.
Rio Grande
L. Superior
L.M
ichi
gan
L. Huron
L.Er
ie
L. Ontario
AtlanticOceanPacific
Ocean
Gulf ofMexico
KY.
PA.
VA.
N.C.TENN.
S.C.
GA.
N.Y.
N.H.VT.
MASS.
R.I.CONN.
N.J.
DEL.MD.
IOWA
WIS.
MINN.N. DAK.
S. DAK.
MONTANA
WYO.IDAHO
WASH.
UTAH
ARIZ. N. MEX.
NEBR.
ILL.
IND. OHIOW.VA.
FLA.
MAINE
MICH.
ALA.
LA.
ARK.
MO.KANSASCOLO.
NEV.
OREG.
ALASKA
CALIF.
TEXAS
OKLA.
MISS.
ROCKY
MO
UN
TAIN
S
CASC
ADE
RAN
GE
ATLA
NTIC
PLAI
NSIERRA
NEVADA
GR
EA
TP
LA
I NS
CENTRAL LOWLANDS
GULF
PLAIN
APPA
LACH
IAN
MO
UN
TAIN
S
CANADA
MEXICO
HAWAII
200 kilometers0
200 miles0
20°N
160°W500 kilometers0
500 miles0
ALASKA
160°W 150°W170°W
70°N
60°N
Physical Regions of the United States
Appalachian HighlandsCanadian ShieldCoastal PlainsHawaii
Interior PlainsIntermountainPacific CoastRocky Mountains
Geography Handbook
The story of the United States begins with geography—thestudy of the earth in all of its variety. Geography describesthe earth’s land, water, and plant and animal life. It is thestudy of places and the complex relationships betweenpeople and their environments.
Geography of the United StatesThe United States is a land of startling physical
differences. It is also a nation of diverse groups ofpeople. A study of geography can help explainhow the United States acquired its diversity.
The United States—with a total land area of3,537,441 square miles (9,161,930 sq. km)—is theworld’s fourth-largest country in size.
The 50 StatesMost of the United States—48 of the 50 states—
spans the entire middle part of North America.This group of states touches three major bodies ofwater—the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico,and the Pacific Ocean. Two states—Alaska andHawaii—lie apart from the 48 states.
Our Nation’s GrowthWithin the borders of the United States stretch a
variety of landscapes—dense forests, hot deserts,rolling grasslands, and snow-capped mountains.Because of its large size and diverse regions, theUnited States throughout its history offered manyopportunities. Over the centuries people fromEurope, Africa, Asia, and other parts of the Americashave journeyed here. Today more than 281 millionpeople make their homes in the United States.
1
Geography Handbook
N
SEW
500 kilometers0Lambert Equal-Area projection
500 miles0
80°W90°W
120°W
30°N
40°N
50°N
TROPIC OFCANCER
Ohio
R.
Mis
siss
ippi
R.
Misso
uri R.
Color
ado R
.
Rio Grande
L. Superior
L.M
ichi
gan
L. Huron
L.Er
ie
L. Ontario
AtlanticOceanPacific
Ocean
Gulf ofMexico
KY.
PA.
VA.
N.C.TENN.
S.C.
GA.
N.Y.
N.H.VT.
MASS.
R.I.CONN.
N.J.
DEL.MD.
IOWA
WIS.
MINN.N. DAK.
S. DAK.
MONTANA
WYO.IDAHO
WASH.
UTAH
ARIZ. N. MEX.
NEBR.
ILL.
IND. OHIOW.VA.
FLA.
MAINE
MICH.
ALA.
LA.
ARK.
MO.KANSASCOLO.
NEV.
OREG.
ALASKA
CALIF.
TEXAS
OKLA.
MISS.
ROCKY
MO
UN
TAIN
S
CASC
ADE
RAN
GE
ATLA
NTIC
PLAI
NSIERRA
NEVADA
GR
EA
TP
LA
I NS
CENTRAL LOWLANDS
GULF
PLAIN
APPA
LACH
IAN
MO
UN
TAIN
S
CANADA
MEXICO
HAWAII
200 kilometers0
200 miles0
20°N
160°W500 kilometers0
500 miles0
ALASKA
160°W 150°W170°W
70°N
60°N
Physical Regions of the United States
Appalachian HighlandsCanadian ShieldCoastal PlainsHawaii
Interior PlainsIntermountainPacific CoastRocky Mountains
-
2 Geography Handbook
Places and RegionsPlace has a special mean-
ing in geography. It meansmore than where a place is.It also describes what a placeis like. These features may bephysical characteristics suchas landforms, climate, andplant or animal life. Theymay also be human charac-teristics, including languageand way of life.
To help organize theirstudy, geographers oftengroup places or areas intoregions. Regions are unitedby one or more commoncharacteristics.
To understand how our world is connected,some geographers have broken down the studyof geography into five themes. The FiveThemes of Geography are (1) location, (2) place,(3) human/environment interaction, (4) move-ment, and (5) regions. You will see these themeshighlighted in the Geography Skills accompa-nying the maps of The American Journey.
Six Essential ElementsRecently, geographers have begun to look at
geography in a different way. They break downthe study of geography into Six EssentialElements, which are explained below. Beingaware of these elements will help you sort outwhat you are learning about geography.
The World in Spatial TermsGeographers first take a look at
where a place is located. Locationserves as a starting point by asking“Where is it?” Knowing the loca-tion of places helps youdevelop an awareness ofthe world around you.
Physical SystemsWhen studying places
and regions, geographersanalyze how physicalsystems—such as hurri-canes, volcanoes, andglaciers—shape theearth’s surface. They alsolook at communities ofplants and animals thatdepend upon one anotherand their surroundingsfor survival.
2 Geography Handbook
Places and RegionsPlace has a special mean-
ing in geography. It meansmore than where a place is.It also describes what a placeis like. These features may bephysical characteristics suchas landforms, climate, andplant or animal life. Theymay also be human charac-teristics, including languageand way of life.
To help organize theirstudy, geographers oftengroup places or areas intoregions. Regions are unitedby one or more commoncharacteristics.
To understand how our world is connected,some geographers have broken down the studyof geography into five themes. The FiveThemes of Geography are (1) location, (2) place,(3) human/environment interaction, (4) move-ment, and (5) regions. You will see these themeshighlighted in the Geography Skills accompa-nying the maps of The American Journey.
Six Essential ElementsRecently, geographers have begun to look at
geography in a different way. They break downthe study of geography into Six EssentialElements, which are explained below. Beingaware of these elements will help you sort outwhat you are learning about geography.
The World in Spatial TermsGeographers first take a look at
where a place is located. Locationserves as a starting point by asking“Where is it?” Knowing the loca-tion of places helps youdevelop an awareness ofthe world around you.
Physical SystemsWhen studying places
and regions, geographersanalyze how physicalsystems—such as hurri-canes, volcanoes, andglaciers—shape theearth’s surface. They alsolook at communities ofplants and animals thatdepend upon one anotherand their surroundingsfor survival.
-
3Geography Handbook
Environment and Society“How does the relation-
ship between people andtheir natural surroundingsinfluence the way peoplelive?” This is one of thequestions that the theme ofhuman/ environment inter-action answers. This themealso shows how people use the environment and howtheir actions affect the environment.
Human SystemsGeographers also examine
human systems, or howpeople have shaped ourworld. They look at howboundary lines are deter-mined and analyze whypeople settle in certainplaces and not in others. Akey theme in geography isthe continual movement ofpeople, ideas, and goods.
