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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
Anggaran (Budgetting)
B A H A N A J A R
Powerpoint Slide Prepared by :Dr. Dede Ruslan,M.Si
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
Learning Objectives
• What is a budget
• Purpose of budgets
• Importance of budgets
• Keys to effective budgets
• Budget calendar
• The budget process steps
• Determining break even
• The budget example
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
BUDGETTING
• Budgetting (Penganggaran) merupakan suatu kegiatan atau proses penyusunan anggaran (budget).
• What is a Budget?
Rencana operasional yang dinyatakan secara kuantitatif dalam bentuk satuan uang yang digunakan sebagai pedoman dalam melaksanakan kegiatan-kegiatan lembaga dalam kurun waktu tertentu.
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
What is a Budget?
• A budget is a road map of where you want to go and how you expect to get there.
• Budgets are used for:1. Board Oversight
2. Goal Focus
3. Financial Control
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
KARAKTERISTIK DAN FUNGSI ANGGARAN
1. Karakteristik Anggaran1) Sisi penerimaan (debit)
a) Penerimaan yang bersumber dari Pemerintah
b) Penerimaan yang bersumber dari masyarakat (termasuk orang tua murid)
c) Penerimaan yang bersumber dari pihak lain.
2) Sisi Pengeluaran (Credit)a) Recurrement Expenditure, yaitu pengeluaran rutin
yang bersifat berulang-ulang setiap tahun, seperti gaji dll
b) Capital Expenditure, yaitu pengeluaran untuk barang-barang yang tahan lama, seperti gedung, lab, dll
2. Fungsi Anggaran
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
Function and Purpose of BudgetsFunction of Budget
• Main Functions : Alat untuk perencanaan dan pengendalian serta alat bantu bagi manajemen dalam mengarahkan suatu lembaga menempatkan organisasi dalam posisi yang kuat atau lemah
Second Fucntions :
• Sebagai tolak ukur keberhasilan organisasi dalam mencapai sasaran yang telah ditetapkan.
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
PURPOSE OF BUDGETS• Planning
• Communication
• Motivation
• Control and Evaluation
Manfaat Budget :
1. Sebagai alat penaksir
2. Sebagai alat otorisasi pengeluaran dana
3. Sebagai alat efisiensi
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
The Importance of Budgeting
• The more clear, accurate, and well-thought-out budgets are in the beginning, the more likely you will be able to:
1. Adjust plans, activities, and spending as needed
2. Spend money cost-effectively
3. Reach the specific goals you have set
4. Strengthen internal control system
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
Seven Keys to Effective Budgeting
1. Know your organization’s mission
2. Evaluate existing and potential programs
3. Assign responsibilities
4. Keep the process simple and realistic
5. Get your budget approved
6. Keep score
7. Review and revise as needed
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
Developing the Budgeting Calendar
• The Five Steps1. List major budget development tasks2. Establish overall time frames and
specific deadlines3. Identify those responsible for each
task4. Seek review and comment from board
and staff5. Revise and distribute the final
budgeting calendar
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
THE BUDGET PROCESS
Budget Expenses
Determine Programs and Activities
Budget Revenues
Assemble Draft Budget
Review and Modify Draft Budget
Present Budget Draft for Board Approval
Monitor and Amend Budget
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
Step One: Determine programs and activities
As beginning steps in the budget process:• The board has the responsibility to review the
organization’s mission statement and its specific goals and activities for achieving the mission.
• The board should create a statement of strategic program and service priorities to guide resource and allocation decisions during the budget process.
• The Executive Director should arrange and staff any early strategic planning sessions with the board.
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
Step One: Determine programs and activities
(cont)Once the mission statement has been reviewed
and strategic direction has been developed:• The ED working with the board has the
responsibility for evaluating current programs, assessing needs for new programs or services, and developing long-range financial forecasts and operating plans.
• The Program Managers should provide information on current program needs and the costs and effects of reducing or expanding their individual operations.
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
Step Two: Budget expenses & revenues
After determining current program and activity needs, we are now ready to budget for the upcoming fiscal year’s revenues and expenses. The first step in this process is for the board to establish general budget policies, such as:– Requirements for a balanced budget.
– Decisions about salary increases, hiring, layoffs, new programs, capital projects, and major fundraising efforts or capital campaigns.
