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A Landscape Architect‟s challenge to avoid
using invasive exoticsHow invasive exotic plants end up in our landscapes and strategies to
lessen their role.
Steve Sanchez
HGOR, Inc.Atlanta, GA
Wisteria sinensis
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Why do we plant ornamental plants?
• To perform a function
Human Function Direct a view
Screening
Provide Shade
Slope Stabilization
Environmental FunctionTo restore an ecosystem
• For the attraction of its aesthetic qualities
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The first exotic ornamental plants that were brought to the “New World” were
familiar plants from Europe.
Buxus sempervirens
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Andre Michaux discovered many of our most attractive native plants in his exploration of
the south and introduced them to Europe
Magnolia macrophylla Rhododendron catawbiense
Pinckneya pubens
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What did Michaux introduce to American gardens?
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The eastern US has only one area
Why do we have so many plants from Asia in the Nursery trade?
Asia (China, Korea, and Japan) has the most similar climate and geography to the
eastern US which results in the most exotic invasives.
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Asia (China, Korea, and Japan) has the most similar climate to eastern US
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The Warm Temperate Region which most closely represents the southern US
lies between the Yellow River and the Yangzte
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The US does not have the large tropical latitudes that China has. This
region served as a reservoir for the warm temperate region during the
last Ice Age.
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More of Asia‟s diversity may have been spared from extinction due to
the lower latitude reservoir.
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Japanese had been hybridizing and selecting improved plants for many
years by the time Europeans came in contact with them
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Americans continue to hybridize Asian plants which renews the interest
in them
Autumn Amethyst Encore Azalea
Lagerstroemia x „Muskogee‟Hydrangea macrophylla „Endless Summer‟
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How does a landscape architect choose the
palette of plants to use in a design?
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Landscape Category BreakdownHow does the Eastern US compare with Asia?
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Shade TreesThe Eastern US is fortunate in having abundant native shade trees to choose from.
In the southeast we have approximately 18 oaks and 14 other shade trees in the trade.
Quercus nuttallii Acer rubrum Ulmus americana Ulmus parvifolia
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Evergreen TreesJust species alone, there are approximately 60 to 65 different evergreen trees to choose
from in the Atlanta region.
Cryptomeria japonica Cedrus deodara Ilex latifolia Cupressus arizonica
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Evergreen Trees native to the southeast
There are approximately 20-25 different evergreen tree species native to the southeast
which are available in the trade.
Magnolia grandiflora Prunus caroliniana Ilex cassine
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Evergreen Trees native to the SE piedmont There are approximately 7-8 different evergreen tree species native to the
southeastern Piedmont which are available in the trade.
Ilex opaca Juniperus virginiana Pinus taeda
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Evergreen ShrubsOver 70 percent of the shrubs used in southeastern commercial landscapes are
evergreens.
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Evergreen ShrubsJust species alone, there are approximately 80 to 90 different evergreen shrubs to
choose from in the Atlanta region.
Rhododendron x „Formosa‟
Rhaphiolepis indica Loropetalum chinense „Burgundy‟
Camellia sasanqua
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Evergreen Shrubs native to the southeastThere are approximately 20 different evergreen shrubs native to the southeast which are
available in the trade.
Illicium parviflorum
Agarista populifolia
Ilex glabra
Myrica cerifera
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Evergreen Shrubs native to the SE piedmont There are approximately 8-9 different evergreen shrubs native to the southeastern
Piedmont which are available in the trade.
Rhododendron maximum Leucothoe fontanesiana
Kalmia latifolia Rhododendron carolinianum
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Flowering Trees and Shrubs other than white Of the approximate 75 southeastern trees and shrubs with showy flowers, two-thirds are
white.
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New cultivars with color are being developed.
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Groundcovers–There are a handful of tough groundcovers that can take commercial conditions. None
are native
Liriope spicata
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Groundcovers–There are a handful of tough groundcovers that can take commercial conditions. None
are native
Euonymus fortunei „Coloratus‟
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We won‟t mention certain groundcovers!