The Uses of GeographyKnowledge of geography
helps people understand therelationships among people,places, and environmentsover time. Understandinggeography, and knowinghow to use the tools andtechnology available tostudy it, prepares you forlife in our modern society.
Geography Handbook
3Geography Handbook
Environment and Society“How does the relation-
ship between people andtheir natural surroundingsinfluence the way peoplelive?” This is one of thequestions that the theme ofhuman/ environment inter-action answers. This themealso shows how people use the environment and howtheir actions affect the environment.
Human SystemsGeographers also examine
human systems, or howpeople have shaped ourworld. They look at howboundary lines are deter-mined and analyze whypeople settle in certainplaces and not in others. Akey theme in geography isthe continual movement ofpeople, ideas, and goods.
The Uses of GeographyKnowledge of geography
helps people understand therelationships among people,places, and environmentsover time. Understandinggeography, and knowinghow to use the tools andtechnology available tostudy it, prepares you forlife in our modern society.
Geography Handbook
-
4 Geography Handbook
Maps of many different kinds are used in The AmericanJourney to help you see the connection between geog-raphy and the history of our nation.
Different Kinds of Maps
A physical map shows the physical fea-tures of an area, such as its mountainsand rivers. Physical maps use color andshadings to show relief—how flat orrugged the land surface is. Colors alsomay be used to show elevation—theheight of an area above sea level.
Physical Maps
Maps have lines of latitudeand longitude that form agrid. Lines of latitude circlethe earth, either north orsouth of the Equator (0° lat-itude). Lines of longitudestretch from the North Poleto the South Pole, eithereast or west of the PrimeMeridian (0° longitude).The distance between thelines is measured in degrees(°). Every place on the earthhas a unique position or“address” on this grid.
Latitude and Longitude
Political maps generally show political,or human-made, divisions of countriesor regions. The political map on pagesRA2–RA3, for example, shows bound-aries between the states that comprisethe United States.
Besides showing political or physical fea-tures, some maps have a special purpose.Human activities such as explorationroutes, territorial expansion, or battlesites appear on special-purpose maps,also called thematic maps. The maps onpages RA6–RA7, for example, show ter-ritorial growth of the United States.
Special-Purpose Maps
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
TROPIC OF CANCER
ARCTIC CIRCLE
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
PR
IME
MER
IDIA
N
EQUATOR 0°
20°S
40°S
60°S
20°N
20°W
20°E
40°E
60°E0°
40°W
60°W
40°N
60°N
LINES OF LATITUDENORTH POLE
90Degrees
360 Degrees
180Degrees
180Degrees90
Degrees
LINES OF LONGITUDE
SOUTH POLE SOUTH POLE
NORTH POLE
Knowing this address makes it easier for you to locate cities and otherplaces on a map. For example, the map on page RA5 shows you thatthe address of New Orleans is 30ºN latitude, 90ºW longitude.
Political Maps
4 Geography Handbook
Maps of many different kinds are used in The AmericanJourney to help you see the connection between geog-raphy and the history of our nation.
Different Kinds of Maps
A physical map shows the physical fea-tures of an area, such as its mountainsand rivers. Physical maps use color andshadings to show relief—how flat orrugged the land surface is. Colors alsomay be used to show elevation—theheight of an area above sea level.
Physical Maps
Maps have lines of latitudeand longitude that form agrid. Lines of latitude circlethe earth, either north orsouth of the Equator (0° lat-itude). Lines of longitudestretch from the North Poleto the South Pole, eithereast or west of the PrimeMeridian (0° longitude).The distance between thelines is measured in degrees(°). Every place on the earthhas a unique position or“address” on this grid.
Latitude and Longitude
Political maps generally show political,or human-made, divisions of countriesor regions. The political map on pagesRA2–RA3, for example, shows bound-aries between the states that comprisethe United States.
Besides showing political or physical fea-tures, some maps have a special purpose.Human activities such as explorationroutes, territorial expansion, or battlesites appear on special-purpose maps,also called thematic maps. The maps onpages RA6–RA7, for example, show ter-ritorial growth of the United States.
Special-Purpose Maps
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
TROPIC OF CANCER
ARCTIC CIRCLE
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
PR
IME
MER
IDIA
N
EQUATOR 0°
20°S
40°S
60°S
20°N
20°W
20°E
40°E
60°E0°
40°W
60°W
40°N
60°N
LINES OF LATITUDENORTH POLE
90Degrees
360 Degrees
180Degrees
180Degrees90
Degrees
LINES OF LONGITUDE
SOUTH POLE SOUTH POLE
NORTH POLE
Knowing this address makes it easier for you to locate cities and otherplaces on a map. For example, the map on page RA5 shows you thatthe address of New Orleans is 30ºN latitude, 90ºW longitude.
Political Maps
-
DesertHighlandHumid continentalHumid subtropicalMarine
MediterraneanSteppeSubarcticTropicalTundra
Climate Regions of the United States
Parts of Maps
Scale A measuring line, often called ascale bar, helps you determine distance on the map. The map scale tells you whatdistance on the earth is represented by the measurement on the scale bar.
Compass Rose An important first step in reading any map is to find the directionmarker. A map has a symbol that tells youwhere the cardinal directions—north,south, east, and west—are positioned.
5Geography Handbook
Geography Handbook
Map Key The map key explains the lines, symbols, and colors used ona map. For example, the map on this page shows the various climateregions of the United States. The key shows what climates the differentcolors represent. Map keys also may show structures created by people.Cities are usually symbolized by a solid circle (•). A star within a circlerepresents capitals (�). On this map, you can see the capital of Texas andthe cities of New Orleans, Los Angeles, Seattle, and Chicago.
DesertHighlandHumid continentalHumid subtropicalMarine
MediterraneanSteppeSubarcticTropicalTundra
Climate Regions of the United States
Parts of Maps
Scale A measuring line, often called ascale bar, helps you determine distance on the map. The map scale tells you whatdistance on the earth is represented by the measurement on the scale bar.
Compass Rose An important first step in reading any map is to find the directionmarker. A map has a symbol that tells youwhere the cardinal directions—north,south, east, and west—are positioned.
5Geography Handbook
Geography Handbook
Map Key The map key explains the lines, symbols, and colors used ona map. For example, the map on this page shows the various climateregions of the United States. The key shows what climates the differentcolors represent. Map keys also may show structures created by people.Cities are usually symbolized by a solid circle (•). A star within a circlerepresents capitals (�). On this map, you can see the capital of Texas andthe cities of New Orleans, Los Angeles, Seattle, and Chicago.
-
Geographic factors—landforms, waterways, naturalresources—have shaped America’s history. Here aresome examples of geography’s influences in history that are highlighted in The American Journey.
6
Unit 1 Different Worlds Meet As settle-ment spread, Native Americans createddistinctive civilizations appropriate totheir climates and resources. For example,Native Americans in the Great Plainsdepended on herds of buffalo for food,clothing, shelter, and tools.
Unit 3 Creating a Nation The hardshipsof the land shaped the colonial settlers’ cultural identities. The colonists were isolated from much of the world andbecame more independent. Eventually theybroke away from Great Britain and wontheir independence.
Unit 4 The New Republic When theUnited States was established, manydoubted that the young government couldcontrol people over such great distances.New rivers, roads, and canals helped toopen up the country. At the same time anIndustrial Revolution had begun in NewEngland.
