Parking as a Smart Growth Strategy
Ruth Steiner, Ph.D.
Andres Blanco, Ph.D.
Dawn Jourdan, esq., Ph.D.
Conventional Policy
• Widen Roads
• Add Lanes
• Free
• Cannot Build our way out of congestion on roads
• Transport Demand Management
• Widen Spaces
• Add Spaces
• Free
• Cannot continue to
oversupply parking
• Parking Management
Delay Reduction
Capacity Utilization
Travel time Reliability Transit
Performance
GHG Emissions
Quality of Life & Sustainability
Economic Development
Why are we doing this?
Congestion levels↑
in the Miami and Fort Lauderdale metropolitan statistical (MSA) area
Parking should be a larger congestion management solution and other community objectives.
The average peak-period traveler in Miami MSA experienced an additional 47 hours extra in travel time and consumed an additional 33 gallons of fuel due to congestion. (TTI, 2007)
Aggregation of 146 million hrs of travel delay and 102 million gallons of wasted fuel, a monetary cost of $2.95 billion, up from a cost of $2.05 million in 1982
FDOT District 4 and 6:
To better understand the extent to which congestion management investments in
Central Business Districts (CBDs) of
Miami Fort Lauderdale
A Study of the Impact of Parking Supply and Demand Management:
Miami and Ft. Lauderdale CBDs
Task 1
Task 2
Task 3
Task 4
Task 5
Task 6
Task 7
Technical advisory
committee
Working with Practitioner
Methodology
Field Survey:
Parking Supply
Pricing/ Rates
Peer Cities: Interview
Review best practices
Review:
Literature
Public Documents
Interview South Florida
Agencies: Planning Departments
Transit Agencies
Parking Authorities
Private Parking Providers
Public Officials
Field Observation
Data Collection :
Parking inventory
Study Area
Image Source: UF – URP Image Source: UF – URP
Parking Supply/Demand
Management
Parking pricing
and management
can impact
Cruising for
parking
Under-pricing of
travel costs
Image Source:
http://www.broward.org/mpo/2035lrtp/broward20
35lrtp_finalplan_web.pdf
Broward 2035 LRTP Project Traffic Congestion
Parking Supply/Demand
Management
TDM/TSM Strategy Miami Fort Lauderdale
Park and Ride X X
Shared Parking X X
Bicycle Parking X X
Reduce Parking Supply X X
Pre-trip parking information X X
Price Parking X X
Lot-specific Information X X
Navigation via Internet-connected Device
Address Variable Demand
Marketing, Education, Cooperation X X
Commercial Parking Tax X
Per-Space Tax Levies
Commuter Benefits X X
Residential Benefit Districts
Reservation System X
Multi-space Meters X X
Pay-by-Phone System X X
Parking Information &
Technology
• Navigation through internet-connected devices
• LED-Based Variable Message Signs
• Lot Specific Information
• How else can we improve user information?
Parking and Transit
Performance
San Francisco – single agency for transit
and parking management
Provide options for various groups
Employees, Tourists/Visitors, Residents
Commuters are responsive to parking
policies
Parking and Transit
Performance
Transit Markets
and other TDM
Options
Perception of
Transit in South
Florida
Image Source:
http://www.miamidade.gov/transit/mover.asp
MDT
MetroMover
Tri-
Rail
Image Source: http://www.tri-
rail.com/
Parking and Revenue Streams The objective of a parking authority:
Should not be revenue maximization
It is the provision of adequate and
convenient parking
In addition, it must support transit and
transportation policies
Parking and Revenue Streams In off-street parking, the objective is to recover
costs and provide a reserve for future capital
improvements through proper pricing.
Parking and Revenue Streams In on-street parking, the objective is to
achieve 85% occupancy through variable
pricing according to the demand.
Parking and Revenue Streams In terms of fines:
59% of revenue is not collected
Fines between twice to 5 times the average
parking daily rate decrease violations but are
politically acceptable
Allocating revenues from fines to parking
authorities (instead to the general fund) can
improve enforcement.
Parking and Revenue Streams More on revenue allocation:
Sharing revenue with neighborhood
associations through „Parking Benefit
Districts’ increase political acceptance,
maximize revenue, and improve
enforcement.
Municipal revenues could be maintained
through „Parking Increment Finance
Districts‟
Parking and Revenue Streams Taxes on Commercial Parking Providers:
Taxes can help to regulate the provision of
parking preventing mismatches of supply
and demand.
In addition, they can provide important
revenues ($100 million in downtown Miami in
the last 10 years)
Commercial operators tend to be more
accepting if governments are already
maximizing income from public parking
facilities
Parking and Revenue Streams Decreasing un-priced parking supply,
increases demand for priced parking:
Parking in lieu: developers pay a fee
instead of providing the required spaces
Unbundling parking: developers sell
parking spaces separated from residential
units
Max caps: developers face a maximum of
parking spaces
Parking and Revenue Streams New technologies for revenue collection could
decrease the incidence of purposeful non-
payment and reduce administration cost:
Pay-and-display meters
Pay-by-space meters
Personal in-vehicle meters
Pay-by-phone
Sustainable Land Use and
Transportation Planning
Land Use regulations have created “seas of
empty parking spaces.”
So, we correct our regulations….
Regulations reformation may not be enough.
Lenders must be helped to understand that
over-supply is not an asset.
Individual behavior must be modified so that
consumers no longer demand storefront
parking.
Stakeholder Verification
Empirical reality v. perception
Driving question:
This is what our research has revealed about
existing conditions, what do you think?
This is what we have identified as best
practices. Would these tools work here?
What are the barriers to implementation?
Information for parking policy Parking Inventory
Facility locations
Type of facility
Number of spaces (estimated and
actual)
Operators
Hours of enforcement
Pricing Schemes
Information for parking policy Parking Inventory
Information for parking policy In terms of parking agencies
Parking agency financial budgets
Municipality budgets
Amount of parking taxes collected
Information for parking policy
In terms of parking agencies
Information for parking policy Transit
Park and Ride lot characteristics
Locations and number of spaces
Usage percentages
Transit agency budget
Sources of funding
Routes
Pricing schemes
Description of services
Ridership counts
LOS
Bicycle facilities
List of relevant agencies
Information for parking policy Transit
Information for parking policy Land Use
Development regulations in different
zones
Detailed analysis of land use
regulatory documents
Information for parking policy Land Use
Questions?