TN-31
A Survey of Hawaiifor Balloon Launch Sites
JACK M. ANGEVINE
August 1967
L RLARY,OCT 1938
NCAR Technical NotesNATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH
Boulder, Colorado
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TN-31 4-o/
A Survey of Hawaii i /for Balloon Launch Sites
JACK M. ANGEVINE 2 o/-
August 1967 I'- ",--S; 60 'r
7.
.. •i ..e..-' r.. d .. e ..I,,.. /
NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH J4 o ABoulder, Colorado
G,
iii
PREFACE
A group under Dr. Luis Alvarez at the Space Sciences Laboratory,
University of California, is preparing a balloon-borne particle physics
experiment, designed for recovery at sea. Winter flights in westerly
winds require a launch site with water to the east, preferably near
California. At the request of Dr. Alvarez' group, NCAR carried out the
following survey of potential launch sites in the Hawaiian Islands.
l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
v
CONTENTS
Preface .. . ................... . iii
List of Figures ..................... vii
Purpose of Survey .................... 1
Project Requirements ............ ...... 1
Persons Contacted .. ............. .... 2
Possible Sites . .................. 3
Pacific Missile Range Facility, Barking Sands . . . . . . 6
Wheeler Air Force Base ................. 30
Appendix ................ 42
I
vii
FIGURES
1. Organizational diagram, Pacific Missile Range ......... 7
2. Map of Hawaiian Islands .. ................. 11
3. Island of Kauai ........................ 12
4. Island of Kauai showing location of Barking Sands (Bonham AFB). 13
5. PMRF Barking Sands runway layout ........ ...... 16
6. Aerial view of runway 19 ............ .. ..17
7. PMRF Barking Sands runway 19 and ramp area .......... 18
8. Ramp looking south ...................... 19
9. Ramp looking north ...................... 20
10. Ramp looking east ....................... 21
11. Ramp looking west ....................... 22
12. Possible locations of 500-ft radius winch circles .... .. 24
13. Wheeler AFB runway layout ................... 33
14. Wheeler AFB partial layout .................. 34
15. Wheeler AFB runway photograph ... ....... ...... 35
16. Wheeler AFB runway photograph ... .......... .. 36
17. Wheeler AFB runway photograph ................. 37
18. Wheeler AFB partial layout .................. 39
I
1
PURPOSE OF SURVEY
The survey trip reported here was undertaken, 23 April through
5 May 1967, at the request of Dr. Luis Alvarez' group, of the Space
Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley. This group
is preparing a balloon-borne particle physics experiment, designed for
recovery at sea. Summer flights may be made from California, but winter
flights in westerly winds require a site with water to the east, prefer-
ably near California. Hawaii is an attractive area for such flights.
It meets these requirements and avoids complications of customs clear-
ances, immunizations and international cooperation that would be neces-
sary for flights from a foreign country.
On the survey we considered available facilities, weather conditions,
logistics problems and living accommodations, and made initial contacts
with governmental agencies, such as FAA, which would be involved in any
plans for actual launches. We made no commitments relating to any pro-
posed flight program.
PROJECT REQUIREMENTS
Primary emphasis was on finding locations to launch a cable-restrained
tandem balloon system initially laid out on the ground to a distance of
450 ft from the payload, then raised to a height of 600 ft before being
released. The payload would be handled by the double-anchor-line tech-
nique, requiring installation of ground anchors in a circle of 90-ft
radius about the payload. An assembly building 35 ft sq and 50 ft high
would be needed near the launch area. Projected payloads of 10,000 lb
and gross inflations of 17,000 lb would require large heavy equipment,
including winch trucks and helium trailers.
The need to concentrate on these heavy-payload requirements kept us
from evaluating sites for launching moderate-size payloads by the dynamic
2
method. More specifically, the need to consider launches from a fixed
point away from active runways made it impractical to investigate run-
ways for launching balloons dynamically. However, most of the infor-
mation presented here should be applicable to both types of launch.
PERSONS CONTACTED
Fleet Weather Central, Pearl Harbor
Capt. William Hubert, Commanding OfficerCdr. Englehart, Executive Officer
Fleet Meteorologists' Office, Pearl Harbor
Cdr. Tom LeDew, Executive OfficerLcdr. S. Riley
Regional Climatologist, ESSA, Honolulu
Mr. Saul Price, Regional ClimatologistMr. Bud DorrMr. John Lee
Federal Aviation Agency, Honolulu
Mr. LaBarre, Air Traffic Division, Air Space and Standards BranchMr. Sacks, Air Traffic Division, Air Space and Standards BranchMr. Dau, Honolulu Area Office, Air Traffic Control BranchMr. Richards, Chief, Honolulu Air Route Traffic Control CenterMr. Butterfield
6486th Air Base Wing, Hickam AFB
Lt. Col. Tracy S. Breed, Assistant Deputy Commander for OperationsMr. William C. Miller
Wheeler Air Force Base, Oahu
Lt. Col. James McGovern, Base CommanderMaj. Dwight Smith, Executive OfficerCWO Franklin Hodge, Base Engineer
Pacific Missile Range Facility, Hawaiian Area (Kaneohe MCAS), Oahu
Capt. R. W. Rynd, Commanding OfficerCdr. C. A. Carr, Executive OfficerCdr. J. B. McKinney, Operations OfficerLcdr. J. R. Harrison, Operations CoordinatorMr. J. P. Gregg, Special Operations Coordinator
3
Pacific Missile Range Facility, Barking Sands, Kauai
Cdr. R. W. Foster, Jr., Officer-in-ChargeMr. H. C. Bonaventure, Range Division OfficerMr. Roy C. Jones, Site Manager, Kentron-Hawaii, Ltd.Mr. Elvyn Pye, Technician-in-Charge, Weather Unit, ESSAMr. Don Bourassa, Kentron-Hawaii, Ltd.Mr. R. S. Iwamoto, Public Works Engineer
Dillingham Corporation, Marine Services (Young Brothers), Honolulu
Mr. M. C. Riddle
Holiday Inn, Honolulu
Mr. Leo W. Nelson, Innkeeper
Art Hunt's International Inn, Honolulu
Mr. Arthur H. Hunt, President
POSSIBLE SITES
We found two possible launch sites for the type of balloon flight
required by Dr. Alvarez' group. The best site is Barking Sands Pacific
Missile Range Facility on the island of Kauai. An alternate site is
Wheeler Air Force Base on Oahu. Each site is discussed in detail later
in this report, and is summarized here, along with brief mention of
other sites considered.
