Download - A Brief History of Resilience
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A Brief History of
RESILIENCEA Brief History of
RESILIENCE
David AlexanderUniversity College London
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There'sa uniqueLondonflavour toresilience:I willexplainwhy....
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Caveat emptor: this is a storyof dead white males, not ofwomen or ethnic diversity.
Much as I would like to,I can't rewrite history.
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RESILIENCE: the abilityto overcome the impactsof large, negative events
[by a combination of resistance and adaptation].
Not the only definition,not exclusive,
not comprehensive,and not incontestable.
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Hypothesis: by examining the history of the resilience concept,we can understand better its meanings in the context of contemporary science.A recent publication listed28 definitions of resilience.
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"Originally developed as an ecologicalconcept, resilience is being applied to coupled human-environment systems."(Berkes 2007, p. 286)
"The study of resilience tracesits roots back a scant 50 years."(Goldstein and Brooks 2006, p. 3)
"The concept of resilience was originallydeveloped in the field of ecology."(Djalate et al. 2011, p. 3)
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Marcus Tullius CiceroCicero
106 - 43 BCOrationes
resilio, resilire - to rebound
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Marcus Annaeus SenecaSeneca the Elder
54 BC - AD 39Controversiae
resilio, resilire - leap, to leap
...quanto minus quam in templum resiliuit?
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Publius Ovidius NasoOvid
43 BC – AD 17/18Metamorphoses
resilio, resilire - to shrink, contract
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Marcus Fabius QuintilianusQuintilian
AD 35 - 100Institutio Oratoria
resilio, resilire - to avoid
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Gaius Plinius SecundusPliny the Elder
AD 23 –79Naturalis Historia
resilio, resilire - leaping frogs and fleas
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St Jerome347-420
St John Chrysostom347-407
Sagitta in lapidem numquam figitur,interdum resiliens percutit dirigentem.
"An arrow never lodges in a stone:often it recoils upon its sender."
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Reslience: a concept on the move
résiler
Unverwüstlichkeit
resile
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Henry VIII1491-1547
Anne Boleyn1485-1536
"if the Quene wold herafter resile and goo back"Stephen Gardiner (1483-1555), writing
at Woodstock on 1 September 1529to Thomas Wolsey (1473-1530).
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Resilience
English sciencerises to thechallenge.
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The "cradle"of resilience:
Canonbury TowerLondon N1.
Built in 1509to survive the
Universal Deluge:inhabited in 1625 by Francis Bacon.
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3.9 km
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Francis Bacon1561-1626
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Francis BaconSylva Sylvarum, 1625
[Are we to criticise him for usingthe "greengrocer's apostrophe"?]
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John Amos Comenius1592-1670
Lumen divinum reformatae synopsis"Natural Philosophy Reformed by
Divine Light" (Leipzig, 1633, tr. 1651)
Resiliency
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Thomas Blount 1619-79Glossographia, 1661
"A Dictionary of the HardWords of Whatsoever Language"
First dictionary definition
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Samuel Taylor ColeridgeHymn to Earth
in Friendship's Offering1834
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William J.M. Rankine1858-67
Manual of Applied Mechanics
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William J.M. Rankine, 1858-67A Manual of Applied Mechanics
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Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, 1857
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Perry noted the resilience of the Japaneseafter the Ansei Great Earthquakes, 1854-5
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Norman Garmezy1918-2009
Psychologist
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Ludwig Von Bertalanffy1901-72General
SystemsTheory
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Prof. CrawfordStanley ('Buzz')
Holling[b. 1930],Canadiansystems
ecologist,Universityof Florida
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Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics 4 (1973)
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"But there is another property, termed resilience, that is a
measureof the persistence of systems and of their ability to absorb change and disturbance and
still maintain the same relationships
betweenpopulations or state variables."
(Holling 1973, p.14)
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• analysis of the stability of ecological assemblages
• ideal for island ecology and other well-defined systems
• in line with GST resilience is an equilibrium tendency
• promotes a narrow view of the resilience concept
• Holling's approach has been widely used uncritically.
Holling's use of the resilience concept
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"Resilience is a systems concept*, andthe social-ecological system, as an
integrated and interdependent unit,may itself be considered a complex
adaptive system."(Berkes and Ross 2013, p. 14)
*not necessarily!
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Causes of disasternatural
geophysical,technological,
socialHistorysingle andcumulativeimpactof pastdisasters
Humancultures
constraints
andopportunit
ies IMPACTSIMPACTS
Adaptationto risk
RESILIENCE
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Neil AdgerUniversity of East Anglia
Progress in HumanGeography, 2000
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Urie Bronfenbrenner1917-2005
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SocietyCulturePoliticsEconomyWelfare
HospitalsChurchMedia
Community-based
services
FamilyCommuni
tyWorkplac
eindivid
ual
Bronfenbrenner's community resilience theory
Microsystem
MesosystemMacrosystem
Chronosystem
Exosystem
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LAW
STATESMANSHIP
LITERATURE
SCIENTIFICMETHOD
MECHANICS
MANU-FACTURING
ECOLOGY
MANAGEMENT(ADAPTIVE)
CHILDPSYCHOLOGY
ANTHROPOLOGYSOCIAL
RESEARCH
DISASTER RISKREDUCTION
SUSTAINABILITYSCIENCE CLIMATE CHANGE
ADAPTATION
c. BC 50
AD 15291625
1859
19301950
1973
2000
2010
NATURALHISTORY
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RESILIENCE
Social
Tech
nic
al
Physical
Psych
olo
gic
al
CLIMATE CHANGEADAPTATION
DISASTER RISKREDUCTION
OTHER HAZARDSAND RISKS
naturalsocial
technologicalintentionalcompoundcascading
SUSTAINABILITYSCIENCE
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Organisationalsystems:management
Socialsystems:behaviour
Naturalsystems:function
Technicalsystems:
malfunction
VulnerabilityHazard
Resilie
nce
Politicalsystems:decisions
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physicalenvironmental
socialeconomic
health-relatedcultural
educationalinfrastructuralinstitutional
RESILIENCECOPING
VULNERABILITYFRAGILITY
SUSCEPTIBILITY
Organisation:• public
admin.• private
sector• civil society
Community
Individual
Resilience: facets...
...and relationships
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• an objective, a process or a strategy?
• a paradigm, diverse paradigms?
• 'bounce-back' or 'bounce-forward'?
• focuses on the community scale
• can reconcile dynamic & static elements.
Resilience
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RESILIENCE:as a material has brittlestrength and ductility:
society must have an optimumcombination of resistance tohazard impacts and ability
to adapt to them.
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SocietyCulturePoliticsEconomyWelfare
HospitalsChurchMedia
Community-based
services
FamilyCommuni
tyWorkplac
eindivid
ual
Bronfenbrenner's community resilience theory
Microsystem
MesosystemMacrosystem
Chronosystem
Exosystem
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Resilient
culture
Culture of
resilience
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INSTRUMENTS OF
DISSEMINATION• mass media• targeted campaign• social networks• internet
Augmentation
MASSEDUCATIONPROGRAMM
E
HUMANCAPITAL
HABIT
CULTURE
The creation of a culture of civil protection
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Broaderscope andoutcomes
Changingobjectivesof emergencymanagement
Civil Protection
DisasterManagem
ent
Resilience
Civil Contingencies Management
Disaster Risk Reduction
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Natural Hazards and Earth SystemSciences 13(1): 2707-2716 [2013]www.slideshare.com/dealexander
m.slideshare.net/dealexander