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9Campaigns and Voting Behavior
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9Evaluate the fairness of our current system of presidential primaries and caucuses
Explain the key objectives of any political campaign
9.1
9.2
Learning Objectives
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9Outline how the financing of federal campaigns is regulated by campaign finance laws
Determine why campaigns have an important yet limited impact on election outcomes
9.3
9.4
Learning Objectives
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9Identify the factors that influence whether people vote
Assess the impact of party identification, candidate evaluations, and policy opinions on voting behavior
9.5
9.6
Learning Objectives
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9Learning Objectives
Evaluate the fairness of the Electoral College system for choosing the president
Assess the advantages and disadvantages of the U.S. system of campaigns and elections
9.7
9.8
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Nomination Game
Competing for Delegates
Convention Send-Off
9.1
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Competing for Delegates
National party convention
9.1
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Riots at the 1968 Democratic national convention
9.1
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Competing for Delegates
National party convention Superdelegates
9.1
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2012 Republican primary debate 9.1
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Competing for Delegates
Caucuses and primaries Iowa caucus New Hampshire primary Proportional versus winner-take-all primaries
9.1
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Competing for Delegates
Evaluating the primary and caucus system Frontloading
9.1
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FIGURE 9.1: A count of Clinton and Obama events during the 2008 nomination campaign
9.1
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Competing for Delegates
Evaluating the primary and caucus system Prominent politicians find it difficult to take time out from
their duties to run Money plays too big a role in the caucuses and primaries Participation in primaries and caucuses is low and
unrepresentative System gives too much power to the media
The 3 Ms
9.1
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Convention Send-Off
Winner foregone conclusion Reduced TV coverage
Party infomercial Carefully scripted
9.1
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9.1 Why were party primaries introduced?
a. Previous nominating process was undemocratic
b. Candidates refused to run without a change of nominating procedure
c. Party leadership demanded it
d. All of the above
9.1
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a. Previous nominating process was undemocratic
b. Candidates refused to run without a change of nominating procedure
c. Party leadership demanded it
d. All of the above
9.1 Why were party primaries introduced?
9.1
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Campaign Game
High-Tech Media Campaign
Organizing the Campaign
9.2
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High-Tech Media Campaign
Main means of reaching voters = TV Internet increasingly important
Direct mail now digital Emails
Digital campaigning via Twitter, Facebook Obligatory for the modern campaign
Two ways to get attention
9.2
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Money and Campaigning
Regulations on Campaign Contributions Regulations on Independent Political
Expenditures Are Campaigns Too Expensive? Does Money Buy Victory?
9.3
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Regulations on Campaign Contributions
9.3
Federal Election Campaign Act (1974) Limits Reporting Public Finanace
Loopholes No limits on spending own money Soft money
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Figure 9.2: How Obama raised more campaign money by declining federal funds
9.3
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Regulations on Independent Political Expenditures 527 groups
New route for soft money Independent expenditures Endorsements forbidden
Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
501(c) groups
Super PACs
9.3
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TABLE 9.1: Biggest 10 Super PAC donations in 2012
9.3
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Are Campaigns Too Expensive?
Yes 2008 federal elections cost $5 billion Fundraising distracts from official duties
No Only .05% of GDP spent on elections About the cost of one DVD per person
How to reform system?
9.3
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Does Money Buy Victory?
Is there a link between money and votes? Some say no Spend more only when weak
Doctrine of sufficiency No need to outspend opponent to win
9.3
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9.3 What are independent political expenditures?
a. Money spent between campaigns to keep an official visible to voters
b. Money spent on bumper stickers and lawn signs to support a candidate
c. Money spent without coordination with a campaign
d. Money spent to endorse a candidate explicitly
9.3
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9.3 What are independent political expenditures?
a. Money spent between campaigns to keep an official visible to voters
b. Money spent on bumper stickers and lawn signs to support a candidate
c. Money spent without coordination with a campaign
d. Money spent to endorse a candidate explicitly
9.3
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Impact of Campaigns
How important are campaigns? Why are conversions rare? Wedge issues
9.4
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9.4 In what way is a campaign least likely to influence voters?
a. Activating voters to participate or
contribute money
b. Converting voters to switch sides
c. Reinforcing voters’ preference for
candidates
d. None of the above
9.4
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a. Activating voters to participate or
contribute money
b. Converting voters to switch sides
c. Reinforcing voters’ preference for
candidates
d. None of the above
9.4 In what way is a campaign least likely to influence voters?
9.4
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Whether to Vote: A Citizen’s First Choice
Deciding Whether to Vote
Registering to Vote
Who Votes?
