Download - About Francés & Nobs
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El Salvador is located on
the Pacific coast side of
Central America and shares
borders with Guatemala
and Honduras
El Salvador is located on
the Pacific coast side of
Central America and shares
borders with Guatemala
and Honduras
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The population of
El Salvador
is around 7 million
The population of
El Salvadoris around 7 million
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And the economy isheavily dependent
upon the agriculturalsector
And the economy is
heavily dependentupon the agricultural
sector
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Its main products havebeen rice,
Its main products have
been rice,
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Corn,Corn,
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Beans,Beans,
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CoffeeCoffee
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And sugar caneAnd sugar cane
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The last twotraditionally have
been the mainexports and the base
of the nationaleconomy
The last twotraditionally have
been the mainexports and the base
of the nationaleconomy
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In more recent years,the economy has
benefited from thedevelopment of the
export oriented textileindustry
In more recent years,the economy hasbenefited from thedevelopment of the
export oriented textileindustry
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And, also, by familiesreceiving cash from
Salvadorianimmigrants in the
United States
And, also, by familiesreceiving cash from
Salvadorianimmigrants in the
United States
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El Salvador is bestknown to the
fragrance and flavour
industry as the majororigin of the so-called
!Peru Balsam"
El Salvador is bestknown to the
fragrance and flavourindustry as the major
origin of the so-called
!Peru Balsam"
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The commercialdistillation of
essential oils on asignificant scale is
comparatively recent.
The commercialdistillation of
essential oils on asignificant scale is
comparatively recent.
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The aim of thispresentation is to
provide :
The aim of this
presentation is toprovide :
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An overview of theEssential Oil
industry today in
El Salvador,
An overview of the
Essential Oilindustry today in
El Salvador,
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To MenuTo MenuTo MenuTo reflect on theexperience ofcreating a new
essential oilsproduction venture,
and to considerpossible future
developments.
To reflect on theexperience ofcreating a newessential oils
production venture,and to considerpossible future
developments.EndEnd..
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PERU BALSAMPERU BALSAM
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Historically, the name !Peru Balsam"
has caused some confusion in the
essential oil trade. It is actually a
product exclusive to Central America
and, particularly, to El Salvador.
Historically, the name !Peru Balsam"
has caused some confusion in the
essential oil trade. It is actually a
product exclusive to Central America
and, particularly, to El Salvador..
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The term originated from the early
Spanish colonial period in the New
World when this Salvadorian balsam
was shipped to Spain in the flotta
carrying the products from Peru. (In the
early years of the Spanish colonisation
of El Salvador, the country was under
the jurisdiction of the Viceroy in Peru
and all exports bore his seal.)
The term originated from the early
Spanish colonial period in the New
World when this Salvadorian balsam
was shipped to Spain in the flotta
carrying the products from Peru. (In the
early years of the Spanish colonisation
of El Salvador, the country was under
the jurisdiction of the Viceroy in Peru
and all exports bore his seal.)
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There is a taxonomic relationship
between the trees yielding Peru
Balsam and the South American
product known as Tolu Balsam.
However, these two balsams are
regarded as distinctively different in
trade and usage as fragrance and
flavor ingredients.
There is a taxonomic relationship
between the trees yielding Peru
Balsam and the South American
product known as Tolu Balsam.
However, these two balsams are
regarded as distinctively different in
trade and usage as fragrance and
flavor ingredients.
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Peru Balsam is an oleoresin
exudate of a tall forest tree,
“Myroxilum balsamum”, that is
indigenous to El Salvador and
neighbouring countries
Peru Balsam is an oleoresin
exudate of a tall forest tree,
“Myroxilum balsamum”, that is
indigenous to El Salvador and
neighbouring countries
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The quality of Peru balsam varies
according to collection area and with
the dry and wet seasons.
The quality of Peru balsam varies
according to collection area and with
the dry and wet seasons.
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In the natural state, it is a viscous
semi-solid oleoresin. Exports from
El Salvador are solely in the form
of the natural balsam. In some
importer countries, the volatiles are
isolated by vacuum distillation to
give !Peru balsam oil".
In the natural state, it is a viscous
semi-solid oleoresin. Exports from
El Salvador are solely in the form
of the natural balsam. In some
importer countries, the volatiles are
isolated by vacuum distillation to
give !Peru balsam oil".