Unit 2 ColonialSettlementBeginning in the1500s, Europeanscame to NorthAmerica seekingland, riches, andfreedom. Groups from Spain, France, GreatBritain, and other countries establishedcolonies. The British colonies along theAtlantic coast were hemmed in by theAppalachian Mountains—the first physicalbarrier to the West.
Unit 5 The Growing Nation Throughwars, treaties, and purchases, the UnitedStates gained control of the lands west ofthe Mississippi River. Settlers were drawnto Western territories by opportunities.Native Americans were forced onto reser-vations. Railroads enabled people to over-come geographic barriers.
Geographic factors—landforms, waterways, naturalresources—have shaped America’s history. Here aresome examples of geography’s influences in history that are highlighted in The American Journey.
6
Unit 1 Different Worlds Meet As settle-ment spread, Native Americans createddistinctive civilizations appropriate totheir climates and resources. For example,Native Americans in the Great Plainsdepended on herds of buffalo for food,clothing, shelter, and tools.
Unit 3 Creating a Nation The hardshipsof the land shaped the colonial settlers’ cultural identities. The colonists were isolated from much of the world andbecame more independent. Eventually theybroke away from Great Britain and wontheir independence.
Unit 4 The New Republic When theUnited States was established, manydoubted that the young government couldcontrol people over such great distances.New rivers, roads, and canals helped toopen up the country. At the same time anIndustrial Revolution had begun in NewEngland.
Unit 2 ColonialSettlementBeginning in the1500s, Europeanscame to NorthAmerica seekingland, riches, andfreedom. Groups from Spain, France, GreatBritain, and other countries establishedcolonies. The British colonies along theAtlantic coast were hemmed in by theAppalachian Mountains—the first physicalbarrier to the West.
Unit 5 The Growing Nation Throughwars, treaties, and purchases, the UnitedStates gained control of the lands west ofthe Mississippi River. Settlers were drawnto Western territories by opportunities.Native Americans were forced onto reser-vations. Railroads enabled people to over-come geographic barriers.
-
Geography Handbook
7
Unit 6 Civil War and ReconstructionDemand for cotton by the textile industryincreased the demand for labor providedby enslaved African Americans. In 1861regional differences and a dispute overslavery sparked the Civil War between the North and South.
Unit 7 Reshaping the Nation After theCivil War, railroads transported goodsfrom the East to the West and carried foodproducts from the West to the East. Theworkers who advanced this industrialboom were immigrants and peoplewho moved fromfarms to thecities. Pioneerschanged theGreat Plainsfrom wildernessto farmland.
Unit 10 Turning Points After World WarII, the world’s nations became much moreconnected and America became moreinvolved in international affairs. Increasedtechnology broke many long-standinggeographic barriers. Americans were nowable to travel greater distances in less time,leading to increased trade, travel, andopportunities.
Unit 11 Modern America Americanstake a leading role maintaining worldpeace. Many also are more aware of theirimpact on the surrounding environment.The government has begun to conserveand protect nature. Americans also face a new century with advanced technology.
Unit 8 Reform, Expansion, and War Asindustry grew in the United States, foreigntrade became more important. Americabecame more involved with other nations,expanded its empire around the world, and became involved in a world war.
Unit 9 Turbulent DecadesEnvironmental disasters during the firstpart of the 1900s affected the nationaleconomy. Due to poor farming methods,in the 1930s winds blew away so much of the soil in the Great Plains that the area became known as the Dust Bowl.
Geography Handbook
7
Unit 6 Civil War and ReconstructionDemand for cotton by the textile industryincreased the demand for labor providedby enslaved African Americans. In 1861regional differences and a dispute overslavery sparked the Civil War between the North and South.
Unit 7 Reshaping the Nation After theCivil War, railroads transported goodsfrom the East to the West and carried foodproducts from the West to the East. Theworkers who advanced this industrialboom were immigrants and peoplewho moved fromfarms to thecities. Pioneerschanged theGreat Plainsfrom wildernessto farmland.
Unit 10 Turning Points After World WarII, the world’s nations became much moreconnected and America became moreinvolved in international affairs. Increasedtechnology broke many long-standinggeographic barriers. Americans were nowable to travel greater distances in less time,leading to increased trade, travel, andopportunities.
Unit 11 Modern America Americanstake a leading role maintaining worldpeace. Many also are more aware of theirimpact on the surrounding environment.The government has begun to conserveand protect nature. Americans also face a new century with advanced technology.
Unit 8 Reform, Expansion, and War Asindustry grew in the United States, foreigntrade became more important. Americabecame more involved with other nations,expanded its empire around the world, and became involved in a world war.
Unit 9 Turbulent DecadesEnvironmental disasters during the firstpart of the 1900s affected the nationaleconomy. Due to poor farming methods,in the 1930s winds blew away so much of the soil in the Great Plains that the area became known as the Dust Bowl.
-
Island
Strait
Isthmus
Cape
Seacoast
Gulf
Bay
Ocean
Volcano Mountain peak
Sound
Peninsula
Delta
Harbor
Cliff
ValleyIsland
Strait
Isthmus
Cape
Seacoast
Gulf
Bay
Ocean
Volcano Mountain peak
Sound
Peninsula
Delta
Harbor
Cliff
Valley
absolute location exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates
basin area of land drained by a given river and its branches;area of land surrounded by lands of higher elevations
bay part of a large body of water that extends into a shoreline,generally smaller than a gulf
canyon deep and narrow valley with steep wallscape point of land that extends into a river, lake, or oceanchannel wide strait or waterway between two land-masses that
lie close to each other; deep part of a river or other waterwaycliff steep, high wall of rock, earth, or ice continent one of the seven large landmasses on the earthcultural feature characteristic that humans have created
in a place, such as language, religion, housing, and settlement pattern
delta flat, low-lying land built up from soil carried downstreamby a river and deposited at its mouth
divide stretch of high land that separates river systems downstream direction in which a river or stream flows from its
source to its mouthelevation height of land above sea levelEquator imaginary line that runs around the earth halfway
between the North and South Poles; used as the startingpoint to measure degrees of north and south latitude
glacier large, thick body of slowly moving icegulf part of a large body of water that extends into a shoreline,
generally larger and more deeply indented than a bayharbor a sheltered place along a shoreline where ships can
anchor safelyhighland elevated land area such as a hill, mountain, or plateauhill elevated land with sloping sides and rounded summit; gen-
erally smaller than a mountainisland land area, smaller than a continent, completely sur-
rounded by wateristhmus narrow stretch of land connecting two larger
land areaslake a sizable inland body of waterlatitude distance north or south of the Equator, measured
in degreeslongitude distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, meas-
ured in degreeslowland land, usually level, at a low elevationmap drawing of the earth shown on a flat surfacemeridian one of many lines on the global grid running from
the North Pole to the South Pole; used to measure degreesof longitude
mesa broad, flat-topped landform with steep sides; smaller thana plateau
8 Geography Handbook
As you read about America’sgeography, you will encounterthe terms listed below. Many ofthe terms are pictured in thediagram.