9.5
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2008 Minnesota Senate race 9.5
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Deciding Whether to Vote
Does one vote matter?
Voting is costly Tuesday is a workday
Is it rational to vote? Policy differences Political efficacy Civic duty
9.5
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Registering to Vote
Voter registration laws differ by state Motor Voter Act (1993)
Voter ID laws Show government-issued photo ID to vote
9.5
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New voter ID laws 9.5
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Who Votes?
Education
Age
Race and ethnicity
Gender, marital status, govt. employment
9.5
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TABLE 9.2: Reported turnout rates for groups of U.S. citizens in 2008 and 2010
9.5
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Rock the Vote 9.5
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9.5 Which demographic group is most likely to vote?
a. Young Hispanics with high school diplomas
b. Young single whites with college degrees
c. Older married people with college degrees
d. Older single people without high school
diplomas
9.5
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9.5 Which demographic group is most likely to vote?
a. Young Hispanics with high school diplomas
b. Young single whites with college degrees
c. Older married people with college degrees
d. Older single people without high school
diplomas
9.5
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How Americans Vote: Explaining Citizens’ Decisions Party Identification
Candidate Evaluations: How Americans See the Candidates
Policy Voting
2012
9.6
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Party Identification
Provide perspective Similar to sports teams and religion Cue to who is on one’s side Simplifies candidate selection
“My party—right or wrong” no more Floating voters Likely to be younger
9.6
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Candidate Evaluations: How Americans See the Candidates Image is key to getting votes
Integrity Reliability Competence
Superficial and irrational?
9.6
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Policy Voting
Voting based on issue preferences Clear sense of policy preferences Know where candidates stand on issues Differences between candidates on issues Vote for candidate closest to own preferences Preferences may not line up with one candidate Candidates deliberately ambiguous
9.6
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2012: A Battle for the Middle-Class Vote
Obama’s “titanic struggle” for reelection Economy and voting behavior
Change versus experience McCain linked with unpopular Bush in 2008 Obama linked with economic woes in 2012
9.6
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Obama wins reelection9.6
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FIGURE 9.3: Electoral College and exit poll results for 2012
9.6
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9.6 Why is it difficult for voters to choose candidates based on issue preferences?
a. Candidates are deliberately ambiguous on policy
b. Voters change preferences often
c. Party platforms are not released publicly
d. Issues change from election to election
9.6
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9.6 Why is it difficult for voters to choose candidates based on issue preferences?
a. Candidates are deliberately ambiguous on policy
b. Voters change preferences often
c. Party platforms are not released publicly
d. Issues change from election to election
9.6
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Last Battle: The Electoral College
Unique American institution Most people want it abolished Archaic and undemocratic
Founders’ plan and revisions President elected by elites Electors = number of Congressmen 48 states are winner-take-all
Battleground states
9.7
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9.7 How many electors does each state have?
a. Same as number of senators
b. Same as number of representatives in the House
c. Same as number of senators plus number of representatives in the House
d. Same number for each state, regardless of size
9.7
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9.7 How many electors does each state have?
a. Same as number of senators
b. Same as number of representatives in the House
c. Same as number of senators plus number of representatives in the House
d. Same number for each state, regardless of size
9.7
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Understanding Campaigns and Voting Behavior
Are Nominations and Campaigns Too Democratic?
Do Elections Affect Public Policy?
Do Campaigns Lead to Increases in the Scope of Government?
9.8
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Are Nominations and Campaigns Too Democratic? Outsiders have a way in
Candidates chosen by voters, not party elites
The permanent campaign Voters overwhelmed Lengthy process discourages candidates Fundraising is worrisome burden
9.8
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Oath of office 9.8
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Do Elections Affect Public Policy?
Two-way street Elections affect public policy to some degree Public policy decisions affect electoral outcomes to
some degree Depends on policy differences between candidates
9.8
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Do Campaigns Lead to Increases in the Scope of Government?
Local promises add up Government as servant rather than master
9.8
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9.8 How does democracy increase the scope of government?a. Voters have less fear of power in a
government they can change
b. Candidates promise to bring tax money home in the form of programs and subsidies
c. Both of the above
d. Neither of the above
9.8
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9.8 How does democracy increase the scope of government?a. Voters have less fear of power in a
government they can change
b. Candidates promise to bring tax money home in the form of programs and subsidies
c. Both of the above
d. Neither of the above
9.8
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Discussion Question
Who votes and who doesn’t in America? What factors influence whether or not someone is likely to vote? Why is voter participation lower in the United States than in most other democracies?
9