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1061948
1001947
100Annual av. 1940-1945
45-65Annual av. Prior. To 1940
TonsTonsYearsYears
Source: Guenther, The Essential Oils, vol. VSource: Guenther, The Essential Oils, vol. V
1930s/40s1930s/40s
Exports of Peru BalsamExports of Peru Balsam
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Source: J. Raúl Rivera, S.A. de C.V.
Peru Balsam Exporter
Source: J. Raúl Rivera, S.A. de C.V.
Peru Balsam Exporter
Recent export of Peru BalsamRecent export of Peru BalsamYear Tons/Year Tons/Average
1976 123
1977 149
1978 146
1979 145 1411980 135
1981 116
1982 121
1984 134
1985 128
1986 130
1987 203
1988 123
1989 124 1351995 78
1996 80
1997 126
1998 132
1999 79 99
2000 65 65
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There are several factors involved in the
reduction in the Peru balsam trade :
There are several factors involved in the
reduction in the Peru balsam trade :
!The availability of the wild trees has reducedalong with the expanding human populationand the progressive transformation of forest
land to farming of corn and beans.
!Concerns over skin allergenicity havereduced usage in some fragrance products.
!Periods of low market prices have madecollection less attractive.
!The availability of the wild trees has reducedalong with the expanding human populationand the progressive transformation of forest
land to farming of corn and beans.
!Concerns over skin allergenicity havereduced usage in some fragrance products.
!Periods of low market prices have madecollection less attractive.
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In El Salvador, the main areas of collection ofPeru Balsam today are located on the chain of
mountains locally known as the “Cordillera del
Balsamo”, and especially around the towns of
Teotepeque, Chiltiupan, Tamanique, Jayaque,
Tepecoyo and San Julian. The best balsam is
collected around the town of Chiltiupan..
In El Salvador, the main areas of collection ofPeru Balsam today are located on the chain of
mountains locally known as the “Cordillera del
Balsamo”, and especially around the towns of
Teotepeque, Chiltiupan, Tamanique, Jayaque,
Tepecoyo and San Julian. The best balsam is
collected around the town of Chiltiupan..
Chiltiupan
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The trees occur on both the land
owned of smallholders and on
commercial coffee plantations.
The trees occur on both the land
owned of smallholders and on
commercial coffee plantations.
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Collection and
primary processing
is carried out by
specially trained
people, called
!balsameros" who
continue to use
methods
developed over
hundreds of years :
Collection and
primary processing
is carried out by
specially trained
people, called
!balsameros" who
continue to use
methods
developed over
hundreds of years : :
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A piece of bark,
measuring about 36
by 6 inches, is
removed starting
from the lower part
of the tree trunk.
A piece of bark,
measuring about 36
by 6 inches, is
removed starting
from the lower part
of the tree trunk.
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The exposed area is then burnt with
a torch
The exposed area is then burnt with
a torch
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Then a piece of dry cloth
is placed on the
scorched area to absorb
the oleoresin produced
by the tree in response
to the treatment. This
process is repeated on
the same incision forthree times. Collecting
the cloth every fifteen
days.
Then a piece of dry cloth
is placed on the
scorched area to absorb
the oleoresin produced
by the tree in response
to the treatment. This
process is repeated on
the same incision forthree times. Collecting
the cloth every fifteen
days.
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The oleoresin is
extracted from the
cloth by boiling in
water for many hours
and then passage
through a rustic
wooden press. The
bark removed from
the tree trunk is
subjected to a similar
process.
The oleoresin is
extracted from the
cloth by boiling in
water for many hours
and then passage
through a rustic
wooden press. The
bark removed from
the tree trunk is
subjected to a similar
process..
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The crude oleoresin obtained from
both the cloth (pañal) and the bark
(cascara) processes are sold
separately by the Balsameros.
The crude oleoresin obtained from
both the cloth (pañal) and the bark
(cascara) processes are sold
separately by the Balsameros.
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The marketing chain for crude Peru
balsam probably has not changed for
over a hundred years. The owner of
the trees receives one half of the
production from the !balsamero".
Sales of the crude product are made
to a local buyer, known as a !coyote".
The latter resells to a larger buyer, a
!mayorista". The final stage is sale to
an exporter.