PMRF BARKING SANDS
The major advantage of this site over others in Hawaii is that
the Facility tracks missiles as an everyday activity. Tracking equip-
ment and capabilities assure that balloon flights could be tracked
with high accuracy and reliability. Outside users are often accommo-
dated; a routine is established for use of the site; a well-trained
tracking crew is available; a resident ESSA weather unit takes observa-
tions and maintains forecast facilities; several good communications
media are available; air traffic and FAA compliance present no problems;
and transportation of equipment should be relatively easy.
To obtain permission to use the Barking Sands Facility, application
must be made to the PMR Program Management Office at Point Mugu,
4
California, by completing a detailed set of documents. To complete
the documents satisfactorily might take several weeks of concentrated
effort; approval of the completed documents and subsequent approval
for support of the program might take several months. Privately spon-
sored projects, including those of universities, probably would not
qualify for support, while those of government agencies, especially
the military, would qualify.
There are no quarters available on the base, and very few within
reasonable distances. Visitors would have to commute as much as 30 miles
one way.
WHEELER AIR FORCE BASE
Although the location of Wheeler Air Force Base near Honolulu
means better transportation and housing facilities, a number of factors
render it less desirable than Barking Sands as a launch site.
There are no active Air Force operations on the Base at present,
and the runways are leased to the Army. As a result, little if any
support equipment is available. Virtually everything needed for a
balloon flight would have to be brought to the base, as was done for
the Alvarez flight series from Chico, California. Tracking would have
to be arranged with other agencies, and FAA compliance would be much
more difficult to obtain because Wheeler is close to the high-density
traffic area around Honolulu. An existing paved area could be used
for launching, but a large number of antennas on the inactive runways
restrict the available room.
Despite these difficulties, permission could probably be secured
to use the Base and balloon flights should cause little interference
with existing activities. Wheeler should be considered as a possible
alternate site.
5
OTHER SITES
Two other airfields were considered but were not visited because
of their obvious shortcomings. The first, Ford Island, has higher
average winds than Wheeler, and is in the high-density traffic area
around Pearl Harbor. Access is restricted both for military reasons
and by the capacity of the scheduled ferry service.
The other site, Dillingham Air Force Base on the north shore of
Oahu, lacks space and is subject to trade winds.
Barbers Point Naval Air Station, west of Pearl Harbor, is a poten-
tial site, although it was not surveyed since it appeared that winds
there would be similar to those at Ford Island. Barbers Point is also
near the high-density traffic areas and is an alternate field for a
number of commercial airlines. Nevertheless, if neither Barking Sands
nor Wheeler is available, this location should be investigated more
thoroughly.
The other airports on the Islands are either too small, too remote,
too busy as commercial fields, or exposed to trade winds. However,
several of these might be acceptable for a nighttime dynamic launch
during lightest wind and least traffic.
6
PACIFIC MISSILE RANGE FACILITY, BARKING SANDS
Barking Sands Facility, formerly Bonham Air Force Base, is operated
by the Navy as part of the Pacific Missile Range. It is equipped for
tracking missiles of virtually every type, launched from a wide variety
of vehicles and locations. Within a few months the Facility will also
operate an Underwater Test Range offshore which will further broaden
the scope of testing activities there.
ORGANIZATION
Headquarters, Pacific Missile Range, is at Point Mugu, California.
Barking Sands Facility is one of several in the Hawaiian Area Command
of the Range. Others are located at Wake, Midway and Johnston Islands.
The Area Commanding Officer and his staff are headquartered at the
Marine Corps Air Station, Kaneohe Bay, Oahu.
PMRF Barking Sands is operated under an Operations and Maintenance
contract by Kentron-Hawaii, Ltd., under the officer-in-charge and a
small staff. A vertical diagram of the organization as it affects
Barking Sands is shown in Fig. 1.
7
Commander Pacific Missile RangePoint Mugu
(Capt. Stearns)
Commanding Officer, PMRFHawaiian Area,Kaneohe Bay(Capt. Rynd)
Officer-in-ChargePMRF Barking Sands(Cdr. R. W. Foster)
Base Division Officer Range Division Officer\(Mr. H. C. Bonaventure)
Operation and MaintenanceKentron-Hawaii, Ltd.
(Mr. R. C. Jones, Site Supervisor)
Fig. I Organizational diagram, Pacific MissileRange, as it pertains to PMRF Barking.Sands.
8
QUALIFYING FOR PROGRAM SUPPORT
A military program requiring the facilities available at Barking
Sands would almost certainly be approved for support. Programs of
civilian government agencies such as NSF, NASA, and AEC can be supported
under certain circumstances, while privately funded or university pro-
grams would undoubtedly be turned down.
We did not learn the exact ground rules for determining whether
a program may or may not be supported. However, the procedure to be
followed by a group seeking support is to visit the Program Management
Office at Point Mugu. If the general support requirements seem com-
patible with PMR policies, a staff member will be assigned to assist
in filling out the Program Requirements Document. Approval of this
document by Pacific Missile Range constitutes authorization for Barking
Sands to provide the requested support.
The Program Requirements Document provides for a detailed descrip-
tion of the program and its objectives, and also includes such items as:
• Ordnance -- specifications, use, handling procedures,storage procedures.
• Electronic equipment -- frequencies, spectrum analysisreports.
· Personnel, experimenter and contractor -- names,assignments, dates of arrival and departure.
* Trajectory.
* Tracking accuracy requirements.
• Telemetry requirements -- channels, storage, display,time correlation.
*Aircraft, other than military, that will use theairfield.
* Recovery requirements.
· Facilities requirements -- assembly buildings, shops,ground anchors.
Range support which is unique to an approved program is reimburs-
able, while items of general utility are provided without cost. However,
9
overtime pay for range employees may be charged to the program unless
the overtime is scheduled for the convenience of the range rather than
that of the experimenter.
LOCATION
Barking Sands is on the western tip of Kauai, approximately 129
airline miles west-northwest of Honolulu International Airport at
latitude 22°01'N, longitude 159°47'W. Lihue Airport, the terminal for
scheduled commercial air traffic and rental car services for the Island,
is 35 miles from the Facility, by road along the south side of the Island.
Figure 2 is a map showing the location of Kauai in the Hawaiian
Islands. Figures 3 and 4 show the island of Kauai and the location
of Barking Sands (Bonham AFB) in more detail.
A comprehensive geographic report on Kauai and Barking Sands,
prepared by J. K. Prince at the Naval Missile Center, should be avail-
able soon and will be of great interest to any group contemplating an
operation from Barking Sands (Ref. 1).