Island
Strait
Isthmus
Cape
Seacoast
Gulf
Bay
Ocean
Volcano Mountain peak
Sound
Peninsula
Delta
Harbor
Cliff
ValleyIsland
Strait
Isthmus
Cape
Seacoast
Gulf
Bay
Ocean
Volcano Mountain peak
Sound
Peninsula
Delta
Harbor
Cliff
Valley
absolute location exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates
basin area of land drained by a given river and its branches;area of land surrounded by lands of higher elevations
bay part of a large body of water that extends into a shoreline,generally smaller than a gulf
canyon deep and narrow valley with steep wallscape point of land that extends into a river, lake, or oceanchannel wide strait or waterway between two land-masses that
lie close to each other; deep part of a river or other waterwaycliff steep, high wall of rock, earth, or ice continent one of the seven large landmasses on the earthcultural feature characteristic that humans have created
in a place, such as language, religion, housing, and settlement pattern
delta flat, low-lying land built up from soil carried downstreamby a river and deposited at its mouth
divide stretch of high land that separates river systems downstream direction in which a river or stream flows from its
source to its mouthelevation height of land above sea levelEquator imaginary line that runs around the earth halfway
between the North and South Poles; used as the startingpoint to measure degrees of north and south latitude
glacier large, thick body of slowly moving icegulf part of a large body of water that extends into a shoreline,
generally larger and more deeply indented than a bayharbor a sheltered place along a shoreline where ships can
anchor safelyhighland elevated land area such as a hill, mountain, or plateauhill elevated land with sloping sides and rounded summit; gen-
erally smaller than a mountainisland land area, smaller than a continent, completely sur-
rounded by wateristhmus narrow stretch of land connecting two larger
land areaslake a sizable inland body of waterlatitude distance north or south of the Equator, measured
in degreeslongitude distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, meas-
ured in degreeslowland land, usually level, at a low elevationmap drawing of the earth shown on a flat surfacemeridian one of many lines on the global grid running from
the North Pole to the South Pole; used to measure degreesof longitude
mesa broad, flat-topped landform with steep sides; smaller thana plateau
8 Geography Handbook
As you read about America’sgeography, you will encounterthe terms listed below. Many ofthe terms are pictured in thediagram.
-
Canyon
Tributary
Source of river
Lowland
UpstreamDownstream
Highland
Glacier
Basin
Mountain range
Hills
LakePlateau
River
Mouth of river
Plain
Channel
Desert
Canyon
Tributary
Source of river
Lowland
UpstreamDownstream
Highland
Glacier
Basin
Mountain range
Hills
LakePlateau
River
Mouth of river
Plain
Channel
Desert
mountain land with steep sides that rises sharply (1,000 feet ormore) from surrounding land; generally larger and morerugged than a hill
mountain peak pointed top of a mountainmountain range a series of connected mountainsmouth (of a river) place where a stream or river flows into a
larger body of waterocean one of the four major bodies of salt water that surround
the continentsocean current stream of either cold or warm water that moves
in a definite direction through an oceanparallel one of many lines on the global grid that circle the
earth north or south of the Equator; used to measure degrees of latitude
peninsula body of land jutting into a lake or ocean, surroundedon three sides by water
physical feature characteristic of a place occurring naturally,such as a landform, body of water, climate pattern, or resource
plain area of level land, usually a low elevation and often covered with grasses
plateau area of flat or rolling land at a high elevation, about300–3,000 feet high
Prime Meridian line of the global grid running from the NorthPole to the South Pole through Greenwich, England; startingpoint for measuring degrees of east and west longitude
relief changes in elevation over a given area of landriver large natural stream of water that runs through the landsea large body of water completely or partly surrounded
by landseacoast land lying next to a sea or oceansea level position on land level with surface of nearby ocean
or seasound body of water between a coastline and one or more
islands off the coastsource (of a river) place where a river or stream begins, often
in highlandsstrait narrow stretch of water joining two larger bodies of watertributary small river or stream that flows into a large river or
stream; a branch of the riverupstream direction opposite the flow of a river; toward the
source of a river or streamvalley area of low land between hills or mountainsvolcano mountain created as liquid rock or ash erupts from
inside the earth
9Geography Handbook
Geography Handbook
Canyon
Tributary
Source of river
Lowland
UpstreamDownstream
Highland
Glacier
Basin
Mountain range
Hills
LakePlateau
River
Mouth of river
Plain
Channel
Desert
Canyon
Tributary
Source of river
Lowland
UpstreamDownstream
Highland
Glacier
Basin
Mountain range
Hills
LakePlateau
River
Mouth of river
Plain
Channel
Desert
mountain land with steep sides that rises sharply (1,000 feet ormore) from surrounding land; generally larger and morerugged than a hill
mountain peak pointed top of a mountainmountain range a series of connected mountainsmouth (of a river) place where a stream or river flows into a
larger body of waterocean one of the four major bodies of salt water that surround
the continentsocean current stream of either cold or warm water that moves
in a definite direction through an oceanparallel one of many lines on the global grid that circle the
earth north or south of the Equator; used to measure degrees of latitude
peninsula body of land jutting into a lake or ocean, surroundedon three sides by water
physical feature characteristic of a place occurring naturally,such as a landform, body of water, climate pattern, or resource
plain area of level land, usually a low elevation and often covered with grasses
plateau area of flat or rolling land at a high elevation, about300–3,000 feet high
Prime Meridian line of the global grid running from the NorthPole to the South Pole through Greenwich, England; startingpoint for measuring degrees of east and west longitude
relief changes in elevation over a given area of landriver large natural stream of water that runs through the landsea large body of water completely or partly surrounded
by landseacoast land lying next to a sea or oceansea level position on land level with surface of nearby ocean
or seasound body of water between a coastline and one or more
islands off the coastsource (of a river) place where a river or stream begins, often
in highlandsstrait narrow stretch of water joining two larger bodies of watertributary small river or stream that flows into a large river or
stream; a branch of the riverupstream direction opposite the flow of a river; toward the
source of a river or streamvalley area of low land between hills or mountainsvolcano mountain created as liquid rock or ash erupts from
inside the earth
9Geography Handbook
Geography Handbook
