Download - 8 infectious
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INFECTIOUS DISEASESINFECTIOUS DISEASES
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Categories of INFECTIOUS AGENTS• Prions
• *Viruses• Bacteriophages, Plasmids, Transposons
• *Bacteria
• Chlamidiae, Rickettsiae, Mycoplasmas
• *Fungi: Yeasts, Hyphae• Parasites: Protozoa, Worms, Arthropods
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Classes of Human Pathogens and Their Habitats
Taxonomic SizeSite of
Propagation Sample Species DiseaseViruses 20–300 nm Obligate intracellular Poliovirus Poliomyelitis
Chlamydiae 200–1000 nm Obligate intracellular Chlamydia trachomatis Trachoma, urethritis
Rickettsiae 300–1200 nm Obligate intracellular Rickettsia prowazekii Typhus fever
Mycoplasmas 125–350 nm Extracellular Mycoplasma pneumoniae Atypical pneumonia
Bacteria 0.8–15 µm Cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus Wound
Mucosal Vibrio cholerae Cholera
Extracellular Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumonia
Facultative intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis Tuberculosis
Fungi 2–200 µm Cutaneous Trichophyton sp. Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
Mucosal Candida albicans Thrush
Extracellular Sporothrix schenckii Sporotrichosis
Facultative intracellular Histoplasma capsulatum Histoplasmosis
Protozoa 1–50 µm Mucosal Giardia lamblia Giardiasis
Extracellular Trypanosoma gambiense Sleeping sickness
Facultative intracellular Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas disease
Obligate intracellular Leishmania donovani Kala-azar
Helminths 3 mm–10 m Mucosal Enterobius vermicularis Enterobiasis
Extracellular Wuchereria bancrofti Filariasis
Intracellular Trichinella spiralis Trichinosis
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PRIONS, “BSE” (Cows), “CJD”, Kuru (Humans)
NON-Nucleic Acid
PrP = Prion Protein
Diagnostic Test
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis, Creutsfeldt-Jakob Disease
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VIRUSES• Less than ½ micron, usually MUCH
less
• DNA/RNA “CORE” (genome)
• Protein “CAPSID” (protein –NA “coat”)
• Sometimes a lipid “ENVELOPE”
• Limited number of genes coding for all other structures
• NO consistent naming system
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RespiratoryAdenovirus Adenoviridae DS DNA Upper and lower respiratory tract
infections, conjunctivitis, diarrhea
Rhinovirus Picornaviridae SS RNA Upper respiratory tract infection
Coxsackievirus Picornaviridae SS RNA Pleurodynia, herpangina, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, SARS
Coronavirus Coronaviridae SS RNA Upper respiratory tract infection
Influenza viruses A, B
Orthomyxoviridae SS RNA Influenza
Respiratory syncytial virus
Paramyxoviridae SS RNA Bronchiolitis, pneumonia
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DigestiveMumps virus Paramyxoviridae SS RNA Mumps, pancreatitis, orchitis
Rotavirus Reoviridae DS RNA Childhood diarrhea
Norwalk agent Caliciviridae SS RNA Gastroenteritis
Hepatitis A virus Picornaviridae SS RNA Acute viral hepatitis
Hepatitis B virus Hepadnaviridae DS DNA Acute or chronic hepatitis
Hepatitis D virus Viroid-like SS RNA With HBV, acute or chronic hepatitis
Hepatitis C virus Flaviviridae SS RNA Acute or chronic hepatitis
Hepatitis E virus Norwalk-like SS RNA Enterically transmitted hepatitis
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Systemic with Skin EruptionsMeasles virus ParamyxoviridaeSS
RNA Measles (rubeola)Rubella virus Togaviridae SS
RNA German measles (rubella)Parvovirus Parvoviridae SS
DNA Erythema infectiosum, aplastic anemia
Vaccinia virus Poxviridae DS DNA Smallpox vaccine
Varicella-zoster virus Herpesviridae DS DNA Chickenpox, shingles
Herpes simplex virus 1 Herpesviridae DS DNA "Cold sore"
Herpes simplex virus 2 Herpesviridae DS DNA Genital herpes
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Systemic with Hematopoietic DisordersCytomegalovirus Herpesviridae DS DNA Cytomegalic inclusion disease
Epstein-Barr virus Herpesviridae DS DNA Infectious mononucleosis
HTLV-I Retroviridae SS RNA Adult T-cell leukemia; tropical spastic paraparesis
HIV-1 and HIV-2 Retroviridae SS RNA AIDS