The marketing chain for crude Peru
balsam probably has not changed for
over a hundred years. The owner of
the trees receives one half of the
production from the !balsamero".
Sales of the crude product are made
to a local buyer, known as a !coyote".
The latter resells to a larger buyer, a
!mayorista". The final stage is sale to
an exporter.
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To MenuTo MenuTo MenuThe exporters sometimes purchase
directly from the local tree owners
and the !balsameros" in order to get
a better margin. Before export, the
crude oleoresin is reprocessed
again to remove any foreign
matter. The cleaned, water-free
balsam is crystal clear in
appearance. The exporters
generally mix the balsam from the
cloth (pañal) and from the bark
(cascara) to produce different
qualities.
The exporters sometimes purchase
directly from the local tree owners
and the !balsameros" in order to get
a better margin. Before export, the
crude oleoresin is reprocessed
again to remove any foreign
matter. The cleaned, water-free
balsam is crystal clear in
appearance. The exporters
generally mix the balsam from the
cloth (pañal) and from the bark
(cascara) to produce different
qualities.
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Producction of Essential
Oils In El Salvador
Producction of Essential
Oils In El Salvador
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The first serious attempts at essential oil
production in El Salvador occurred
during the Second World War with
citronella and lemongrass. However, this
venture lagged behind the developments
in Guatemala, which captured the
market, and the El Salvador distillers
closed down operations.
The first serious attempts at essential oil
production in El Salvador occurred
during the Second World War with
citronella and lemongrass. However, this
venture lagged behind the developments
in Guatemala, which captured the
market, and the El Salvador distillers
closed down operations.
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Re-stimulation of interest in essentialoils was attempted the 1960s/70s by alocal scientist named Santiago Carrillo
Zimmerman. During those years, hewrote many articles on the subject andtried to convince the local authorities
and private investors of thedevelopmental potential for El
Salvador. However, his words fell ondeaf ears since attitudes to agriculture
and industry systems were verytraditional at that time. Undeterred, Mr.
Carrillo continued his efforts during the1980s and was responsible for
advisory visits by experts from UNIDOand other international organisations.
Re-stimulation of interest in essentialoils was attempted the 1960s/70s by alocal scientist named Santiago Carrillo
Zimmerman. During those years, hewrote many articles on the subject andtried to convince the local authorities
and private investors of thedevelopmental potential for El
Salvador. However, his words fell ondeaf ears since attitudes to agriculture
and industry systems were verytraditional at that time. Undeterred, Mr.
Carrillo continued his efforts during the1980s and was responsible for
advisory visits by experts from UNIDOand other international organisations.
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It is at this stage that my presentation
moves over to a personal Odyssey.
I met Mr. Carrillo and this developed into
a friendship that lasted until his death in
1995.
It is at this stage that my presentation
moves over to a personal Odyssey.
I met Mr. Carrillo and this developed into
a friendship that lasted until his death in
1995.
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In 1985, we made a trip to Haiti to see
the essential oil industry. On return
home, I commenced cultivation trials with
vetiver, patchouli, lemongrass, citronella
and palmarosa.
In 1985, we made a trip to Haiti to see
the essential oil industry. On return
home, I commenced cultivation trials with
vetiver, patchouli, lemongrass, citronella
and palmarosa.
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In the following year, 1986, Mr. Juan
Nobs, a Swiss entrepreneur - whose son
had worked at Schmidt in Switzerland -
imported a 1,500 litre Schmidt
Hidrodifusion still and founded Nobs
Hidrodifusion. He started distilling of a
range of oils on a small scale with the
help of a Belgian, Etienne Legasse, who
had designed the still
In the following year, 1986, Mr. Juan
Nobs, a Swiss entrepreneur - whose son
had worked at Schmidt in Switzerland -
imported a 1,500 litre Schmidt
Hidrodifusion still and founded Nobs
Hidrodifusion. He started distilling of a
range of oils on a small scale with the
help of a Belgian, Etienne Legasse, who
had designed the still
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In 1988, experience from myagricultural trials with
essential oil plants prompted
me to move to commercialproduction. Since Mr Nobshad already developed theextraction technology and I
had the plantations, webecame partners. Since then
we have developed andexported many different
essential oils to theinternational market.
In 1988, experience from myagricultural trials with
essential oil plants prompted
me to move to commercialproduction. Since Mr Nobshad already developed theextraction technology and I
had the plantations, webecame partners. Since then
we have developed andexported many different
essential oils to theinternational market.