The American Journey—Illinois EditionIllinois Learning Standards for Social ScienceHow Does The American Journey Help Me Learn the Standards?How Does The American Journey Help Me Test My Knowledge of Social Science?The Illinois Constitution: A SummaryTable of ContentsPreviewing Your TextbookScavenger HuntHow Do I Study History?The Structure of Illinois GovernmentConstitution Test PracticeReading Skills HandbookIdentifying Words and Building VocabularyReading for a ReasonUnderstanding What You ReadThinking About Your ReadingUnderstanding Text StructureReading for Research
National Geographic Reference AtlasUnited States PoliticalUnited States PhysicalUnited States Territorial GrowthNorth America PhysicalNorth America PoliticalMiddle East Physical/PoliticalWorld PoliticalUnited States Facts
Geography HandbookWhat Is Geography?How Do I Study Geography?How Do I Use Maps?How Does Geography Influence History?Geographic Dictionary
Be an Active ReaderUnit 1: Different Worlds Meet: Beginnings to 1625Chapter 1: The First Americans, Prehistory to 1492Section 1: Early PeoplesSection 2: Cities and EmpiresSection 3: North American PeoplesChapter 1 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas, 1400–1625Section 1: A Changing WorldSection 2: Early ExplorationSection 3: Spain in AmericaSection 4: Exploring North AmericaChapter 2 Assessment and Activities
Unit 2: Colonial Settlement: 1587–1770Chapter 3: Colonial America, 1587–1770Section 1: Early English SettlementsSection 2: New England ColoniesSection 3: Middle ColoniesSection 4: Southern ColoniesChapter 3 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow, 1607–1770Section 1: Life in the ColoniesSection 2: Government, Religion, and CultureSection 3: France and Britain ClashSection 4: The French and Indian WarChapter 4 Assessment and Activities
Unit 3: Creating a Nation: 1763–1791Chapter 5: Road to Independence, 1763–1776Section 1: Taxation Without RepresentationSection 2: Building Colonial UnitySection 3: A Call to ArmsSection 4: Moving Toward IndependenceThe Declaration of IndependenceChapter 5 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 6: The American Revolution, 1776–1783Section 1: The Early YearsSection 2: The War ContinuesSection 3: The War Moves West and SouthSection 4: The War Is WonChapter 6 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 7: A More Perfect Union, 1777–1790Section 1: The Articles of ConfederationSection 2: Convention and CompromiseSection 3: A New Plan of GovernmentChapter 7 Assessment and Activities
Civics in Action: A Citizenship HandbookSection 1: The ConstitutionSection 2: The Federal GovernmentSection 3: Citizen's Rights and ResponsibilitiesHandbook Assessment
The Constitution of the United States
Unit 4: The New Republic: 1789–1825Chapter 8: A New Nation, 1789–1800Section 1: The First PresidentSection 2: Early ChallengesSection 3: The First Political PartiesChapter 8 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 9: The Jefferson Era, 1800–1816Section 1: The Republicans Take PowerSection 2: The Louisiana PurchaseSection 3: A Time of ConflictSection 4: The War of 1812Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 10: Growth and Expansion, 1790–1825Section 1: Economic GrowthSection 2: Westward BoundSection 3: Unity and SectionalismChapter 10 Assessment and Activities
Unit 5: The Growing Nation: 1820–1860Chapter 11: The Jackson Era, 1824–1845Section 1: Jacksonian DemocracySection 2: Conflicts Over LandSection 3: Jackson and the BankChapter 11 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 12: Manifest Destiny, 1818–1853Section 1: The Oregon CountrySection 2: Independence for TexasSection 3: War with MexicoSection 4: New Settlers in California and UtahChapter 12 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 13: North and South, 1820–1860Section 1: The North's EconomySection 2: The North's PeopleSection 3: Southern Cotton KingdomSection 4: The South's PeopleChapter 13 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 14: The Age of Reform, 1820–1860Section 1: Social ReformSection 2: The AbolitionistsSection 3: The Women's MovementChapter 14 Assessment and Activities
Unit 6: Civil War and Reconstruction: 1846–1896Chapter 15: Road to Civil War, 1820–1861Section 1: Slavery and the WestSection 2: A Nation DividingSection 3: Challenges to SlaverySection 4: Secession and WarChapter 15 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 16: The Civil War, 1861–1865Section 1: The Two SidesSection 2: Early Years of the WarSection 3: A Call for FreedomSection 4: Life During the Civil WarSection 5: The Way to VictoryChapter 16 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 17: Reconstruction and Its Aftermath, 1865–1896Section 1: Reconstruction PlansSection 2: Radicals in ControlSection 3: The South During ReconstructionSection 4: Change in the SouthChapter 17 Assessment and Activities
Unit 7: Reshaping the Nation: 1858–1914Chapter 18: The Western Frontier, 1858–1896Section 1: The Mining BoomsSection 2: Ranchers and FarmersSection 3: Native American StrugglesSection 4: Farmers in ProtestChapter 18 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 19: The Growth of Industry, 1865–1914Section 1: Railroads Lead the WaySection 2: InventionsSection 3: An Age of Big BusinessSection 4: Industrial WorkersChapter 19 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 20: Toward an Urban America, 1865–1914Section 1: The New ImmigrantsSection 2: Moving to the CitySection 3: A Changing CultureChapter 20 Assessment and Activities
Unit 8: Reform, Expansion, and War: 1865–1920Chapter 21: Progressive Reforms, 1877–1920Section 1: The Progressive MovementSection 2: Women and ProgressivesSection 3: Progressive PresidentsSection 4: Excluded from ReformChapter 21 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 22: Overseas Expansion, 1865–1917Section 1: Expanding HorizonsSection 2: Imperialism in the PacificSection 3: Spanish-American WarSection 4: Latin American PoliciesChapter 22 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 23: World War I, 1914–1919Section 1: War in EuropeSection 2: America's Road to WarSection 3: Americans Join the AlliesSection 4: The War at HomeSection 5: Searching for PeaceChapter 23 Assessment and Activities
Unit 9: Turbulent Decades: 1919–1945Chapter 24: The Jazz Age, 1919–1929Section 1: Time of TurmoilSection 2: Desire for NormalcySection 3: A Booming EconomySection 4: The Roaring TwentiesChapter 24 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 25: The Depression and FDR, 1929–1941Section 1: The Great DepressionSection 2: Roosevelt's New DealSection 3: Life During the DepressionSection 4: Effects of the New DealChapter 25 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 26: World War II, 1939–1945Section 1: Road to WarSection 2: War BeginsSection 3: On the Home FrontSection 4: War in Europe and AfricaSection 5: War in the PacificChapter 26 Assessment and Activities