Arboviral and Hemorrhagic FeversDengue virus 1–4 Togaviridae SS RNA Dengue, hemorrhagic fever
Yellow fever virus Togaviridae SS RNA Yellow fever
Regional hemorrhagic fever viruses
Filoviridae SS RNA Ebola, disease
Hantavirus SS RNA Korean, pneumonia
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Warty GrowthsPapillomavirus Papovaviridae DS DNA Condyloma; cervical carcinoma
Central Nervous SystemPoliovirus Picornaviridae SS
RNAPoliomyelitis
JC virus Papovaviridae DS DNA
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (opportunistic)
Arboviral encephalitis viruses
Togaviridae SS RNA
Eastern, Western, Venezuelan, St. Louis
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BACTERIOPHAGESPLASMIDS
TRANSPOSONS• INFECT BACTERIA, but may
make a bacteria more difficult to treat because it may
increase its “virulence” or its susceptibility to antibiotics
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BACTERIA• GRAM staining with CRYSTAL VIOLET
– POSITIVE: THICK wall, ONE phospholipid layer
– NEGATIVE: THIN wall, TWO phospholipid layers
• SHAPE– COCCI (balls)– BACILLI (rods)
• OXYGEN requirements– AEROBIC (NEED O2)– ANAEROBIC (do NOT NEED O2)
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Species Frequent Disease Presentations
Infections by pyogenic cocci
Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis
Abscess, cellulitis, pneumonia, septicemia
Streptococcus pyogenes, β-hemolytic
Upper respiratory tract infection, erysipelas, scarlet fever, septicemia
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumoccoccus)
Lobar pneumonia, meningitis
Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus)
Cerebrospinal meningitis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus)
Gonorrhea
Gram-negative infections, common
Escherichia coli Urinary tract infection, wound infection, abscess, pneumonia, septicemia, endotoxemia, endocarditis
Klebsiella pneumoniae “ Enterobacter (Aerobacter) aerogenes
“
Proteus spp. (P. mirabilis, P. morgagni)
“
Serratia marcescens “ Pseudomonas spp. (P. aeruginosa)
“
Bacteroides spp. (B. fragilis) Anaerobic infection
Legionella spp. (L. pneumophila) Legionnaires disease
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Contagious childhood bacterial diseases
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis, upper and lower respiratory tract infections
Bordetella pertussis Whooping cough
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Diphtheria
Enteropathic infections
Enteropathogenic E. coli Invasive or noninvasive gastroenterocolitis, some with septicemia
Shigella spp.
Vibrio cholerae
Campylobacter fetus, C. jejuni
Yersinia enterocolitica
Salmonella spp. (1000 strains)
Salmonella typhi Typhoid fever
Clostridial infections Clostridium tetani Tetanus (lockjaw)
Clostridium botulinum Botulism (paralytic food poisoning)
Clostridium perfringens, C. septicum
Gas gangrene, necrotizing cellulitis
Clostridium difficile Pseudomembranous colitis
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Zoonotic bacterial infections
Bacillus anthracis Anthrax (malignant pustule)
Listeria monocytogenes Listeria meningitis, listeriosis
Yersinia pestis Bubonic plagueFrancisella tularensis Tularemia
Brucella melitensis, B. suis, B. abortus
Brucellosis (undulant fever)
Burkholderia mallei, B. pseudomallei
Glanders, melioidosis
Leptospira spp. (many groups)
Leptospirosis, Weil disease
Borrelia recurrentis Relapsing feverBorrelia burgdorferi Lyme borreliosisBartonella henselae Cat-scratch disease; bacillary
angiomatosisSpirillum minus, Streptobacillus moniliformis
Rat-bite fever
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Human treponemal infections
Treponema pallidum Venereal, endemic syphilis (bejel)
Treponema pertenue Yaws (frambesia)
Treponema carateum (T. herrejoni)
Pinta (carate, mal pinto)
Mycobacterial infections
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis (Koch bacillus)
Tuberculosis
M. leprae (Hansen bacillus)
Leprosy
M. kansasii, M. avium, M. intracellulare
Atypical mycobacterial infections
M. ulcerans Buruli ulcerActinomycetaceae Nocardia asteroides Nocardiosis
Actinomyces israelii Actinomycosis
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ChlamydiaeRickettsiae
Mycoplasmas• Like Bacteria, but…..
