![Page 1: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on
Switching Tree Coding
Speaker: Chin-Chen Chang
![Page 2: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
VQ image compression
Watermarking
Search order coding (SOC)
Switching tree coding (STC)
![Page 3: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
VQ Image Compression
![Page 4: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ImageIndex table
Vector Quantization Encoder
wh
VQ Compression
![Page 5: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
ImageIndex table
Vector Quantization Decoder
wh
VQ Compression
![Page 6: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
PSNR = 29.62 dB Accuracy rate 99.95%
Watermarking
![Page 7: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
CW0
CW1
CW2
CW3
CW4
CW9
CW10
CW11
CW12
CW6
CW7
CW8
CW14
CW15
CW13
CW5
CODEBOOK
Finds the nearest pairs
![Page 8: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
CW0
CW1
CW2
CW3
CW4
CW9
CW10
CW11
CW12
CW6
CW7
CW8
CW14
CW15
CW13
CW5
Find d(CW0, CW8) > TH
d(CW13, CW14) > TH
Unused
CW0, CW8, CW1
3, CW1
4
hide 1
hide 0
CW1
CW11
,CW2
,CW3
CW4, CW5
CW6, CW7
CW15, CW10
CW12, CW9
![Page 9: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
w
h
Original Image Index Table
Index TableUnused
CW0, CW8,
CW13, CW14
Encode
![Page 10: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Water mark: 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
Index Table
11
00 0 1
0 11 1
10
0
CW1, CW2,
CW4, CW5
CW6, CW7
CW11, CW3
CW15, CW10
CW12, CW9
hide 1 hide 0
1 0
Water mark
![Page 11: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Water mark: 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
Index Table
11
00 0 1
0 11 1
10
0
CW1, CW2,
CW4, CW5
CW6, CW7
CW11, CW3
CW15, CW10
CW12, CW9
hide 1 hide 0
1 0
Water mark
![Page 12: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Water mark: 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
Index Table
11
00 0 1
0 11 1
10
0
1 0
Water mark
![Page 13: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Search-Order Coding (SOC)
![Page 14: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
An example for indices of VQ
![Page 15: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Search-Order Coding (SOC)
321
04
5
6 7 8 9 10
11
Searched point Non-searched point
![Page 16: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
31 207 207
211
31 207 8 20731 211 8 735 31 8 7
The compressing steps
Search-Order Coding (SOC)
P1 = 1 00011111
Indicator
P2 = 1 11001111
P3 = 0 00
…
P6 = 0 10
Compression codes = 100011111 111001111 000 …
![Page 17: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Information hiding on the SOC codes
The proposed scheme: - Information hiding: to embed secret data into host image - Steganography :
to embed secret data into host image and the interceptors will not notice the existence of secret data
- Based on SOC
![Page 18: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Information hiding on the SOC codes
Main idea:Ex. receiver receives the compression codes : 010101101110110110011000011
SOC SOC SOCOIVOIV(original index value)
It means that the embedded secret data is “01100” if SOC is represented to hide “0” and OIV is represented to hide “1”.
![Page 19: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Information hiding on the SOC codes
Method:ex. A 3*3 index table:
1 2 3
1 18 21 31
2 30 30 31
3 29 30 32
If the secret data is “111110100”, then the hiding position of each bit will be in the raster scan order.
![Page 20: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Embedding phase:
Defined: “0” embedded into SOC and
“1” embedded into OIV.
SOC ====> there is nothing that needs to change for its
compression codes
hide “0”
SOC ====> translate SOC into OIV
(give up SOC coding and keep the OIV)
hide “1”
OIV ====> there is nothing that needs to change hide “1”
OIV ====> translate OIV into SOC
ex.
hide “0”
+ OIV11(SOC)
Information hiding on the SOC codes
![Page 21: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Information hiding on the SOC codes
Ex.
compression codes are still OIV: 100010010
translate SOC into OIV : 000 => 100011110
translate OIV into SOC : 100100000 => 01100100000
![Page 22: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Cost table (bits):
Information hiding on the SOC codes
![Page 23: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Security: For enhancing the security of our
method, the position in the index table for hiding each bit of secret data can be determined by using pseudo random number generator, and the secret data can be encrypted by using traditional cryptography system such as DES or RSA in advance.
Information hiding on the SOC codes
![Page 24: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Experimental results
![Page 25: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Experimental results
![Page 26: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Experimental results
![Page 27: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Experimental results
![Page 28: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Switching tree coding (STC)
![Page 29: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Switching-tree coding (STC)
Sheu proposed the STC algorithm in 1999
Re-encode the index table
the current index
U
L
![Page 30: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Switching-tree coding (STC)
If P = 7, then P = U P’ = ‘11’
If P = 10, then P = L P’ = ‘10’
![Page 31: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
If P = 14, then P = A in index (3) P’ = ‘01’ || index (3) = ‘0100011’
If P = 17, then P’ = ‘01’ || (17) = ‘0010001’
![Page 32: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Information Hiding on the STC codes (IHSTC)
![Page 33: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Information Hiding on the STC codes (IHSTC)
Watermark: 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 …
Index table
![Page 34: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Information Hiding on the STC codes (IHSTC)
Watermark: 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 …
P’ = ‘00’||(10)
‘00’||(25)
‘00’||(21) … ‘00’||(17)
![Page 35: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Information Hiding on the STC codes (IHSTC)
Watermark: 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 …
P’ = ‘00’||(10)
‘00’||(25)
‘00’||(21) … ‘00’||(17)
‘10’
![Page 36: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Information Hiding on the STC codes (IHSTC)
Watermark: 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 …
P’ = ‘00’||(10)
‘00’||(25)
‘00’||(21) … ‘00’||(17)
‘10’
‘10’ ‘00’||(128) …
![Page 37: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Information Hiding on the STC codes (IHSTC)
Watermark: 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 …
P’ = ‘00’||(10)
‘00’||(25)
‘00’||(21) … ‘00’||(17)
‘10’
‘10’ ‘00’||(128) …
‘11’
![Page 38: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Three binary connection tree
![Page 39: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Three binary connection tree
If U-length > L-length then Tree B
If U-length < L-length then Tree C
Otherwise Tree A
Tree B
Tree C
![Page 40: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Experiment results
Image size = 512*512, n = 3 and |H| = 1024
![Page 41: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Image size = 512*512, n = 3 and |H| = 2048
Image size = 512*512, n = 3 and |H| = NSTC
Experiment results
![Page 42: A Secret Information Hiding Scheme Based on Switching Tree Coding](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56815a94550346895dc80ed5/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Image size = 512*512, n = 5 and |H| = 1024
Image size = 512*512, n = 5 and |H| = 2048
Image size = 512*512, n = 5 and |H| = NSTC