Unit 10: Turning Points: 1945–1975Chapter 27: The Cold War Era, 1945–1954Section 1: Cold War OriginsSection 2: Postwar PoliticsSection 3: The Korean WarSection 4: The Red ScareChapter 27 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 28: America in the 1950s, 1953–1960Section 1: Eisenhower in the White HouseSection 2: 1950s ProsperitySection 3: Problems in a Time of PlentyChapter 28 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 29: The Civil Rights Era, 1954–1973Section 1: The Civil Rights MovementSection 2: Kennedy and JohnsonSection 3: The Struggle ContinuesSection 4: Other Groups Seek RightsChapter 29 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 30: The Vietnam Era, 1960–1975Section 1: Kennedy's Foreign PolicySection 2: War in VietnamSection 3: The Vietnam Years at HomeSection 4: Nixon and VietnamChapter 30 Assessment and Activities
Unit 11: Modern America: 1968–PresentChapter 31: Search for Stability, 1968–1981Section 1: Nixon's Foreign PolicySection 2: Nixon and WatergateSection 3: The Carter PresidencyChapter 31 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 32: New Challenges, 1981–PresentSection 1: The Reagan PresidencySection 2: The Bush PresidencySection 3: A New CenturySection 4: The War on TerrorismChapter 32 Assessment and Activities
AppendixWhat Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One?Primary Sources LibraryPresidents of the United StatesDocuments of American HistorySupreme Court Case SummariesGazetteerGlossarySpanish GlossaryIndexAcknowledgements and Photo Credits
Feature ContentsPrimary Sources LibraryDocuments of America's HeritageMore About…What Life Was Like…National Geographic: Geography & HistoryAmerica's LiteratureTwo ViewpointsTechnology and HistoryLinking Past & PresentWhat If…Hands-On History Lab ActivityTIME NotebookWhy It MattersCauses and EffectsSkillBuilderCritical ThinkingSocial StudiesStudy & WritingTechnology
People In HistoryFact Fiction FolklorePrimary Source QuotesCharts & GraphsMaps
Student WorkbooksActive Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student EditionChapter 1: The First Americans, Prehistory to 1492Section 1: Early PeoplesSection 2: Cities and EmpiresSection 3: North American Peoples
Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas, 1400–1625Section 1: A Changing WorldSection 2: Early ExplorationSection 3: Spain in AmericaSection 4: Exploring North America
Chapter 3: Colonial America, 1587–1770Section 1: Early English SettlementsSection 2: New England ColoniesSection 3: Middle ColoniesSection 4: Southern Colonies
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow, 1607–1770Section 1: Life in the ColoniesSection 2: Government, Religion, and CultureSection 3: France and Britain ClashSection 4: The French and Indian War
Chapter 5: Road to Independence, 1763–1776Section 1: Taxation Without RepresentationSection 2: Building Colonial UnitySection 3: A Call to ArmsSection 4: Moving Toward Independence
Chapter 6: The American Revolution, 1776–1783Section 1: The Early YearsSection 2: The War ContinuesSection 3: The War Moves West and SouthSection 4: The War Is Won
Chapter 7: A More Perfect Union, 1777–1790Section 1: The Articles of ConfederationSection 2: Convention and CompromiseSection 3: A New Plan of Government
Chapter 8: A New Nation, 1789–1800Section 1: The First PresidentSection 2: Early ChallengesSection 3: The First Political Parties
Chapter 9: The Jefferson Era, 1800–1816Section 1: The Republicans Take PowerSection 2: The Louisiana PurchaseSection 3: A Time of ConflictSection 4: The War of 1812
Chapter 10: Growth and Expansion, 1790–1825Section 1: Economic GrowthSection 2: Westward BoundSection 3: Unity and Sectionalism
Chapter 11: The Jackson Era, 1824–1845Section 1: Jacksonian DemocracySection 2: Conflicts Over LandSection 3: Jackson and the Bank
Chapter 12: Manifest Destiny, 1818–1853Section 1: The Oregon CountrySection 2: Independence for TexasSection 3: War with MexicoSection 4: New Settlers in California and Utah
Chapter 13: North and South, 1820–1860Section 1: The North's EconomySection 2: The North's PeopleSection 3: Southern Cotton KingdomSection 4: The South's People
Chapter 14: The Age of Reform, 1820–1860Section 1: Social ReformSection 2: The AbolitionistsSection 3: The Women's Movement
Chapter 15: Road to Civil War, 1820–1861Section 1: Slavery and the WestSection 2: A Nation DividingSection 3: Challenges to SlaverySection 4: Secession and War
Chapter 16: The Civil War, 1861–1865Section 1: The Two SidesSection 2: Early Years of the WarSection 3: A Call for FreedomSection 4: Life During the Civil WarSection 5: The Way to Victory
Chapter 17: Reconstruction and Its Aftermath, 1865–1896Section 1: Reconstruction PlansSection 2: Radicals in ControlSection 3: The South During ReconstructionSection 4: Change in the South
Chapter 18: The Western Frontier, 1858–1896Section 1: The Mining BoomsSection 2: Ranchers and FarmersSection 3: Native American StrugglesSection 4: Farmers in Protest
Chapter 19: The Growth of Industry, 1865–1914Section 1: Railroads Lead the WaySection 2: InventionsSection 3: An Age of Big BusinessSection 4: Industrial Workers
Chapter 20: Toward an Urban America, 1865–1914Section 1: The New ImmigrantsSection 2: Moving to the CitySection 3: A Changing Culture
Chapter 21: Progressive Reforms, 1877–1920Section 1: The Progressive MovementSection 2: Women and ProgressivesSection 3: Progressive PresidentsSection 4: Excluded from Reform
Chapter 22: Overseas Expansion, 1865–1917Section 1: Expanding HorizonsSection 2: Imperialism in the PacificSection 3: Spanish-American WarSection 4: Latin American Policies
Chapter 23: World War I, 1914–1919Section 1: War in EuropeSection 2: America's Road to WarSection 3: Americans Join the AlliesSection 4: The War at HomeSection 5: Searching for Peace
Chapter 24: The Jazz Age, 1919–1929Section 1: Time of TurmoilSection 2: Desire for NormalcySection 3: A Booming EconomySection 4: The Roaring Twenties
Chapter 25: The Depression and FDR, 1929–1941Section 1: The Great DepressionSection 2: Roosevelt's New DealSection 3: Life During the DepressionSection 4: Effects of the New Deal
Chapter 26: World War II, 1939–1945Section 1: Road to WarSection 2: War BeginsSection 3: On the Home FrontSection 4: War in Europe and AfricaSection 5: War in the Pacific
Chapter 27: The Cold War Era, 1945–1954Section 1: Cold War OriginsSection 2: Postwar PoliticsSection 3: The Korean WarSection 4: The Red Scare
Chapter 28: America in the 1950s, 1953–1960Section 1: Eisenhower in the White HouseSection 2: 1950s ProsperitySection 3: Problems in a Time of Plenty
Chapter 29: The Civil Rights Era, 1954–1973Section 1: The Civil Rights MovementSection 2: Kennedy and JohnsonSection 3: The Struggle ContinuesSection 4: Other Groups Seek Rights
Chapter 30: The Vietnam Era, 1960–1975Section 1: Kennedy's Foreign PolicySection 2: War in VietnamSection 3: The Vietnam Years at HomeSection 4: Nixon and Vietnam
Chapter 31: Search for Stability, 1968–1981Section 1: Nixon's Foreign PolicySection 2: Nixon and WatergateSection 3: The Carter Presidency
Chapter 32: New Challenges, 1981–PresentSection 1: The Reagan PresidencySection 2: The Bush PresidencySection 3: A New CenturySection 4: The War on Terrorism
