Download - Academic Writing PART 1: INTRODUCTION
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Academic Writing
7 THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT WRITING
FORMAL ESSAYS & RESEARCH PAPERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
PART 1: INTRODUCTION
Jaime Alfredo Cabrera Albukhary International University
Alor Setar, Malaysia 22 July 2013
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7 THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW
START: THE 2 WAYS TO START WRITE: THE 7 STEPS OF WRITING PLAN: THE 3 STEPS OF PREPARATION SUBMIT: THE 4 DEADLINES ASSESSMENT: THE 15 ITEMS FOR GRADING FINAL: THE 9 PARTS IN ORDER REVIEW: QUICKLY, 1 MORE TIME
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IMPORTANT NOTE:
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IMPORTANT NOTE:
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IMPORTANT NOTE:
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IMPORTANT NOTE:
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TIP FOR HIGHER GRADES
•Your grade depends on the level of thinking that a teacher can see in your formal essay or in your research paper.
•The teacher must be able to see it.
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These are the levels of thinking that students use when they write.
TIP: HOW TO WRITE FOR HIGHER GRADES (1)
Low-level thinking is at the bottom of the triangle. 1
2
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TIP: HOW TO WRITE FOR HIGHER GRADES (1)
Top-level thinking is at the top.
1
2
Mid-level thinking is in the middle. 3
4
5
6
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TIP:
If the paper has perfect grammar, punctuation, spelling, & vocabulary
Low-level thinking = low grades.
E
D
Average thinking = average grades.
C
B
High-level thinking = high grades. A
A*
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TIP:
If you use perfect grammar, punctuation, spelling, & vocabulary and then you
Explain, define, or rephrase ideas in your own words
Show causes and/or effects Show how parts work together
Use ideas other situations
Repeat or quote ideas
Choose ideas based on standards Judge ideas based on evidence
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TIP FOR HIGHER GRADES
•It is your responsibility to clearly show your level of thinking.
•It is not the teacher’s duty to look for it if it is not clear.
•Remember: you are not present when the teacher grades your paper.
•So, your paper must be very clear.
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THE TWO WAYS TO START STARTING
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1. SOURCED IDEAS 2. OWN IDEAS
Perhaps you don’t know the topic, or
You may not know what to say, or
You may not be sure what to say, or
You use ideas from other sources. You use your own ideas.
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You may not know how to say it.
Because:
But: You arrange the ideas in your own way.
You show the connections of the ideas.
You develop the ideas in your own way.
You state the ideas in your own words.
You start by borrowing ideas from other sources.
You develop these ideas in your own way.
Arrange
Connect
Develop
Paraphrase
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1. SOURCED IDEAS 2. OWN IDEAS
Use sources with author(s) names,
publication year, city, and publisher.
Document*** all sources of all
sourced ideas, texts, or images.
At least 50% of your paper must be
in your own words: paraphrase.**
*** Documentation = citation and list of references
** Paraphrase = change all words and all arrangements of words
The arrangement of borrowed
ideas must be original,* not copied.
* Original = cannot be found in any other source
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TAKE NOTE
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1. SOURCED IDEAS 2. OWN IDEAS
You use ideas from other sources. You use your own ideas.
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Other sources support your ideas.
Other sources add details to your ideas.
You question ideas in other sources.
You disprove ideas in other sources.
You know the topic, or
You know what you want to say, or
You are sure what you want to say, and
You know how you will say it.
Because:
But:
You start with your own ideas.
You use ideas from other sources to make your ideas stronger.
Support
Detail
Analyze
Rationalize
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1. SOURCED IDEAS 2. OWN IDEAS
Documentation** is not necessary for
original ideas. BE SURE: CHECK ALL SOURCES
Document** all ideas that are not
original, even if these are your own.
Use sourced ideas to support your
ideas. Document* all sources.
*** Documentation = citation and list of references
** Paraphrase = change all words and all arrangements of words
Your ideas are original if these are not
found in another source(s).