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
Step Two: Budget expenses & revenues (cont)
Once general budget policies have been established,the ED working with the CFO should do the following:
• establish draft budget guidelines by setting expense and income targets for the organization as a whole or for specific departments or programs
• establish guidelines or formats for the budget document itself
Additionally, the ED should prepare options and recommendations to guide budget development and the CFO should create a budget development calendar to ensure deadlines are met
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
Step Two: Budget expenses & revenues (cont)
After the CFO has developed the budget calendar, he or she has the following responsibilities:
• communicating budgeting policy and procedures to managers and line staff
• establishing the format for draft budgets• collaborating in setting expense and income
targets in line with strategic plan for programs or units
• developing income and expense forecasts based on reviews of external, economic and competitive trends
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
Step Two: Budget expenses & revenues (cont)
Once the departmental and program managers receive the budget calendar, budget policies and procedures, and draft budget format from the CFO, they can now develop draft budgets for their areas.
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
Step Three: Assemble draft budget
• Once departmental and program manager’s draft budgets have been developed and submitted to the CFO, the CFO should evaluate draft budgets for accuracy, reasonableness, adherence to guidelines, and anticipated resources.
• The CFO should then assemble an organization-wide draft budget to present to Executive Director for review.
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
Step Four: Review and modify draft budget
Once the organization-wide draft budget has been submitted to the ED:
• First, the ED should review the draft budget and make resource allocation decisions.
• Afterwards, the CFO should discuss draft budget with the ED.
• Then, the CFO should write recommendations for reducing, increasing, or allocating requested resources.
• Lastly, the CFO should prepare the budget document once the E.D.’s budget decisions are made and may help present it to the board.
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
Step Five: Present budget draft for board approval
• After the organization-wide draft budget has been reviewed and modified, the ED should present the recommended budget to the board, explaining its provisions and possible consequences, and answering board questions.
• Additionally, the ED with the help of the board should create review committees to study the budget proposed by staff and recommend modifications to the full board.
• Finally, the board should formally review and approve the budget.
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
Step Six: Monitor and amend budget
• Once the budget has been approved, the ED is responsible for working with the CFO to:– Communicate the approved budget to
management and line staff so they clearly understand it.
– Regularly perform financial monitoring to compare actual income and expenses to those budgeted and determine causes for variances, if any.
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
Step Six: Monitor and amend budget (cont)
Additionally as part of the financial monitoring function, the departmental and program managers should monitor income and expenses, and help develop and implement corrective action plans for their specific areas of responsibility.
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PENDAHULUAN
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• Other Possible Participants• Clerical support staff
• Consultants and outside specialists
• Client surveys and volunteers
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
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EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
Budgeting Do’s and Don’ts• Qualities of an effective budget.
1. Realistic – An unrealistic budget is not an effective tool.
2. Consistent – The budget must be consistent with the organization’s long-term objective.
3. Flexible – The budget must be monitored and amended if conditions are not as expected.
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
BUDGETING TECHNIQUES
REVIEW
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PENDAHULUAN
DEFENISI UMUM
EFISIENSI PENDIDIKAN
EFISIENSI INTERNAL
EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
The purposes of budgets include which of the following?
a. Control
b. Planning
c. Evaluation
d. Motivation
e. All of the above
Answer: E. All of the above
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PENDAHULUAN
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EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
True or False
Specific strategies should be in place for meeting only long-range goals.
Answer: False. Strategies should be in place for meeting long-range and short-range goals.
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PENDAHULUAN
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EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL
All of the following are responsibilities of departmental managers EXCEPT:
a. Collaborating with the CFO in reviewing draft budget
b. Providing information on current program costs
c. Establishing the format for draft budgets
d. Developing draft budgets for their departments
Answer: C. The CFO should establish the format for draft budgets.
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True or FalseIn the planning phase of developing a budget,
you compare results to your plan and investigate any variances.
Answer: False. In the planning phase you identify goals, resources, and expected results. In the control and evaluation phase, you compare actual results with expected results and investigate variances.
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All of the following are responsibilities of the Board EXCEPT:
a. Developing budgeting policies
b. Communicating budgeting policies to line staff
c. Developing the organization’s mission statement
d. Creating a statement of strategic program
Answer: B. The CFO should communicate the budgeting policies and procedures to managers and line staff.