Activity Workbook - Student EditionLocal history activitiesActivity 1: The First AmericansActivity 2: Exploring the AmericasActivity 3: Colonial AmericaActivity 4: The Colonies GrowActivity 5: Road to IndependenceActivity 6: The American RevolutionActivity 7: A More Perfect UnionActivity 8: A New NationActivity 9: The Jefferson EraActivity 10: Growth and ExpansionActivity 11: The Jackson EraActivity 12: Manifest DestinyActivity 13: North and SouthActivity 14: The Age of ReformActivity 15: Road to Civil WarActivity 16: The Civil WarActivity 17: Reconstruction and Its AftermathActivity 18: The Western FrontierActivity 19: The Growth of IndustryActivity 20: Toward an Urban AmericaActivity 21: Progressive ReformsActivity 22: Overseas ExpansionActivity 23: World War IActivity 24: The Jazz AgeActivity 25: The Depression and FDRActivity 26: World War IIActivity 27: The Cold War EraActivity 28: America in the 1950sActivity 29: The Civil Rights EraActivity 30: The Vietnam EraActivity 31: Search for StabilityActivity 32: New Challenges
Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student EditionChapter 1: The First Americans, Prehistory to 1492Section 1: Early PeoplesSection 2: Cities and EmpiresSection 3: North American Peoples
Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas, 1400–1625Section 1: A Changing WorldSection 2: Early ExplorationSection 3: Spain in AmericaSection 4: Exploring North America
Chapter 3: Colonial America, 1587–1770Section 1: Early English SettlementsSection 2: New England ColoniesSection 3: Middle ColoniesSection 4: Southern Colonies
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow, 1607–1770Section 1: Life in the ColoniesSection 2: Government, Religion, and CultureSection 3: France and Britain ClashSection 4: The French and Indian War
Chapter 5: Road to Independence, 1763–1776Section 1: Taxation Without RepresentationSection 2: Building Colonial UnitySection 3: A Call to ArmsSection 4: Moving Toward Independence
Chapter 6: The American Revolution, 1776–1783Section 1: The Early YearsSection 2: The War ContinuesSection 3: The War Moves West and SouthSection 4: The War Is Won
Chapter 7: A More Perfect Union, 1777–1790Section 1: The Articles of ConfederationSection 2: Convention and CompromiseSection 3: A New Plan of Government
Chapter 8: A New Nation, 1789–1800Section 1: The First PresidentSection 2: Early ChallengesSection 3: The First Political Parties
Chapter 9: The Jefferson Era, 1800–1816Section 1: The Republicans Take PowerSection 2: The Louisiana PurchaseSection 3: A Time of ConflictSection 4: The War of 1812
Chapter 10: Growth and Expansion, 1790–1825Section 1: Economic GrowthSection 2: Westward BoundSection 3: Unity and Sectionalism
Chapter 11: The Jackson Era, 1824–1845Section 1: Jacksonian DemocracySection 2: Conflicts Over LandSection 3: Jackson and the Bank
Chapter 12: Manifest Destiny, 1818–1853Section 1: The Oregon CountrySection 2: Independence for TexasSection 3: War with MexicoSection 4: New Settlers in California and Utah
Chapter 13: North and South, 1820–1860Section 1: The North's EconomySection 2: The North's PeopleSection 3: Southern Cotton KingdomSection 4: The South's People
Chapter 14: The Age of Reform, 1820–1860Section 1: Social ReformSection 2: The AbolitionistsSection 3: The Women's Movement
Chapter 15: Road to Civil War, 1820–1861Section 1: Slavery and the WestSection 2: A Nation DividingSection 3: Challenges to SlaverySection 4: Secession and War
Chapter 16: The Civil War, 1861–1865Section 1: The Two SidesSection 2: Early Years of the WarSection 3: A Call for FreedomSection 4: Life During the Civil WarSection 5: The Way to Victory
Chapter 17: Reconstruction and Its Aftermath, 1865–1896Section 1: Reconstruction PlansSection 2: Radicals in ControlSection 3: The South During ReconstructionSection 4: Change in the South
Chapter 18: The Western Frontier, 1858–1896Section 1: The Mining BoomsSection 2: Ranchers and FarmersSection 3: Native American StrugglesSection 4: Farmers in Protest
Chapter 19: The Growth of Industry, 1865–1914Section 1: Railroads Lead the WaySection 2: InventionsSection 3: An Age of Big BusinessSection 4: Industrial Workers
Chapter 20: Toward an Urban America, 1865–1914Section 1: The New ImmigrantsSection 2: Moving to the CitySection 3: A Changing Culture
Chapter 21: Progressive Reforms, 1877–1920Section 1: The Progressive MovementSection 2: Women and ProgressivesSection 3: Progressive PresidentsSection 4: Excluded from Reform
Chapter 22: Overseas Expansion, 1865–1917Section 1: Expanding HorizonsSection 2: Imperialism in the PacificSection 3: Spanish-American WarSection 4: Latin American Policies
Chapter 23: World War I, 1914–1919Section 1: War in EuropeSection 2: America's Road to WarSection 3: Americans Join the AlliesSection 4: The War at HomeSection 5: Searching for Peace
Chapter 24: The Jazz Age, 1919–1929Section 1: Time of TurmoilSection 2: Desire for NormalcySection 3: A Booming EconomySection 4: The Roaring Twenties
Chapter 25: The Depression and FDR, 1929–1941Section 1: The Great DepressionSection 2: Roosevelt's New DealSection 3: Life During the DepressionSection 4: Effects of the New Deal
Chapter 26: World War II, 1939–1945Section 1: Road to WarSection 2: War BeginsSection 3: On the Home FrontSection 4: War in Europe and AfricaSection 5: War in the Pacific
Chapter 27: The Cold War Era, 1945–1954Section 1: Cold War OriginsSection 2: Postwar PoliticsSection 3: The Korean WarSection 4: The Red Scare
Chapter 28: America in the 1950s, 1953–1960Section 1: Eisenhower in the White HouseSection 2: 1950s ProsperitySection 3: Problems in a Time of Plenty
Chapter 29: The Civil Rights Era, 1954–1973Section 1: The Civil Rights MovementSection 2: Kennedy and JohnsonSection 3: The Struggle ContinuesSection 4: Other Groups Seek Rights
Chapter 30: The Vietnam Era, 1960–1975Section 1: Kennedy's Foreign PolicySection 2: War in VietnamSection 3: The Vietnam Years at HomeSection 4: Nixon and Vietnam
Chapter 31: Search for Stability, 1968–1981Section 1: Nixon's Foreign PolicySection 2: Nixon and WatergateSection 3: The Carter Presidency
Chapter 32: New Challenges, 1981–PresentSection 1: The Reagan PresidencySection 2: The Bush PresidencySection 3: A New CenturySection 4: The War on Terrorism
Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student EditionCapítulo 1: Los primeros habitantes de las Américas, Prehistoria a 1492Guía de estudio 1-1: Los primeros pueblosGuía de estudio 1-2: Ciudades e imperiosGuía de estudio 1-3: Pueblos norteamericanos
Capítulo 2: La exploración de las Américas, 1400–1625Guía de estudio 2-1: Un mundo cambianteGuía de estudio 2-2: Primeras exploracionesGuía de estudio 2-3: España en AméricaGuía de estudio 2-4: Exploración de Norteamérica
Capítulo 3: La América colonial, 1587–1770Guía de estudio 3-1: Primeros asentamientos inglesesGuía de estudio 3-2: Colonias de Nueva InglaterraGuía de estudio 3-3: Colonias del CentroGuía de estudio 3-4: Colonias del Sur
Capítulo 4: El desarollo de las colonias, 1607–1770Guía de estudio 4-1: La vida en las coloniasGuía de estudio 4-2: Gobierno, religión y culturaGuía de estudio 4-3: Choque entre Francia e InglaterraGuía de estudio 4-4: La guerra francesa e india
Capítulo 5: El camino de la Independencia, 1763–1776Guía de estudio 5-1: Impuestos sin representaciónGuía de estudio 5-2: Formación de la unidad colonialGuía de estudio 5-3: Un llamado a las armasGuía de estudio 5-4: Avanzar hacia la independencia
Capítulo 6: La Guerra de Independencia, 1776–1783Guía de estudio 6-1: Los primeros añosGuía de estudio 6-2: La guerra continúaGuía de estudio 6-3: La guerra se mueve hacia el Oeste y el SurGuía de estudio 6-4: La guerra se gana