* Original = cannot be found in any other source
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THE SEVEN STEPS WRITING
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STEP 1
SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS
Add Support RESEARCH NOTES
STEP 2
B B
Show Connections Add Details IN-TEXT CITATIONS
STEP 3
O B
SUMMARY
STEP 4
O
CONCLUSION
STEP 5 O
STEP 6 O
BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION STEP 7 B O
FIRST DRAFT LIST OF REFERENCES
O
Outline
Thesis Statement v2
O OWN or ORIGINAL IDEAS
B BORROWED or SOURCED IDEAS
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The next lessons will show examples of each step.
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PREPARATION IN THREE STEPS PLANNING
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Gather Ideas RESEARCH NOTES
Outline Ideas B O
STEP 2
STEP 1
B
STEP 3 O Thesis Statement v1 Arrange Ideas
O
O
Thesis Statement v1 Rearrange IN-TEXT CITATIONS
SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS
O OWN IDEAS
B BORROWED IDEAS
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TAKE NOTE
The next lessons will be about research notes & in-text citations.
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Outline Ideas
STEP 1
B O
SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS
STEP 2
O B
Show Connections Add Details IN-TEXT CITATIONS
STEP 3
O B
SUMMARY
STEP 4
O
CONCLUSION
STEP 5 O
STEP 6 O
BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION STEP 7 O O
FIRST DRAFT LIST OF REFERENCES
PREP 2
O
Outline
PREP 1
B
PREP 3 O
Thesis Statement v2
Thesis Statement v1 Arrange Ideas
O
O
Thesis Statement v1 Rearrange IN-TEXT CITATIONS
SOURCED IDEAS - research notes and in-text citations are completed in the PREPARATION STAGE. OWN IDEAS - research notes and in-text citations are completed in the WRITING STAGE.
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Gather Ideas RESEARCH NOTES
Add Support RESEARCH NOTES
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SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS
TITLE PAGE
FINISH 1
O
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FINISH 3
O
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
FINISH 2
O
COVER LETTER
FINISH 4
O
LIST OF REFERENCES B
FINISH 5
O OWN IDEAS
B BORROWED IDEAS
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SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS
TITLE PAGE
FINISH 1
O
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FINISH 3
O
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
FINISH 2
O
COVER LETTER
FINISH 4
O
LIST OF REFERENCES B
FINISH 5
Gather Ideas RESEARCH NOTES
Outline Ideas B O
PREP 2
PREP 1
B
PREP 3 O Thesis Statement v1 Arrange Ideas
O
O
Thesis Statement v1 Rearrange IN-TEXT CITATIONS
STEP 1 Add Support RESEARCH NOTES
STEP 2
O B
Show Connections Add Details IN-TEXT CITATIONS
STEP 3
O B
SUMMARY
STEP 4
O
CONCLUSION
STEP 5 O
STEP 6 O
BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION STEP 7 O O
FIRST DRAFT LIST OF REFERENCES
O
Outline
Thesis Statement v2
PR
EP
W
RIT
ING
& R
EW
RIT
ING
F
INIS
HIN
G
A
B
C
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REVIEW NOTES
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THE FOUR DEADLINES SUBMITTING
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Gather Ideas RESEARCH NOTES
Outline Ideas
STEP 1
B O
SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS
Add Support RESEARCH NOTES
STEP 2
O B
Show Connections Add Details IN-TEXT CITATIONS
STEP 3
O B
SUMMARY
STEP 4
O
CONCLUSION
STEP 5 O
STEP 6 O
BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION STEP 7 O O
TITLE PAGE
FINISH 1
O
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FINISH 3
O
FIRST DRAFT LIST OF REFERENCES
PREP 2
O
Outline
PREP 1
B
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
FINISH 2
O
COVER LETTER
FINISH 4
O
LIST OF REFERENCES B
FINISH 5
PREP 3 O
Thesis Statement v2
WK
S 1
0-12
W
KS
1-3
W
KS
4-6
W
KS
7-9
Thesis Statement v1 Arrange Ideas
O
O
Thesis Statement v1 Rearrange IN-TEXT CITATIONS
DEADLINES
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THE 15 ITEMS FOR GRADING GETTING THE GRADE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Gather Ideas RESEARCH NOTES
Outline Ideas 1 1
SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS
PREP 2
PREP 1
2
PREP 3 3 WK
S 1
-3
Thesis Statement v1 Arrange Ideas
2
3
Thesis Statement v1 Rearrange IN-TEXT CITATIONS
WRITE,
SUBMIT,
REWRITE, &
REWRITE
FOR 3
WEEKS
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FOR GRADING
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Your paper needs to be checked many times.