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Native Groundcovers–
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Native Groundcovers for full sun–
Eragrostis spectabilis
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The winter look of most native grasses is a tough sell
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Ornamental Grasses–We have some good native ornamental grasses but they can be overwhelmed by their
Asian cousins
Liriope spicata
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Native plants offer the solution to many of
our invasive plant problems, but they have
their limitations
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Many people just find the native flora
to be “common”
People are always drawn to the
exotic and different
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Native plants are more adapted to this environment
Viburnum acerifolium
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The area of China most similar in temperature range to Atlanta
has a smaller annual rainfall
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Many Asian plants are in the trade because they are drught tolerant and overall tough.
Ilex cornuta „Needlepoint‟
Ilex cornuta „Rotunda‟Ilex cornuta „Burfordii‟
Ilex cornuta „Carissa
‟
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Many natives are difficult to grow–Certain native plants are notoriously finicky and require exact conditions
Stewartia ovataKalmia latifolia
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Broadcasting grass seed is the most efficient way to prevent
erosion over large graded areas
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Even a “native” can turn out to be invasive
Prunus caroliniana
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Hydrangea arborescens
Many native species lack the aesthetic flare to compete
with the non-natives
Hydrangea arborescens „Annabelle‟
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Almost all non-native plants in the trade are
„improved‟ cultivarsThey have little resemblance to there wild cousins
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Aesthetics, Aesthetics, AestheticsIn the end, native plants will never gain widespread acceptance if we don‟t
exploit their aesthetics
Physocarpus opulifolius „Diablo‟
Rhus typhina „Tiger Eyes‟Itea virginica „Henry‟s Garnet‟
Fothergilla major „Mt. Airy‟
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Hybrids for Aesthetics
Calycanthus sinensis Calycanthus floridus
Calycanthus x raulstonii „Hartledge Wine‟Calycanthus x „Venus‟
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Other factors which make exotics attractive or
difficult to remove from the landscape industry
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Certain species which show mild tendencies of self-seeding would
be difficult to remove from the trade.
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Lagerstroemia x „Natchez‟
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The urban tough plants will always be desirable
Hurricane Katrina
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The only shrub to survive 3 weeks under water
Nandina domestica
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Certain exotic plants are so unique that there is no substitute
Phyllostachys viridis „Robert Young‟
Sasa veitchii
Hibanobambusa tranquillans 'Shiroshima'
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Many exotics will be used for years before we discover their
hidden potential.
When do we start to take action?
Bradford Pear
Pyrus calleryana „Bradford‟ Pyrus calleryana „Chanticleer‟
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Can we catch them before its too late?
Bradford Pear
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Should we ban a new introduction if it‟s family lineage has proved
to be invasive?
Sapium japonicum
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Many landscape architects don‟t know which plants are invasive
Akebia quinata
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Many landscape architects don‟t even know enough about plants to tell a native from a non-native
“I'm glad you suggested the butterfly bush as we've had great success
with it recently. A good native too.”
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Most people don‟t realize the invasives that surround
them
• Elaeagnus pungens
• Ligustrum sinense
• Mahonia bealei
• Lonicera maackii
• Nandina domestica
• Ligustrum lucidum
• Ilex crenata
• Ilex cornuta
• Wisteria sinensis
• Hedera helix
• Clematis terniflora
• Polygonum aubertii
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The nursery trade does not help the
Landscape Architect to discourage the
use of exotic invasives
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We should be cautious of exotic plants with
showy fruit
Mahonia bealeiCallicarpa dichotoma
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Or develop fruitless varieties for the trade
Nandina domestica
„Gulf Stream‟
Nandina domestica
„Fire Power‟
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Old exotics are being reintroduced
Albizzia julibrissen „Summer Chocolate”Ligustrum sinense „Swift Creek‟
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Just when you thought it was safe to go outside again
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Many growers and hybridizes are drawn by the beauty or
profit potential
Pennisetum purpureum „Princess‟
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Landscape Architects do get some opportunities to
promote a more environmentally sensitive landscape
UPS Headquarters
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We surveyed the site to choose the most appropriate plants for
the project.
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At that time we had to get some of the material contract-grown
Decumaria barbara
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What needs to occur to lessen the role of exotic
invasive plants in the landscape
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Government Regulations
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We are an independent country that fiercely dislikes to be
restricted from free commerce
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More information on which species are the more aggressive
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Georgia State Flower
Rosa laevigata – Cherokee Rose
(invasive exotic)
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Old habits, no matter how invasive, die hard!
Ligustrum sinense –
Chinese Privet
(invasive exotic)