Capítulo 7: Una unión más perfecta, 1777–1790Guía de estudio 7-1: Los artículos de la ConfederaciónGuía de estudio 7-2: Convención y compromisoGuía de estudio 7-3: Un nuevo plan de gobierno
Capítulo 8: Una nueva Nación, 1879–1800Guía de estudio 8-1: El primer presidenteGuía de estudio 8-2: Primeros retosGuía de estudio 8-3: Los primeros partidos políticos
Capítulo 9: La era de Jefferson, 1800–1816Guía de estudio 9-1: Los republicanos toman el poderGuía de estudio 9-2: La compra de LouisianaGuía de estudio 9-3: Una época de conflictoGuía de estudio 9-4: La guerra de 1812
Capítulo 10: Crecimiento y expansión, 1790–1825Guía de estudio 10-1: Crecimiento económicoGuía de estudio 10-2: Rumbo al OesteGuía de estudio 10-3: Unidad y seccionalismo
Capítulo 11: La era Jackson, 1824–1845Guía de estudio 11-1: Democracia jacksonianaGuía de estudio 11-2: Conflictos por la tierraGuía de estudio 11-3: Jackson y el banco
Capítulo 12: Destino manifiesto, 1818–1853Guía de estudio 12-1: El país de OregónGuía de estudio 12-2: Independencia para TexasGuía de estudio 12-3: Guerra con MéxicoGuía de estudio 12-4: Nuevos colonos en California y Utah
Capítulo 13: El Norte y el Sur, 1820–1860Guía de estudio 13-1: La economía del NorteGuía de estudio 13-2: La gente del NorteGuía de estudio 13-3: El reino sureño del algodónGuía de estudio 13-4: La gente del Sur
Capítulo 14: La era de la reforma, 1820–1860Guía de estudio 14-1: Reforma socialGuía de estudio 14-2: Los abolicionistasGuía de estudio 14-3: El movimiento femenino
Capítulo 15: Caminono a la Guerra Civil, 1820–1861Guía de estudio 15-1: La esclavitud y el OesteGuía de estudio 15-2: Una nación divididaGuía de estudio 15-3: Retos para la esclavitudGuía de estudio 15-4: Secesión y guerra
Capítulo 16: La Guerra de Independencia, 1861–1865Guía de estudio 16-1: Los dos bandosGuía de estudio 16-2: Los primeros años de la guerraGuía de estudio 16-3: Un llamado a la libertadGuía de estudio 16-4: La vida durante la guerra civilGuía de estudio 16-5: El camino a la victoria
Capítulo 17: La reconstrucción y sus consecuencias, 1865–1896Guía de estudio 17-1: Planes de reconstrucciónGuía de estudio 17-2: Los radicales toman el controlGuía de estudio 17-3: El Sur durante la reconstrucciónGuía de estudio 17-4: Cambio en el Sur
Capítulo 18: La frontera occidental, 1858–1896Guía de estudio 18-1: El auge de la mineríaGuía de estudio 18-2: Rancheros y agricultoresGuía de estudio 18-3: Luchas de los nativos americanosGuía de estudio 18-4: Protesta de los agricultores
Capítulo 19: El crecimiento de la industria, 1865–1914Guía de estudio 19-1: Los ferrocarriles enseñan el caminoGuía de estudio 19-2: InventosGuía de estudio 19-3: Una era de grandes negociosGuía de estudio 19-4: Trabajadores industriales
Capítulo 20: Hacia una América urbana, 1865–1914Guía de estudio 20-1: Los nuevos inmigrantesGuía de estudio 20-2: Mudarse a la ciudadGuía de estudio 20-3: Una cultura cambiante
Capítulo 21: Reformas progresistas, 1877–1920Guía de estudio 21-1: El movimiento progresistaGuía de estudio 21-2: Las mujeres y los progresistasGuía de estudio 21-3: Los presidentes progresistasGuía de estudio 21-4: Los excluidos de la reforma
Capítulo 22: Expansión extranjera, 1865–1917Guía de estudio 22-1: Expansión de horizontesGuía de estudio 22-2: Imperialismo en el PacíficoGuía de estudio 22-3: Guerra hispana-estadounidenseGuía de estudio 22-4: Políticas latinoamericanas
Capítulo 23: La Primera Guerra Mundial, 1914–1919Guía de estudio 23-1: Guerra en EuropaGuía de estudio 23-2: El camino de Estados Unidos hacia la guerraGuía de estudio 23-3: Los estadounidenses se unen a los aliadosGuía de estudio 23-4: La guerra en casaGuía de estudio 23-5: En busca de la paz
Capítulo 24: La época del jazz, 1919–1929Guía de estudio 24-1: Tiempo de caosGuía de estudio 24-2: Deseo de normalidadGuía de estudio 24-3: Un auge de la economíaGuía de estudio 24-4: Los clamorosos años veinte
Capítulo 25: La Depresión y FDR, 1929–1941Guía de estudio 25-1: La Gran DepresiónGuía de estudio 25-2: El Nuevo Trato de RooseveltGuía de estudio 25-3: La vida durante la DepresiónGuía de estudio 25-4: Efectos del Nuevo Trato
Capítulo 26: La Segunda Guerra Mundial, 1939–1945Guía de estudio 26-1: El camino hacia la guerraGuía de estudio 26-2: La guerra empiezaGuía de estudio 26-3: En el frente nacionalGuía de estudio 26-4: Guerra en Europa y ÁfricaGuía de estudio 26-5: Guerra en el Pacífico
Capítulo 27: La Guerra Fría, 1945–1954Guía de estudio 27-1: Orígenes de la Guerra FríaGuía de estudio 27-2: Política de posguerraGuía de estudio 27-3: La Guerra de CoreaGuía de estudio 27-4: La amenaza roja
Capítulo 28: Estados Unidos en la década de 1950, 1953–1960Guía de estudio 28-1: Eisenhower en la Casa BlancaGuía de estudio 28-2: Prosperidad en los años cincuentaGuía de estudio 28-3: Problemas en tiempos de abundancia
Capítulo 29: La era de los derechos civiles, 1954–1973Guía de estudio 29-1: El movimiento de los derechos civilesGuía de estudio 29-2: Kennedy y JohnsonGuía de estudio 29-3: La lucha continúaGuía de estudio 29-4: Otros grupos buscan derechos
Capítulo 30: La era de Vietnam, 1960–1975Guía de estudio 30-1: Política extranjera de KennedyGuía de estudio 30-2: Guerra en VietnamGuía de estudio 30-3: Los años de Vietnam en casaGuía de estudio 30-4: Nixon y Vietnam
Capítulo 31: En busca de estabilidad, 1968–1981UnGuía de estudio 31-1: Política extranjera de NixontitledGuía de estudio 31-2: Nixon y WatergateGuía de estudio 31-3: La presidencia de Carter
Capítulo 32: Nuevos retos, 1981–PresenteGuía de estudio 32-1: La presidencia de ReaganGuía de estudio 32-2: La presidencia de BushGuía de estudio 32-3: Un nuevo sigloGuía de estudio 32-4: La guerra contra el terrorismo
Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student EditionObjectives Addressed in the ActivitiesWorkbook OverviewPreparing for a Standardized TestActivity 1: Arranging Events in Sequential OrderActivity 2: Interpreting Charts and TablesActivity 3: Using Bar Graphs to Interpret DataActivity 4: Using the Scale of Distance on a MapActivity 5: Distinguishing Between Fact and NonfactActivity 6: Descriptive Writing About a VisualActivity 7: Comparing and ContrastingActivity 8: Making InferencesActivity 9: Drawing ConclusionsActivity 10: Interpreting DiagramsActivity 11: Perceiving Cause-and-Effect RelationshipsActivity 12: Outlining Information for WritingActivity 13: Classifying Facts and DetailsActivity 14: Recognizing Point of ViewActivity 15: Detecting BiasActivity 16: Evaluating the Consequences of DecisionsActivity 17: Identifying the Main IdeaActivity 18: Predicting OutcomesActivity 19: Analyzing a Political CartoonActivity 20: Analyzing StatisticsActivity 21: Persuasive Writing About an IssueActivity 22: Interpreting Primary SourcesActivity 23: Recognizing Forms of PropagandaActivity 24: Forming HypothesesActivity 25: Identifying and Evaluating EvidenceActivity 26: Making DecisionsActivity 27: Writing a News StoryActivity 28: Interpreting GraphsActivity 29: Making GeneralizationsActivity 30: Writing to Inform an AudienceActivity 31: Developing a Process to Solve a ProblemActivity 32: Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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