CLIMATOLOGY
Climatological data have been gathered at Barking Sands since
1942. A Technical Memorandum prepared by the Sandia Corporation in
1963 is probably the best available study and may be sufficient to
determine the suitability of Barking Sands for balloon launches (Ref. 2).
The data in Ref. 2 will be analyzed when the copy on order is
received. The information in Table 1 was transcribed from the copy at
Barking Sands.
10
Table 1
BARKING SANDS CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
Years of Data: Surface Observations 1942 through 1946Upper-Level Winds 1942 through 1946;
1950 through 1961
Hourly Surface Observations: 29,000
Sampling of Surface-Wind Data: 6 pm to 6 am
Surface winds Percentage of Observations
(mph) Jan. Feb. Mar., Nov. Dec.(1110) (988)
1-3 49 46 48 43 45
4-7 38 30 35 47 45
7 87 76 83 90 90
anumber of observations
KA UA:I
____ X _C J___ _________ _—220
Lihue OAHU
Hoolehua MOLOKAIHonolulu —
Lanai Cit MAUI
Ko_ w__________ 200
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
__________________________________________— 190
1600 159 ° 1580 1570 1560 1550
Fig. 2 Map of Hawaiian Islands
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Fig.§ 3 Island of K, auai
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Fig. 3 Island of Kauai
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Fig. 4 Islad of Kauaihowinglocaion Pointhm F
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14
Table 1 indicates a reasonably good chance of encountering
acceptable inflation conditions during nighttime hours in winter.
When Ref. 2 is received, we will make a detailed study of surface con-
ditions, sky cover and trajectories.
Winds at 600 to 1000 ft, a consideration for cable-restrained
balloon launches, have not been measured at Barking Sands. The Regional
Climatologist has undertaken an informal study of this problem to deter-
mine what conclusions may be drawn from available data or from subjec-
tive observations of weather unit personnel at Barking Sands.
Additional climatological data and analyses can be provided by
the Geophysics Division, PMR Range Operations Department, Point Mugu,
after a user contacts the Program Management Office at Point Mugu.
METEOROLOGICAL SUPPORT
The weather unit at Barking Sands is operated by ESSA under con-
tract to PMR and manned by four technicians and a technician-in-charge.
The unit takes hourly surface observations and fires one ARCAS rocket
daily at noon. This unit is also equipped to provide rawinsonde sound-
ings according to user requirements.
The weather unit office has a teletype circuit (351) and a facsimile
receiver which accepts maps from the regional Weather Bureau forecast
office in Honolulu.
Regular Weather Bureau services available in Lihue on the opposite
side of the Island include two rawinsonde soundings daily, and teletype
and facsimile services. Sea-state forecasts and data have been offered
to the Project by the Commanding Officer, Fleet Weather Central, Honolulu,
and this information can be made available at Barking Sands, either
through Weather Bureau communications or through Navy channels.
A meteorologist familiar with ballooning requirements should have
no difficulty forecasting from Barking Sands with the available facili-
ties and the proffered sea-state data and forecasts.
15
LAUNCH AREA
An unused ramp area west of runway 19 appears to be the only
possible location for launch of a cable-restrained balloon system.
With modest improvements, this area could easily provide a semicircle
500 ft in radius in which to maneuver a winch truck. With more exten-
sive improvement a 1000-ft diameter circle could be laid out in the
area, if allowed to encroach slightly on the runway. If this larger
circle could not touch the runway, additional work would be necessary
on portions of the track crossing unimproved territory.
The required angular coverage of the winch track cannot be deter-
mined until prevailing wind directions are analyzed.
Barking Sands runways are shown in Fig. 5. The ramp area under
consideration for the launch site is visible west of runway 19/1.
Figure 6 is an aerial view of runway 19 and the ramp. The beach
is on the west and the Facility boundary is shown as a broken white
line to the east.
Figure 7, scale 1 in. = 144 ft, shows the types of surfaces on the
ramp and the surrounding terrain and also shows the positions from
which Figs. 8, 9, 10, and 11 were taken.
The surfaces labeled "1" and "2" in Fig. 7 are sealed asphalt.
Surface "3" is paved but has not been sealed recently and some grass
is established in the cracks, as shown in Figs. 8, 9, and 11. Surface
"4" is cement-stabilized soil which is well graded but has been allowed
to support a considerable amount of grass and short brush. This sur-
face can be seen at the right and left in Fig. 10 with an unsealed
asphalt strip down the center leading to an old revetment, area 7 in
Fig. 7. Surface "5" is graded but overgrown, as seen at the right in
Fig. 9 and in the background of Fig. 10; the dark line running through
this area in the aerial views may be a drainage concealed by the under-
growth.
16
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Fig. 6 Aerial vigw of runhi-ay 19,
18
X FIGURE NUMBER & LOCATIONPHOTO DIRECTION
>ACTIVE RUNWAY 19-1
ASPHALT -GOOD QUALITY
>ASPHALT- NOT SEALED, SOME GROWTH
[ SOIL,GRADED, CEMENT STABILIZED PMRF BARKING SANRUNWAY 19
> SOIL,GRADED,OVER-GROWN RAMP AREA
'CONCRETE CIRCLE SCALE: 200
EARTH REVETMENT WITHCONCRETE BUNKER
\ /X8// /10Fig. 7 PRF Barking Sands runway 19 and ramp area
FBsa
Fig. 8 Ramp looking south.
Fig. 9 Ramp looking north
............. ........ ............. .......... ...... .................................- ........... ............................. ........ .... ...... ........................... .... ... ........ .... ................... ... .... .............. ......... ... ... ............ ............................... . .... ..... .... .......... ................. ............... ....... .. .... .................. .................. .....- ........................ ... ..................... ............ .............................. .. ........ ............. .. .. .................... ......... .. . ...... ........ ....... ...... ..... .... ............. ... ...... ....... .. ... ..... ... ...... ... .. ....... ........ 11.11 ............... ... .. .. ............... .... ... ............... ...... ..... ... ........... ....... .... ............. .. ........ .. ...................... ........ .............. .............. .................-1-1 ..... .............. ........ ........... .. ...... ... ..................... ............ .... ...... .. ...... ..... ... .............. ..................... ........... . ....... ..... .... .. ................. ......... ....... .. . ........ ....... ......... .-................. .............
..........- ...... ............................................................. .. . ......... ....... .......... .... ............. .................... .... ..
