A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM
Carlos Maximiliano Mollo, INFN Naples, Italy
Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
Vacuum Photo-Multiplier Tube vs. Silicon Photo-Multiplier
VPMT SiPM
Single photon counting capable
linearity-to-gain ralationship robustness
Low operating voltagesspread in transit time
difficulty in single photon counting
Hamamatsu R7600
Active area 18 x 18 mm2
gain >106
Dark counts few kcps
B-field immunity no
Hamamatsu S10931-025P
Active area 3 x 3 mm2
gain 2.75 x 105
Dark counts few Mcps
B-field immunity yes
Small sensitive surface!
Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
To increase sensitive surface
Light concentrators
Compound Parabolic Concentrators (CPC)
Pyramidal concentrators
Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
Compound Parabolic Concentrators (CPC)
Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
Compound Parabolic Concentrators (CPC)Monte Carlo Simulations
A detailed simulation of a CPC with 25°acceptance angle (CPC25°) has been performed. The simulated CPC25°is an optical B270 glass cone with 9.01 mm entrance diameter, 2.50 mm exit diameter and 19.25 mm length, which is commercially available by Edmund Optics.
Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
Pyramidal ConcentratorMonte Carlo Simulations
The pyramidal light concentrator simulated in this work is an optical glass N-BK7 device with 7.5 x 7.5 mm2 entrance surface, 2.5 x 2.5 mm2 exit surface and 50 mm length, commercially available by Edmund Optics. From simulation, a good (and almost uniform up to 20°) transmission efficiency is obtained for this geometry.
Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
Surface sensitivity measurements
Pyramidal concentratorsPresents an uniform transmissionEfficiency over their entrance Surface!
CPC
Pyramidal Concentrator
Steps by 0.100 mmLaser spot diameter: 0.9 mm
Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
MPPC + Light Concentrator measurements
Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
For single photon counting applicationspyramidal concentrators are better than CPCsUniform efficiency over entrance surface
Better fill factor using matrices of several MPPC + light concentrator
Greater acceptance angles than CPCwithout compromise surface efficiency uniformity
Light Concentrator choice
Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
Sensitive surface of Single MPPC + Light concentrator is still too small ( 6 x 6 mm2) MPPCs + Light concentrators matrix
Digital OR Circuit based on FPGA
Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array)
For example a 2x2Matrix
Single MPPC dataavailable
Possible control on a MPPC malfunction
Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array)
Digital circuit developed using Xilinx ISE 10.1
Simulated using ModelSim by Mentor Graphics
Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
FPGA simulations
Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
FPGA simulations
Processing time: 5 clock cycles
Clock @ 200 MHz
Processing time: 25 ns
Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
Evaluation Board
Analog inputs
DATA12 bit LVDS
clock
DATA 16 bit TTL
Ctrl. Add.4 bit TTL USB connection
PC
250 MSps12 bit LVDS
pipelined successiveapproximation architecture
ADC
Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
Evaluation Board
Analog inputs
DATA12 bit LVDS
clock
DATA 16 bit TTL
Ctrl. Add.4 bit TTL USB connection
PC
ADC
12 bits: 4096 levels Reference voltage: 2.5 VSingle photo-electron signal: 5 mV
8 quantization levels for each single photo-electron detectedMaximum photo-electrons detectable: 500
Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
Timing Analysis
ADC
Latency L 7.5 Clock Cycles
FPGA
Latency 5 Clock Cycles
Total Latency13 Clock Cycles
65 ns @ 200 MHz
Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
FPGA Place and route
Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
Evaluation Board test
we have seen a drastic dark counts reductionUsing a threshold corresponding to 3 photo-electrons
Power consumption:350 mA @ 5.5V
Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
Our goal To build a 9x9 elements
matrix with a total surface of 22.5 x 22.5 mm2
Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
Modular System
We can make a matrix of matrices with the same paradigm used for MPPCs
Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
Thank you!
Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany
References
[1] A.A. Radu et al., Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 446 (2000) 497-505. [2] F. Lucarelli et al., Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 589 (2008) 415–424. [3] K. Bernlöhr et al., Astroparticle Physics 20 (2003) 111–128. [4] R. Winston, W.T. Welford, High Collection Nonimaging Optics, Academic Press, New York, 1989. [5] www.edmundoptics.com [6] J. Ninkovic et al., Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 617 (2010) 407–410. [7] W.G.Oldham IEEE ‘TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES, VOL. ED-19, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 1972.
[8] G. Barbarino, R. de Asmundis, G. De Rosa, C. M. Mollo, S. Russo and D. Vivolo (2011). Silicon Photo Multipliers Detectors Operating in Geiger Regime: an Unlimited Device for Future Applications, Photodiodes - World Activities in 2011, Jeong-Woo Park (Ed.) ISBN: 978-953-307-530-3, InTech.
[9] KENNET KAD5612P data sheet.
[10] XILINX Spartan 3E data sheet.