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In addition to presenting an organization’s annual plan presented in
dollars, a budget may also be used for the following:
a. To convey a plan to the organization
b. To establish an oversight of the organization’s operations
c. To ensure resources are used as intended
d. A and B
e. All of the above
Answer: E. All of the above
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In order for an organization to maintain its focus on its mission, its budget should have
which quality?
a. Consistency
b. Flexibility
c. Realistic
d. Simplicity
Answer: A. Consistency. The budget must be consistent with the organization’s long-term objective to maintain its focus on its mission.
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PENDAHULUAN
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True or FalseThe budget does not help control finances by setting practical limits on the amount that can be spent on specific programs and activities.
Answer: False
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PENDAHULUAN
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True or FalseFinancial control involves ensuring that
program and activity costs are consistent with revenue.
Answer: True
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All of the following are responsibilities of the Executive Director in the budgeting process
EXCEPT:
a. Formally reviewing and approving the budget
b. Preparing recommendations to guide budget development
c. Arranging and staffing early strategic planning sessions
d. Making resource allocation decisions
Answer: A. The board formally reviews and approves the budget.
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Special Budgeting Considerations for Non-
Profits• Financial Goals
• Multiple funding sources or cycles
• Driving Factors – Types of Budgets1. Expenditure Budget
2. Revenue Budget
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Determining Break-EvenFixed Costs
Fixed Costs
Fixed costs, also referred to as indirect costs, do not vary in total amount
as the quantity of output changes.
Incremental fixed costs are caused when the output goes beyond the
maximum capacity limit.
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Determining Break-EvenFixed Costs
Example of fixed costs:
1. Administrative salaries
2. Depreciation
3. Insurance
4. Property Taxes
5. Rent
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Determining Break EvenFixed Costs
Cost $1,000
Activity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2550
75
100
125
150200
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Determining Break-EvenVariable Costs
Variable costs are sometimes referred to as direct costs. Variable costs are fixed per unit of output but vary in total as output changes (i.e. 1 activity $25k, 2 activities $50k, 3 activities $75k etc.).
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Determining Break-EvenVariable Costs
Examples of variable costs:
1. Direct labor
2. Direct materials
3. Employee travel
4. Equipment
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Determining Break EvenVariable Costs
Cost $1,000
Activity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2550
75
100
125
150200
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Determining Break Even100 % Capacity
Determining optimum point
The basic rule on break-even is to determine the optimum point (Minimum per unit costs at maximum capacity).
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Determining Break Even100 % Capacity
Cost $1,000
Activity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2550
75
100
125
Fixed Cost.
Total Cost.
Cost per Activity
Optimal Point
150200
Break-even = $30,000 per Activity
$37,500
$33,330
$31,250
$30,000
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Determining Break Even80 % Capacity
The 80% rule
A rule of thumb to guide you on the expected cost per activity is done using the 80% rule.
The optimum point should be the minimum costs at 80% capacity.
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Determining Break Even80 % Capacity
Benefits to 80% capacity:
1. Lower employee burnout
2. Increased per unit revenue above 80%
3. Reduction in expected cost overruns
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Determining Break Even80 % Capacity
Cost $1,000
Activity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2550
75
100
125
Fixed Cost.
Total Cost.
Cost per Activity
Optimal Point
150200
Break-even = $31,250 per Activity
$37,500
$33,330
$31,250
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BUDGET CONSIDERATIONS
• Have a Revenue Contingency Plan
What if a major revenue source is eliminated ?
Be ready to cover the unexpected.
Always be flexible and conservative.
• Budget Special Events
Determine the reason for the event.
Remember the financial goals.
Remember the rules.
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REFERENCES• “Budget Building for Nonprofits.” by the
American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
• “Planning and Budgeting.” by the Legislative Budget Board and Governor’s Office of Budget and Planning.
• “Basic Nonprofit Accounting.” by Mary Bird Bowman & Company.
• “The Budget Process” by Cheryl A. Hartfield, CPA and Winford L. Pascall, CPA.
• “Production/Operations Management” by William J. Stevenson
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Questions
Should you have any questions regarding any information on this presentation, please contact the following TCADA staff at 800-832-9623
Edward Gonzales – ext. 6627 Mike Kober – ext. 6994John Walker – ext. 6958Paul Harris – ext. 6978
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Coming next...BUDGET
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