.. ........ ........ ........... ....... ........... ........ .. ...... ... .. ............ ... ........................ .... ........ ........... ........ .......... ....... .... ........... .... ............. ... ............ .... ..... ..... ................. . ...... ......... ...... .... ... ... .. .......
....... .. ...... ....... ....... .... ............ ........... ........... ........... ......I. ................ ............... ....... ............. . ........... ... ....... ............... .............. .... .. ... ...... .............. ... .............. ...... .. .. ... .. .. .. .... .......... .... .. ..... ....... ..
_2
Fig. 10 Ramp looking east
Fig. 11 Ramp looking west
23
All prepared surfaces, "1" through "4", would support heavy equip-
ment such as helium rigs and winch trucks needed for a heavy-load launch.
Surface "5" would have to be investigated more thoroughly and the under-
growth removed before moving equipment on it. The general character of
the soil suggests that even this area might support heavy equipment
with minimum preparation. The relatively arid character of the local
climate also suggests few problems with wet or boggy soil; this assump-
tion should, however, be checked carefully with the base engineer and
contractors before relying on using the area unimproved.
Figure 12 shows some possible 500-ft radius winch circles which
do not intersect runway 19.
FLIGHT REGULATIONS
Launches from Barking Sands would be made under one or more of the
restricted airspace areas assigned to the Facility. By winter 1967-68
an additional restricted area extending to unlimited altitudes will be
designated for Barking Sands to supplement the present restricted areas.
A hot line between FAA Air Traffic Control Center in Honolulu and Barking
Sands allows Barking Sands to invoke the restricted areas as needed
during an operation.
With restricted areas invoked, FAA would have no authority over
the height or proximity of tethered balloons to the runways; these
matters would be the concern of the local operations personnel. As
soon as a balloon left the restricted area FAA would again require
compliance with Part 101 of FAA Regulations. Compliance would mean,
among other things, that a tethered balloon used for wind measurements
should have the required quick deflation device, even though it were
tethered in a restricted area.
We do not know at present whether it would be necessary to comply
with FAA cloud cover and visibility requirements for a launch from a
restricted area. Further study of climatology of Barking Sands should
show if launch under less than FAA minimum conditions might be necessary.
24
PMRF BARKING SANDSRUNWAY 19 8RAMP AREA
SE SCALE I 200' I
//, /. 12 Possible locations of 500'
Fig. 12 Possible locations of 500-ft radius winch circles
25
Cloud cover and visibility are apparently usually satisfactory at Barking
Sands, and questions of jurisdiction and need for FAA waivers may not
arise.
TRACKING
Tracking from Barking Sands should present no major problem, except-
ing possibly in identifying a slow-moving balloon with equipment set up
to track rockets. With a radar transponder aboard the experiment, such
tracking should not be difficult, but thought should be given to track-
ing the lighter-weight tracer balloons to be flown prior to the scien-
tific flight.
Instrumentation at Barking Sands, including tracking equipment,
is described in the Appendix.
Barking Sands is bounded by cliffs and mountains to the east, which
cause a blind spot in that direction. The blind spot is reduced when
utilizing the tracking station on Makaha Ridge to the north-northeast.
FAA radar on Mt. Kaala on Oahu would supplement the Barking Sands radar
and provide a useful check.
Beyond line-of-sight the experiment could be tracked and controlled
by a PMR Super-Constellation which is outfitted with complete tracking
gear and based at the Marine Corps Air Station, Kaneohe. An S2F air-
craft is also available for tracking, but lacks the range and capability
of the Super-Constellation.
If a PMR ship were used for recovery, tracking equipment would be
already available at the recovery location. One such ship, the Wheeling,
is completely instrumented with command/control transmitters and FPS-16
radar. If a PMR ship could not be used, tracking from the recovery
location would have to be handled either by the balloon operations con-
tractor or by the experimenter.
26
TELEMETRY
A considerable amount of telemetry equipment is available at
Barking Sands for the experimenter who wishes to use it. This equip-
ment is also described in the Appendix.
Any radio equipment brought on the site by the experimenter must
have been tested for emission spectra and must be operating on FCC-
approved frequencies. These characteristics are included in the Pro-
gram Requirements Document, and PMRF Barking Sands is equipped to monitor
radio usage to assure that there is no interference with their own
equipment .
RECOVERY
Recovery services might be provided by PMR if requested by means
of the Program Requirements Document and approved. At least one large
ship, and possibly two, are operated by PMR. The Wheeling is said to
have equipment to handle missiles and launching platforms for surface
launches, which might make it possible to retrieve a large heavy experi-
ment unaided. Another ship, the Norton Sound, may also be available.
Details of equipment, capabilities and schedules of these ships are
not known.
In support of the new underwater range facility, PMR has recently
purchased two 85-ft torpedo recovery boats of 50 tons displacement
and 18-ft beam. These boats can carry eight torpedoes, which are
loaded through the stern and winched forward over rollers mounted in
the slanted aft deck. At present, these boats can load only torpedoes,
but with modifications such as special cradles, they might be able to
handle equipment larger than a torpedo. If not, they might still be
useful as auxiliary tracking ships.
SHOP FACILITIES
No working areas are available at Barking Sands for use of a large
customer group. The site contractor could, with little difficulty,
27
erect pre-fabricated buildings for shops and offices, and could readily
erect an assembly building with dimensions of 35 x 35 x 50 ft.
A number of sites close to the launch area are available for build-
ings. One of the parking spots inside an old revetment might be used
for an assembly building. A concrete bunker covered with 6 to 8 ft of
earth is associated with each parking spot, and might provide storage
for emulsions and for hazardous items such as squibs and mild detonating
fuses.
Dust and salt would be a problem at any location on the Barking
Sands Facility. Design of shop, assembly and office spaces should take
this environment into account.
TRANSPORTATION
Good air transportation for personnel is available between Honolulu
and the island of Kauai. Aloha Airlines and Hawaiian Airlines provide
a total of eight flights from Honolulu to Kauai and ten daily return
flights, as well as additional flights with modified schedules on Friday,
Saturday and Sunday. These airlines use DC-9, BAC-111, Viscount, F-27
and Convair 640 aircraft. Average flight time on the jet flights is
about 30 min. One-way passenger fare is $12.57 and there are several
special fare schedules for families, youth, off-hours, and direct
connections to the mainland. Free baggage allowance for mainland pas-
sengers with tourist tickets is 44 lb. (Free baggage that can be brought
on a jet from the mainland may exceed that amount.)
Reservations should be made well in advance during the months of
heaviest tourist travel -- June, July, August, December and January.
