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9. Family, Home, and Society Throughout the Life Span
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9.1 Family Structures
9.2 Family Relations
9.3 Parenting Styles
9.4 Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Perspective
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9.5 Multicultural Perspectives
9.6 Social and Class Influences
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9.7 Abuse and Neglect
9.8 Media and Technology
9.9 Death and Dying
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9.1 Family Structures
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Who heads the family? •Married heterosexual
couple
• Single parent
• Parent + stepparent
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Who heads the family? •Multigenerational adults
•Unwed partners
• Same-sex couple
•Any of above with adoptees
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9.2 Family Relations
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Interrelationships •Couple relationship
•Define quality/atmosphere of family life
•Marital satisfaction lowest when children very young
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Interrelationships • Sibling relationships
•Attachment, rivalry, etc.
• Influenced by culture
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9.3 Parenting Styles
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Ways to parent
•Authoritarian: top-down rules and decisions; goal = compliance
• Permissive: friendly, allowing, forgiving; goal = harmony, creativity
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Ways to parent
•Authoritative = discussion, explaining, consequences; goal = self-management
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Consequences •Authoritarian ➔
withdrawn/isolated or rebellious
• Permissive ➔ social, academic, emotional adjustment problems
•Authoritative ➔ success and popularity
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9.4 Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Perspective
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Ecology of family •Widening circles of
influence
•Relationships within family, extended family
•Neighborhood, culture, society
• Time, place, economics, politics
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9.5 Multicultural Perspectives
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Culture affects family •Determines dominant
parenting style
•Defines gender roles
• Influences expectations, obligations toward siblings
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Culture affects family • Influences goals of
child-rearing
• SES influences leisure time, disposable income, etc.
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Ethnic identity
•Distinct from racial identity
•Related to self-concept and self-identity
•Begins in adolescence
•Related to cognitive gains, ability to think abstractly
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Ethnic identity
• Think about relation to group
• Think about group’s relation to other groups
• Solidifies in adulthood
➔ Identification with ethnic group changes throughout life span
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9.6 Social and Class Influences
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Influence of SES
• Low SES stress on family: economic, nutritional, resources
•Early vocabulary affected by low SES from differences in verbal stimulation
•Malnutrition ➔ stunted growth and delayed menarche
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Influence of SES • Low SES males
especially at risk for social problems and school retention
•Downward spiral: low motivation, low achieving, behavior problems in/out of school
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9.7 Abuse and Neglect
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Physical abuse • Force that can harm
health, survival, development or dignity •Hit, kick, shake, scratch,
pinch, scald, burn forced positions or ingestion
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Physical abuse ➔ Personality disorders, PTSD, depression, anxiety, aggression, substance abuse, and eating disorder
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Sexual abuse • Pressure to engage in
sexual activities, indecent exposure, display pornography, sexual/genital contact
➔ Guilt, PTSD, fears, sexual dysfunction, addictions, eating/personality disorders
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Psychological abuse • Isolate, terrorize, deny
emotional response, humiliate to convey worthlessness
➔ Self-blame, abnormal attachment, internalization, learned helplessness
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Neglect• Lack of care,
nourishment, supervision •Absenteeism, clothing
lack, medical and dental needs, poor hygiene
➔ Physical delays, poor social and relational skills, poor executive function
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9.8 Media and Technology
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Technology: child • Screen time •How much at each age? • Instead of play/interaction • Learning • Pro: “edutainment” •Con: Bandura’s clown
aggression study
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Technology: adolescent •Connection •Collaborative learning • Social media to connect
for friendship, activism
•Alienation • Social media to bully • Instead of social skills
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9.9 Death and Dying
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End-of-life choices •Dying at home
• In hospital with medical care
•Advance care directive and DNR
• In hospice with palliative care
• Euthanasia?
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Grieving •Kubler-Ross stages
•Denial
•Anger
•Bargaining
•Depression
•Acceptance
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Grieving •Criticism: some do not
go through stages in order