There are 10 levels of checking.
A tutor can only check the next level after you have revised the preceding level.
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WHY REWRITE MANY TIMES?
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Level 01: Grammar errors Level 02: Errors in spelling & punctuation Level 03: Vocabulary accuracy errors Level 04: Errors in brevity & conciseness Level 05: Errors in logical flow & development Level 06: Use of higher-level cognitive skills Level 07: Errors in content accuracy Level 08: Percentage of original content Level 09:Errors in source documentation Level 10: Errors in formatting
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10 Levels of Checking The next level can be checked only after the
preceding-level errors are corrected
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A tutor checks only one or two types of errors in one level of checking.
A tutor can only check the next level after you have revised the preceding level.
If you do not wish to rewrite a document, email your tutor and ask for a final grade; attach the document in your email.
Your work will be assessed and given a final grade. Warning: A final grade is final.
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Why Rewrite Many Times?
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• To give your tutor time to identify all your errors, submit everything on the first week.
• Immediately resubmit each part until every error is identified.
• This can help you get the highest possible grade.
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• To give your tutor time to identify all your errors, submit everything on the first week.
• Immediately resubmit each part until every error is identified.
• This can help you get the highest possible grade.
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STEP 1
SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS
Add Support RESEARCH NOTES
STEP 2
4 4
Show Connections Add Details IN-TEXT CITATIONS
STEP 3
5 5
6
Outline
Thesis Statement v2 WK
S 4
-6 WRITE,
SUBMIT,
REWRITE,
& REWRITE
FOR 3
WEEKS
If you rewrite and resubmit each part until you have corrected every error that your tutor identifies, then you can get the highest possible grade.
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FOR GRADING
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SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS
SUMMARY
STEP 4
CONCLUSION
STEP 5 8
STEP 6 9
BACKGROUND STEP 7 10
FIRST DRAFT LIST OF REFERENCES
7
WK
S 7
-9 WRITE,
SUBMIT,
REWRITE,
AND
REWRITE
FOR 3
WEEKS
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FOR GRADING
• If you submit everything at the last minute, then your tutor may have no time to identify your errors.
• You may have no time to rewrite. • Thus, you may not be able to get the
highest possible grade.
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SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS
TITLE PAGE
FINISH 1
12
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FINISH 3
14
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
FINISH 2
13
COVER LETTER
FINISH 4
15
LIST OF REFERENCES 11
FINISH 5
WK
S 1
0-12
WRITE,
SUBMIT,
REWRITE,
AND
REWRITE
FOR 3
WEEKS
To get the highest possible grade, try and draft all parts of the paper in the first three weeks even if the schedule for submission is later. The drafts need not be perfect; getting everything written is the most important thing. Write everything at the start; adding and revising is much easier than writing from zero.