Heavy equipment and scientific gear can be transported between
Honolulu and Kauai without major problems. At least one inter-island
barge line, Young Brothers, operates regularly scheduled barge services
to Port Allen on the south coast of Kauai. Commercial arrangements
for shipment by barge may be made through the Dillingham Corporation's
28
Marine Services Office in Honolulu, who are also agents for States Line.
A shipment on a through bill-of-lading between San Francisco and Port
Allen via States Line and Young Brothers would take about nine days.
To assure arrival on schedule, shipping arrangements should be made
as far in advance as possible, since military requirements frequently
pre-empt commercial shipments.
General Services Administration Transportation Offices could be
of real assistance to a government-sponsored project in arranging ship-
ments. Freight charges might be less on government bills-of-lading
than on commercial.
Since Port Allen can handle ships to 500 ft with a draft of 35 ft
direct shipment from the mainland might be arranged rather than trans-
shipping at Honolulu.
The road from Port Allen to Barking Sands is two lanes of asphalt
with minimal shoulders. It is rough in places and needs to be re-
surfaced. The State Highway Department has a budget item for improve-
ment of this road in the coming year. Even in its present condition
there would be no difficulty in moving tractor-trailer rigs from Port
Allen to Barking Sands. Commuters to and from accommodations on the
south coast might be annoyed by the rough road and the hilly twisting
route; however, the greatest hazard would be cane-haul trucks crossing
the road and leaving coatings of red clay which are slick when wet.
ACCOMMODATIONS
Housing and meals for project personnel on Kauai may be a problem
although other large groups working at Barking Sands have solved simi-
lar problems. Most transient groups stay at the Prince Kuhio Hotel and
Apartments near Poipu Beach on the south tip of the Island, 30 mi from
Barking Sands.
29
Some hotel rates and locations:
Single Double Location
Prince Kuhio $ 8.75 $11.25 Poipu Beach
Poipu Beach 7.00 10.00 Poipu Beach
Kauai Surf 12.00 16.00 Kalapaki Beach,Lihue
Poipu Shores 7.00 10.00 Poipu Beach
Menehune Manor 5.00 7.00 Waimea(9 apartments)
We visited the Kauai Surf and Menehune Manor and found them both
to be quite satisfactory. The Kauai Surf is a resort hotel with a wide
range of recreational facilities, including a beautiful beach. Menehune
Manor is a modern apartment with nine units, half a block from the
black sand beach on which Captain Cook landed, in the small, quiet town
of Waimea -- a completely different environment from the Kauai Surf.
Furnished kitchen, living room and two bedrooms make up each unit, and
would be suitable for families, but reservations would be difficult to
get.
Other hotels and motels on the south side of the Island are listed
below. No information was obtained on any of these.
Jerves Motel P. O. Box 365 Kalaheo
Green Garden Hanapepe
Garden Isle Beach Apartments Poipu Beach
Wai-o-hai Resort Hotel Poipu Beach
Noon meals are available in the base cafeteria at Barking Sands.
We did not eat at any of the other locations, but we noted that prices
at Lihue Airport were comparable to prices in medium-size cities on
the mainland.
30
WHEELER AIR FORCE BASE
Wheeler Air Force Base is the site of several Air Force Headquarters,
none of which use runways or flight facilities. Runways are leased to
the Army, which uses them for touch-and-go training flights, and for
its helicopter and courier services.
The Base is located on the central plateau of Oahu at an altitude
of 840 ft. It is near the town of Wahiawa, 17 mi northwest of Honolulu
International Airport.
ORGANIZATION
Wheeler is operated by the 6486th Air Base Wing with headquarters
at Hickam Air Force Base. We obtained access to Wheeler Air Force Base
and introductions to the Base Commander and Executive Officer, through
the Assistant Deputy Commander for Operations at 6486th Headquarters.
CLIMATOLOGY
Russell Dorr in the office of the Regional Climatologist, ESSA,
Honolulu, has made a preliminary summary of the surface wind conditions
at Wheeler. Table 2 summarizes his study. The left-hand column for
each month shows percentage of observations less than or equal to 3 kt
the right-hand column shows percentage of observations of 11 kt or
greater.
31
Table 2
FREQUENCY OF LIGHT WINDS, WHEELER AIR FORCE BASEJUNE 1939 THROUGH MAY 1949;
JULY 1963 THROUGH FEBRUARY 1966
(Anemometer height varied, 15 or 30 ft)
Local October November December JanuaryTime
Wind (kt)
<3 >11 < 3 >11 < 3 > 11 <3 >11
00-02 64.8 0.8 70.8 2.1 50.0 4.4 58.6 5.2
03-05 70.2 0.7 73.7 1.1 56.2 5.1 60.9 4.3
06-08 54.7 3.5 61.9 3.8 52.9 5.7 56.3 6.0
09-11 10.2 22.9 19.7 21.8 20.3 21.2 18.7 23.5
12-14 6.6 29.4 14.5 26.0 11.7 26.5 12.0 30.7
15-17 17.7 12.4 29.9 9.7 26.6 12.1 9.1 15.6
18-20 48.2 3.0 58.4 3.4 46.1 5.6 55.6 3.8
21-23 58.0 1.2 68.2 4.1 50.4 4.8 59.3 3.7
Table 2 shows a significant diurnal effect; lighter winds are more
frequent in late evening and early morning, as might be expected. Evi-
dently, a reasonable percentage of days would be suitable for inflation.
However, we know little about the other necessary conditions for a
balloon flight of this type. In particular, winds from 600 to 1000 ft
have not been measured. There may be some data in archives for these
levels, but the only reduced data seem to be for 1500 m and upward
(Ref. 3.)
Cloud cover is a significant factor at Wheeler. Even on "clear"
days trade winds crossing the Koolau Range cause some cloudiness. Whether
32
cloudiness exceeds FAA minimums is not known, but data are likely to
exist on this subject.
The climatological data presented here are inadequate to allow
conclusions about the suitability of Wheeler as a launch site. We are
not working on this subject at present, but if Wheeler becomes a pri-
mary location for other reasons, a more rigorous study will have to be
made. The first step should then be to query the National Weather
Records Center in Asheville, North Carolina. If records are inadequate, a
special study will be needed. On Oahu the means for making such a
study are limited, since the local ESSA group does not have the people
or facilities to make a special survey. Consequently, an outside group
from ESSA, NCAR or some other agency would have to make the survey.
METEOROLOGICAL SUPPORT
The weather station nearest to Wheeler is the Weather Bureau office
at Honolulu International Airport. There are no weather facilities on
the Base, although a meteorologist could be stationed there without
difficulty.