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The early 1990s also saw a separate
essential oil venture which was
initiated by the German Aid Agency,
GTZ, with Mr. Albrecht von
Keyserlingk and Mr. Klaus Durbeck
as the advisors
The early 1990s also saw a separate
essential oil venture which was
initiated by the German Aid Agency,
GTZ, with Mr. Albrecht von
Keyserlingk and Mr. Klaus Durbeck
as the advisors
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The aim of the programme was the
creation of a smallholder-based industry
in poor rural areas. Implementation was
via local NGOs (Non-Government
Organisations), to which small, simple
steam stills were donated by GTZ. This
program lasted for about three years but,
since there was very little follow up on
the NGOs, there is hardly any oil
production today
The aim of the programme was the
creation of a smallholder-based industry
in poor rural areas. Implementation was
via local NGOs (Non-Government
Organisations), to which small, simple
steam stills were donated by GTZ. This
program lasted for about three years but,
since there was very little follow up on
the NGOs, there is hardly any oil
production today
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The only current commercial essential oil
producer in El Salvador is The Nobs
Hidrodifusion Company.
The only current commercial essential oil
producer in El Salvador is The Nobs
Hidrodifusion Company.
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To MenuTo MenuTo MenuFor those of you unfamiliar with the
hydrodifusion process, the following slide
provides a description:
For those of you unfamiliar with the
hydrodifusion process, the following slide
provides a description:
"#$ %#&'"(#)
*+,-',.+"
/)+"',&(,'
/)#.0.
Vapor Line
Boiler
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Water Oil
DESTILLATE
Cool
Water
Hot Water
Boiler
CoolingToner
To Treatment Plant
This process differs from conventional steamdistillation in that steam is introduced at thetop of the distillation pot and the oil vapour /
steam mixture exits at the base.
This process differs from conventional steamdistillation in that steam is introduced at thetop of the distillation pot and the oil vapour /
steam mixture exits at the base.
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!Confers advantages with some oils byproviding a product that is closer in aromacharacter to the fresh raw material, and
!The oil composition can differ qualitativelyand quantitatively from those obtained byconventional steam distillation. Both thesefacets are of interest to some sectors of themarket
!Confers advantages with some oils byproviding a product that is closer in aromacharacter to the fresh raw material, and
!The oil composition can differ qualitativelyand quantitatively from those obtained byconventional steam distillation. Both thesefacets are of interest to some sectors of themarket
This technique:This technique:
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The current range of oils produced
routinely are:
The current range of oils produced
routinely are:
Vetiver: 600 kgVetiver: 600 kg
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Cascarilla (Croton Reflexifolius):
100 kg
Cascarilla (Croton Reflexifolius):
100 kg
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Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Flexuosus):
100 kg
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Flexuosus):
100 kg
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Citronella: 100 kgCitronella: 100 kg
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Palmarosa: 20 kgPalmarosa: 20 kg
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Oregano (Lippia Graveolens): 20 kgOregano (Lippia Graveolens): 20 kg
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Ginger: 20 kgGinger: 20 kg
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Tagetes
(Tagetes Microglosa):
20 kg
Tagetes
(Tagetes Microglosa):
20 kg
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Patchouli: 20 kgPatchouli: 20 kg
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Cinnamon leaf: 20 kgCinnamon leaf: 20 kg
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Petigrain: 20 kgPetigrain: 20 kg
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Cedrella Odoratta: 20
kg
Cedrella Odoratta: 20
kg
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Eucalyptus Citriodora: 20 kgEucalyptus Citriodora: 20 kg
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Around 70% of the raw material feedstock
is grown by the Nobs HidrodifusionCompany. The balance of the requirement
is bought on the open local market from
people dedicated to the trade.
Around 70% of the raw material feedstock
is grown by the Nobs HidrodifusionCompany. The balance of the requirement
is bought on the open local market from
people dedicated to the trade.