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FOR GRADING
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ARRANGING THE NINE PARTS FINALIZING
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in order
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SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS
Add Support RESEARCH NOTES
Show Connections Add Details IN-TEXT CITATIONS
SUMMARY SUMMARY
CONCLUSION CONCLUSION
06
07
04
BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION
TITLE PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
02
FIRST DRAFT
Outline
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
08
COVER LETTER
09
LIST OF REFERENCES
05
03
01
Thesis Statement v2 Thesis Statement v2
FIRST DRAFT
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AND ONE MORE TIME REVIEW
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Gather Ideas RESEARCH NOTES
Outline Ideas
STEP 1
B O
SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS
Add Support RESEARCH NOTES
STEP 2
O B
Show Connections Add Details IN-TEXT CITATIONS
STEP 3
O B
SUMMARY SUMMARY
STEP 4
O O
CONCLUSION CONCLUSION
STEP 5 O O
06
06
06
P4
STEP 6 O O
04
BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION STEP 7 O O
07
TITLE PAGE
FINISH 1
O
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FINISH 3
O
02
FIRST DRAFT REFERENCES
PREP 2
O
P2
Outline / Contents
PREP 1
B
P1
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
FINISH 2
O
08
COVER LETTER
FINISH 4
O
09
LIST OF REFERENCES B
05
FINISH 5
PREP 3 O P3
03
01
Thesis Statement v2 Thesis Statement v2
WK
S 1
0-12
W
KS
1-3
W
KS
4-6
W
KS
7-9
Thesis Statement v1 Arrange Ideas
O
O
Thesis Statement v1 Rearrange IN-TEXT CITATIONS
FIRST DRAFT REFERENCES
O
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1. SOURCED IDEAS 2. OWN IDEAS
Maybe you don’t have a topic. You have a topic.
You may not know what to say. You know what you want to say.
You may not be sure what to say. You are sure what you want to say.
You use ideas from other sources. You use your own ideas.
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You may not know how to say it. You know how you will say it.
You arrange the ideas in your own way.
You connect the ideas in your own way.
You develop the ideas in your own way.
You state the ideas in your own way.
Sources add support to your ideas.
Sources add details to your ideas.
You question ideas in other sources.
You disprove ideas in other sources.
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1. SOURCED IDEAS 2. OWN IDEAS
Use sources with author(s) names,
publication year, city, and publisher.
Documentation** is not necessary for
original ideas. BE SURE: CHECK SOURCES
Document*** all sources of all
sourced ideas, texts, or images.
Document** all ideas that are not
original, even if these are your own.
At least 50% of your paper must be
in your own words: paraphrase.**
Use sourced ideas to support your
ideas. Document* all sources.
*** Documentation = citation and list of references
** Paraphrase = change all words and all arrangements of words
The arrangement of borrowed
ideas must be original,* not copied.
Your ideas are original if these can’t
be found in any other source.
* Original = cannot be found in any other source
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TAKE NOTE
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Level 01: Grammar errors Level 02: Errors in spelling & punctuation Level 03: Vocabulary accuracy errors Level 04: Errors in brevity & conciseness Level 05: Errors in logical flow & development Level 06: Use of higher-level cognitive skills Level 07: Errors in content accuracy Level 08: Percentage of original content Level 09:Errors in source documentation Level 10: Errors in formatting
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10 Levels of Checking The next level can be checked only after the
preceding-level errors are corrected
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TIP:
If you use perfect grammar, punctuation, spelling, & vocabulary and then you
Explain, define, or rephrase ideas in your own words
Show causes and/or effects Show how parts work together
Use ideas other situations
Repeat or quote ideas
Choose ideas based on standards Judge ideas based on evidence
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A tutor checks only one or two types of errors in one level of checking.
A tutor can only check the next level after you have revised the preceding level.
If you do not wish to rewrite a document, email your tutor and ask for a final grade; attach the document in your email.
Your work will be assessed and given a final grade. Warning: A final grade is final.
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Why Rewrite Many Times?
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REMEMBER:
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DON’T MISS Next: APA Documentation
• Step by Step
• With Examples
• Common Errors to Avoid
END SHOW
Next: How to Write Each Part
• Step by Step
• With Examples
• Common Errors to Avoid
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