Upper-level winds are available only from Lihue, 90 mi northwest,
and Hilo, 220 mi southeast. ESSA meteorologists believe Lihue winds
are probably representative of winds over Wheeler. We could not locate
any GMD equipment on Oahu.
Sea-state data and forecasts are available from Fleet Weather
Central, about 15 mi away at Pearl Harbor.
LAUNCH AREA
Figure 13 shows the runway layout at Wheeler Air Force Base.
Figure 14 is an enlarged layout of the potential launch area at the
northwest end of abandoned runway "C". Symbols on this figure show
position and direction from which Figs. 15, 16, and 17 were taken.
A large antenna farm covers all of abandoned runways "B" and "C",
33
X_.: i~:·:;:·:·:·::. .Bldg Aresa,.
931
ri h':t 1965,... Jeppe.:::I::::i: 00' O. .ver Clru na
~~~~~~~...ii~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~...:
'?~si·;; ..:8~:~:i:~i:~i:~'~:::..... .........' ' ... ..i.....
Scale in Feet1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
~·~··:,'.~. -::. .. ...:Il l ,. I .. ..,
...... .......: ·i~·''~::;:
Fig . 13 Wheeler AFB runway layout. (Illustration only --not to be used for navigational purposes. Copy-right 1965, Jeppesen & Co., Denver, Colorado.)
100 0 10 00 00 40
34
PPROX.V .) ^^^ ̂^ ^ ^BOUNDARY
\ ^^^^ \ ANTENNAFAR M
PHOTOS \,, 9
Fig. 16
V< \\ ~~~~~~WHEELER AFB\^. ~ \ v \ \ ~PARTIAL LAYOUT
\^ \ ̂ \ \ ~ ~FROM DRAWING\ ~ \ \] \ ~R- 100/163
REV 24 NOV 58
\ \^ \ / ) WSCALE: 400
Fig. 14 Wheeler AFB partial layout
Fig. 15 Wheeler AFB runway photograph
man=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
Fig. 16 Wheeler AFB runway photograph
.... .... ..... ....
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............ e le.AF.r nwy.ho og ap
38
excepting the portion of runway "C" shown in the photographs. The ramp
area and end of the runway are in relatively good condition, with some
weeds growing through cracks in the pavement. The ramp is slightly
lower than the runway but not enough to cause any difficulty.
Circles on Fig. 18 indicate area needed for a 500-ft radius winch
track which does not interfere with the active runway. A 360 ° track
can be drawn, with some small areas extending into unimproved territory.
A track covering 215° can be laid out completely on pavement. The
entire area is downwind from the antenna farm during trade wind periods,
and there are no other major obstructions further downwind.
The gulch runway "D" is in good condition and lies approximately
50 ft lower than the active runway. This runway was abandoned because
of tricky winds for aircraft. It might be good for inflation of a
balloon but, since it lies about 90° to the prevailing wind, would not
be of much use for a balloon launch.
FLIGHT REGULATIONS
Wheeler Air Force Base is an active military airfield, with con-
trol tower manned from 0600 to 2200 local time. All FAA regulations
pertaining to balloon operations would be in force and waivers would
be required if non-conformance were anticipated. Since Wheeler is near
the high-density area around Honolulu International Airport, and Barbers
Point NAS, the FAA might be reluctant to grant waivers for such items
as cloud cover and visibility. Difficulty of obtaining a waiver for
operation of a tethered balloon carrying an anemometer would depend on
reaction of the local user, in this case the Army.
TRACKING
Some tracking services could be supplied by the FAA, which operates
a radar station on Mt. Kaala, 8 mi west of Wheeler. Other tracking
facilities would have to be supplied by the user, since none exist at
39
* a n t /> \ r"APPROX.\ ,C ^^^^^^^)BOUNDARY
\, /^ \ANTENNA15..FAR M
2150 o'......
9^ \RRAMP NO. 2
^^^^^ \ \ WHEELER AFB^^^^^K.\ \ PARTIAL LAYOUT
FROM DRAWINGR-100/163REV 24 NOV 58
SCALE: I-
Fig. 18 Wheeler AFB partial layout
40
Wheeler. We found no other tracking capabilities on Oahu, although
there are undoubtedly some military and Air Defense facilities.
TELEMETRY
Before committing a project to using Wheeler, inquiry should be
made about radio frequencies and powers of the antenna farm on the
Base, to determine whether this array would cause interference with
telemetry or command equipment associated with the balloon operation.
RECOVERY
We made no survey of recovery equipment because recovery procedures
for the experimental package are still being worked out.
SHOP FACILITIES
A modest amount of hangar space at Wheeler might be available for
staging and work space. We did not discuss possible use of this space
but did learn that permission to erect a special assembly building
should not be difficult to obtain. Several out-of-the-way locations
appear suitable for such a building, depending on the availability of
utilities services.
TRANSPORTATION
Transportation of equipment and personnel would present no problems
because of the short distance between the Base and Honolulu along a
major highway. The highway is four-lane part way, but carries heavy
traffic during morning and evening rush hours.
ACCOMMODATIONS
The most satisfactory accommodations for a group working at Wheeler
would be closer to Honolulu. Two motels near Honolulu International
Airport would provide acceptable facilities. These are the Holiday Inn
and the International Inn. Rates are:
41
International Inn Holiday Inn(commercial rates) (no commercial rates)
Single $10.00 $11.00
Two in twin beds 12.00 18.00
Two in one bed 12.00 16.00
To qualify for these rates the International Inn requires only
that the group submit a letter guaranteeing reservations; no minimum
number or other restrictions are imposed. The Holiday Inn does not
charge for children under 12 who use the same facilities as the parents.
There are no seasonal rate changes.
Both motels have 24-hr switchboards, and the International Inn has
a 24-hr coffee shop. The dining room at the Holiday Inn is open from
6 a.m. to 10 p.m.
Reservations are usually necessary in June, July, August and December
because of heavy tourist traffic. The Holiday Inn will soon be connected
to the "teledex" reservation service in use at Holiday Inns on the
mainland.
Accommodations nearer Wheeler are generally more austere, catering
to military personnel on Temporary Living Allowances. A typical example
is the Wainani Apartment-Hotel, a short distance from the gate, which
has furnished apartments with living room, kitchen and one or two bed-
rooms for about $5.00 per person per day. There are no telephones in
the apartments but they can be installed. The nearest restaurant is
about 1.5 mi away.