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Digging Vetiver RootsDigging Vetiver Roots
VetiverVetiver
Actually the most important
Raw materials
for Nobs Hidrodifusion are:
Actually the most important
Raw materials
for Nobs Hidrodifusion are:
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Vetiver RootsVetiver Roots
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Chopping Vetiver RootsChopping Vetiver Roots
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Removing Cascarilla
Bark From The Tree
Removing Cascarilla
Bark From The Tree
CascarillaCascarilla
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Cascarilla BarkCascarilla Bark
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Cascarilla Bark ProcessedCascarilla Bark Processed
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To MenuTo MenuTo MenuAlong the way, we conducted trials
also on the following products that
have not yet been commercialised:
Along the way, we conducted trials
also on the following products that
have not yet been commercialised:
!Basil
!Cardamom
!Tagetes Pusila
!Tagetes Lucida
!Turmeric.
!Ambrette Seed
!Vanilla
!Basil
!Cardamom
!Tagetes Pusila
!Tagetes Lucida
!Turmeric.
!Ambrette Seed
!Vanilla
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Laurel
(Laurus Nobilis)
Laurel
(Laurus Nobilis)
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Black PepperBlack Pepper
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Eucalyptus GlobulusEucalyptus Globulus
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CloveClove
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JazminJazmin
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Ylang YlangYlang Ylang
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In the early years, we could not
comprehend why praise was
received for the more !true-to-nature"
aroma character of our products but
there was no interest in purchasing
the material. Why were our superior
products being rejected? Our basic
difficulty was a lack of understanding
of the structure of the essential oils
market.
In the early years, we could not
comprehend why praise was
received for the more !true-to-nature"
aroma character of our products but
there was no interest in purchasing
the material. Why were our superior
products being rejected? Our basic
difficulty was a lack of understanding
of the structure of the essential oils
market.
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All SpiceAll Spice
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Our processing technique provides oils
that are different in both aroma and
chemical composition to conventional
steam distilled oils. This poses a problem
in incorporating our oils in established
product formulations for which a
consistency of overall character is
expected.
Our processing technique provides oils
that are different in both aroma and
chemical composition to conventional
steam distilled oils. This poses a problem
in incorporating our oils in established
product formulations for which a
consistency of overall character is
expected.
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Eventually, we came to realize that
we were offering new oils and that
usage was dependent upon others
downstream in the industry creating
a market for new product
formulations.
Eventually, we came to realize that
we were offering new oils and that
usage was dependent upon others
downstream in the industry creating
a market for new product
formulations.
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Future of the Essential Oil
Industry In El Salvador
Future of the Essential Oil
Industry In El Salvador
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Recently, the German Government GTZ
Agency has started a project that will
evaluate the market of the Peru Balsam
derivatives or compounds that are already in
the market.If the evaluation is positive they
are planning to collaborate with Nobs
Hidrodifusion Company on exploring the
possibility of the local distillation /
fractionation of Peru Balsam.
Recently, the German Government GTZ
Agency has started a project that will
evaluate the market of the Peru Balsam
derivatives or compounds that are already in
the market.If the evaluation is positive they
are planning to collaborate with Nobs
Hidrodifusion Company on exploring the
possibility of the local distillation /
fractionation of Peru Balsam.
Peru Balsam:Peru Balsam:
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The basis for the GTZ aid is that the
added value gained will be divided
among the participants of the chain of
production.
The basis for the GTZ aid is that the
added value gained will be divided
among the participants of the chain of
production.
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If this project is successful there will be
great hope for the Peru Balsam"s
future, otherwise, it seems like the
market of the Peru Balsam will continue
on the decline.
If this project is successful there will be
great hope for the Peru Balsam"s
future, otherwise, it seems like the
market of the Peru Balsam will continue
on the decline.
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Other essential oils:Other essential oils:
El Salvador possesses many favourable
conditions (climate, costs, market proximity,
etc.) for the production of a range of essential
oils. Experience has been gained the hard
way over the years on the difficulty of
entrance for new suppliers and we are
confident that there is a future for us to
develop. The key to success lies with careful
product selection, particularly assessment ofwhat comparative advantage exist as a
supplier.
El Salvador possesses many favourable
conditions (climate, costs, market proximity,
etc.) for the production of a range of essential
oils. Experience has been gained the hard
way over the years on the difficulty of
entrance for new suppliers and we are
confident that there is a future for us to
develop. The key to success lies with careful
product selection, particularly assessment ofwhat comparative advantage exist as a
supplier.
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We trust that the buyers and consumers
in the audience will give us guidance.
We trust that the buyers and consumers
in the audience will give us guidance.
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