42
APPENDIX
INSTRUMENTATION AND TRACKING CAPABILITIES
AT BARKING SANDS, KAUAI
(Adapted from an internal draft paper, provided through
courtesy of Barking Sands Operations Personnel.)
43
INSTRUMENTATION AND TRACKING CAPABILITIES
COMPUTER (USQ- 20B)
The Univac USQ-20B is equipped to perform real-time data reduction
such as impact prediction and trajectory analysis. From ballistic param-
eters received via teletype from other tracking stations, the computer
derives early acquisition data for the radars at Barking Sands and Kokee.
After acquisition, it selects the best radar data source and updates
computed ballistic parameters for transmission to the next downrange
tracking station.
The AN/USQ-20B communicates with a Univac 1218 Computer at Kokee
Park through the Data Terminal Buffer, the Kineplex Data Modem, and a
microwave link between Barking Sands and Kokee.
The data reduction and general computational capabilities of this
computer fit the system in the medium-scale class; it is approximately
equivalent to the IBM 7040. With the exception of an on-line card
punch, peripheral equipment is available for nearly any general compu-
tational and data reduction requirement. Available software includes
the CS-1 compiling system and AS-1 assembler, trigonometric routines,
conversion routines, and Fortran IV.
DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM
The function of the acquisition system is to allow the site to
take the best available data on a target's azimuth angle, elevation
angle, and range, on a real-time basis, and make these data available
on the acquisition buss for use by the MPS-25, MPS-26, MPQ-38, M-33, Com-
mand Control, Agave, Optics, and GMD. These stations will then use the
data as an aid in acquiring a target for automatic tracking.
As soon as a station acquires track, the acquisition data are
removed from the synchro drive system, and the internal data become
prime. The acquisition buss data remain available in the event of a
station losing track.
44
The Agave, MPQ-38, Command Control, and M-33 can accept and transmit
only azimuth and elevation data.
The MPS-25 and the MPS-26 systems can accept and transmit azimuth,
elevation and range data. The USQ-20B can transmit azimuth, elevation
and range data through D/S converters.
RADAR
The Barking Sands Radar Complex is comprised of four radars: one
each C-band MPS-25 and MPS-26, two S-band MPQ-38, and an X- and S-band
M-33 acquisition and tracking radar. The instrumentation radars can:
(1) serve redundantly to track the same vehicles in both the C- and S-
band, or (2) simultaneously track separate vehicles.
AN/MPS-25 Radar
The MPS-25 is a van-enclosed C-band tracking radar with a 10-ton
antenna, pedestal-mounted on a 20-ft tower. It can perform skin or
beacon tracking to a range of 2000 mi. The tracking accuracy is 0.1
mil RMS in azimuth and elevation, and 5 yd RMS in range.
The MPS-25 is used primarily as a satellite and ICBM tracking
radar, but also provides missile trajectory data for many other programs.
AN/MPS-26 Radar
The MPS-26 is a van-enclosed C-band tracking radar with a beamwidth
of 1.5 ° and can perform skin or beacon tracking to a range of 2000 mi.
It is located at Barking Sands to serve as a long-range tracking radar
and to assist the MPS-25 in acquisition.
The MPS-26 is used at this station for satellite and ICBM tracking,
and to provide missile trajectory characteristics for development and
study programs.
AN/MPQ-38 Radar
The van-enclosed MPQ-38 radar is capable of tracking in S-band,
both skin and beacon, to a range of 200 mi. Its primary function is to
support Target Drone programs; it is also used in area surveillance and
as an acquisition aid to assist the U.S. Weather Bureau.
45
M-33 Radar
The M-33 is a fully integrated dual-van radar, with an S-band 60-mi
range acquisition system and an X-band tracking system of 50-mi range
capability. A polar-to-cartesian converter, linear time recorders, and
an X-Y recorder are incorporated in the van.
During local rocket control launch operations, the acquisition radar
assists the Range Officer in performing area surveillance. The X-band
tracking radar is used primarily in support of U.S. Weather Bureau Meteor-
ological High Altitude Wind Studies, and secondarily to support Navy Fleet
Operations.
OPERATIONS CONTROL CENTER (OCC)
Operations are coordinated and conducted from the Operations Control
Center, located in the Range Operations Building. All information rele-
vant to an operations status is relayed to OCC. Instrumentation data
from site tracking stations are displayed in the Center, command control
signals for drone control originate from a console located here, and all
site operational communications are controlled by this station during an
operation.
Data display equipment in this facility consists of three radar
plot boards and associated converters, a Command Control Monitor Console,
status alert monitor lights, one oscillograph, and three strip chart
recorders.
A "Fox" Console is utilized by a control operator to pilot the
drone on its prescribed flight path.
The Range Facilities Control Officer (RFCO), Instrumentation Coordi-
nator (IC), and the Range Operations Supervisor (ROS) consoles include
communications circuits to allow loop conferences within the site and
with off-site stations, and monitoring of station communications. The
desired communications setup may be selected and activated by depres-
sing a touch-light switch on the console. Monitor status lights, indi-
cating the operational status of each system, are available.
46
Telemetry data readout is not provided at OCC. However, the telem-
etry facility, adjacent to OCC, has extensive real-time readout facilities.
AGAVE (AUTOMATIC GIMBALED ANTENNA VECTORING EQUIPMENT)
The Agave unit is an automatic angle tracking device with a rela-
tively large antenna beamwidth which enables acquisition of a target
within a large angular region. The associated electronic equipment is
located in the antenna pedestal housing and in the telemetry facility.
The Agave antenna also serves as the primary telemetry system antenna.
The unit measures continuously the azimuth and elevation angle of air-
borne targets, and provides acquisition data (in the form of synchro
data) to the acquisition data system. The synchro tracking data are
used by more highly directive tracking systems.
The Agave system tracks a space or airborne vehicle in azimuth and
elevation by means of the telemetry signal transmitted from the vehicle.
It can acquire and track a signal over a frequency range large enough
to accommodate transmitter instability and doppler shift within the
215 to 265 MHz range.
The system uses a high-gain "iron cross" antenna consisting of
four elements, in conjunction with a receiver and servo-system, to
acquire and track the signal source.
TELEME TRY
The telemetry facility, located in the Range Operations Building,
is equipped for VHF and HF signal reception, demodulation, recording,
and reduction of data telemetered from aircraft, missiles, and orbital
vehicles.
This equipment accommodates FM/FM, PAM-FM/FM, PDM-FM/FM and PCM/FM
signal reception. Ten VHF radio frequencies may be received simultane-
ously. Magnetic tape recorders are used to record either pre-detection
or post-detection signals. The Agave system antenna is the primary
antenna for this system. All IRIG standard discriminators are available
-- narrow-band channels 1 to 18 and wide band channels A to E.
47
PAM/PDM decommutation is available for decommutation of 30 data
channels at rates from 1 to 5000 PPS. Additional modules may be added
to accommodate 90 channels. PCM data may be tape recorded only.
Meters, direct writing recorders, and oscillographs are utilized
for "quick look" data presentation and documentation.
Video patch bays and extensive rack-mounted test equipment facili-
tate rapid setup and calibration of the station for operational use.
COMMUNICATIONS
The range telecommunications system at Barking Sands was installed
to support operations of Pacific Missile Range, Hawaiian Area. This
system provides support to fleet operations, and to orbital, missile,
and meteorological programs. PMR services are provided by the Barking
Sands facility for various National Range programs. Intersite communi-
cations at Barking Sands are also provided.
Microwave links between Kokee Park and Barking Sands provide voice,
data transmission, timing, teletype and remote radio transmission.
Communications to Kaneohe consist of voice and teletype.
High-level RF interference at the instrumentation site led to
establishment of the present remote radio frequency communication facil-
ity, situated approximately 0.5 mi north of Barking Sands Instrumentation
Complex. The facility consists of a communications underground bunker,
a medium-power transmitter van, an all-purpose communications van and an
antenna farm.
Landline cable facilities link radio circuits to the range tele-
communication center for operational programming and control.
Frequency ranges and mode of operations consist of communications
in the AM, SSB, and FSK modes in the HF frequency band, and AM commun-
ications in the VHF and UHF frequency bands.
TIMING
The Timing Operations Center (TOC) at Barking Sands generates a
series of individual, identifiable groups of electrical pulses held in
48
an extremely close time relationship. These pulses are used for corre-
lation of telemetry, radar, and other data transmitted to and received
from weapon systems, satellites or space vehicles.
TOC includes two identical but completely independent time signal
generators, each supplied from separate precision frequency standards
and powered by independent power supplies.
The complete system consists of a WWV receiver, two frequency
standards, a clock divider, a transfer and alarm panel, time base gener-
ators, timing patch panel, line driver amplifiers, power supplies,
monitor oscilloscope, recording oscillograph and other components re-
quired for a completely integrated and functional system.
The equipment is capable of generating IRIG formats A, B, C, D, E,
and PMR timing signals. Any of these signals may be distributed to a
maximum of 40 users by line driver amplifiers; 12 are presently being
utilized at Barking Sands. The signals are supplied to nominal 600-ohm
balanced wire lines at any level between -20 and +12 dbm. Six addi-
tional single-ended outputs are available in parallel form for distri-
bution as dc voltage levels on 100-ohm balanced lines. The present
wiring to the line keyer pin board allows the selection of any 6 bits
of the 17-bit second storage register. However, any function may be
rewired to the line keyer.
Present TOC site timing distribution follows:
*USQ-20B utilizes IRIG format B only.
*Telemetry center utilizes IRIG formats B and C.
*Radar data from the MPS-25 and MPS-26 is time-correlated
via the USQ-20B.
*Remaining radars have data time-correlated via strip
recorders in the Operations Center of the Range
Operations Building.
COMMAND CONTROL
The FRW-2 Command Control System transmits high-power RF signals
to missiles and target drones to provide: (1) guidance and control, and
49
(2) destruct signals for range safety purposes. Services of this system
are used extensively for drone control during naval fleet training exercises.
The basic system consists of coding equipment which translates
command signals into audio tones that modulate an FM transmitter operat-
ing in the UHF band. The transmitter operates into a high-gain antenna
array, automatically positioned by tracking information from the acquisi-
tion buss; or the transmitter may be manually controlled locally. Moni-
toring and decoding equipment translates the modulation intelligence
into visual display which confirms the outgoing commands.
FREQUENCY CONTROL AND ANALYSIS (FCA)
Frequency control and analysis equipment at Barking Sands consists
of a mobile 20-ft FCA truck and a semi-mobile 40-ft van. The truck has
a built-in motor-generator power source and is completely transportable;
the van requires an external 208-v, 60-Hz power input.
The truck provides FCA operation support in areas beyond line of
sight from the FCA van. The truck and van work in conjunction, using
triangulation methods to locate interference signals.
Electronic equipment combinations in the truck and van perform the
following functions:
· Spectrum surveillance from 550 kHz to 10.7 GHz.
* Direction finding over most of the RF spectrum.
Signal analysis.
High accuracy frequency measurement throughout their
operating range.
Field strength measurements.
The FCA van also provides graphic recording of signal strength
and command functions, and tape recording of all types of signal infor-
mation from 50 Hz to 25 kHz.
The truck and van are provided with their own HF and UHF radio
communications equipment so that operations with other stations may be
coordinated as a range-wide system. The van is also hard-wired into
site communications via the Telecommunications Center.
50
Much of the van equipment is installed in duplicate for simultane-
ous operation and to provide back-up in case of equipment failure during
an operation. The van has adequate storage space for spare parts and may
be made self-sustaining in maintenance. A 5-ton air conditioner and an
18-kw heating system facilitate operation under a wide range of climatic
conditions.
MISS-DISTANCE INDICATOR (MDI) AN/USQ-llA
The Miss-Distance Indicator, AN/USQ-11, measures the distance
between two moving objects in space. Miss-distance measurements are
accomplished by detection and measurement of frequency changes due to
the doppler effect.
A missile transmitter telemetry signal, a target transponder and
ground station receiving equipment are employed in determining the
doppler frequency and the resulting missile-target proximity information.
51
REFERENCES
1. Prince, J. K.: "The Hawaiian Islands and Barking Sands
Tactical Underwater Range Facilities," report in prepara-
tion at Naval Missile Center.
2. Gentzler, R. F., and C. A. Olson: "Study of Surface
Meteorological Observations for Barking Sands, Kauai,
Hawaii, and Upper-Level Wind Measurements Made at Barking
Sands and Lihue, Kauai, Hawaii, and Johnston Island,"
Technical Memorandum SCTM 5-63 (72), Sandia Corporation,
Albuquerque, N. Mex., March 1963.
3. "Uniform Summary of Winds Aloft Observations, Pibals and
Rawins, Oahu TH/Wheeler AFB, Nov. '37, Mar. '38, Jun. '38-
Dec. '41, Jun.-Jul. '43, Dec. '44-Feb. '45, Nov.-Dec. '46,
Jan., Mar. '47," 22508, Air Weather Service (MATS).
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