–NO cell wall (mycoplasma [MANY pneumonias])
–NO ATP (chlamydia [STD, worldwide blindness])
–NO life outside a cell (obligate intracellular, rickettsiae [RMSF])
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FUNGI• YEASTS, HYPHAE
• CANDIDA, by far, the MOST PREVALENT ONE
• DERMATOPHYTES, (“tinea”), i.e., trichophyton, microsporum
• DEEP FUNGI (GRANULOMAS)– HISTOPLASMOSIS
– BLASTOMYCOSIS
– COCCIDIOMYCOSIS
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YEASTS, HYPHAE
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PARASITES• PROTOZOA
• “META”-ZOA (HELMINTHS)
• “ECTO”-PARASITES, i.e., ARTHROPODS
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PROTOZOA
• PLASMODIUM (MALARIA)
• LEISHMANIA• ENTAMOEBA • TRYPANOSOMA• TOXOPLASMA• GIARDIA
SINGLE CELL
INTESTINAL or BLOOD
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Species Order Form, Size DiseaseLuminal or Epithelial
Entamoeba histolytica Amebae Trophozoite 15–20 µm Amebic dysentery; liver abscess
Balantidium coli Ciliates Trophozoite 50–100 µm Colitis
Naegleria fowleri Ameboflagellates Trophozoite 10–20 µm Meningoencephalitis
Acanthamoeba sp. Ameboflagellates Trophozoite 15–30 µm Meningoencephalitis or ophthalmitis
Giardia lamblia Mastigophora Trophozoite 11–18 µm Diarrheal disease, malabsorption
Isospora belli Coccidia Oocyst 10–20 µm Chronic enterocolitis or malabsorption or both
Cryptosporidium sp. Coccidia Oocyst 5–6 µm
Trichomonas vaginalis Mastigophora Trophozoite 10–30 µm Urethritis, vaginitis
BloodstreamPlasmodium species Hemosporidia Trophozoites, schizonts,
gametes (all small and inside red cells)
Malaria
Babesia microti, B. bovis Hemosporidia Trophozoites inside red cells Babesiosis
Trypanosoma species Hemoflagellates Trypomastigote 14–33 µm African sleeping sickness
IntracellularTrypanosoma cruzi Hemoflagellates Trypomastigote 20 µm Chagas disease
Leishmania donovani Hemoflagellates Amastigote 2 µm Kala-azar
Leishmania species Hemoflagellates Amastigote 2 µm Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Toxoplasma gondii Coccidia Tachyzoite 4–6 µm (cyst larger) Toxoplasmosis
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HELMINTHS (ROUND[nematode]), TAPE[cestode])
• Roundworms, Tapeworms• Complex Life Cycles: sexual, asexual
• ROUNDWORMS (nematodes): ASCARIS, TOXOCARA (VLM), STRONGYLOIDES, ENTEROBIUS
• TAPE(FLAT)WORMS (cestodes): TAENIA (solium vs. saginata), DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM, Hymenolepsis
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Ascaris life cycle
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ARTHROPODS:INSECTS/ARACHNIDS
• LICE
• BEDBUGS
• FLEAS
• MITES
• TICKS
• SPIDERS
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CLASS INSECTAC
R
A
B
L
O
U
S
E
L
O
U
S
E
BEDBUG
FLEA
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CLASS ARACHNIDA
TICK LARVAL MITE ADULT MITE
BLACK
WIDOW BROWN
<--RECLUSE
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SCABIES
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BARRIERS• ALL ANATOMIC MUCOSAL
POSSIBILITIES–SKIN
–GI
–RESPIRATORY
–UROGENITAL
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SPREAD• DIRECT EXTENSION
• LYMPHATICS
• BLOOD
• NERVE
SAME AS TUMOR?
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RELEASE(TRANSMISSION)
• SKIN SHEDDING
• COUGHING/SNEEZING
• URINE
• FECES
• BLOOD
• VECTORS, e.g., insects, “zoonosis”
• “STDs” (Sexually Transmitted Diseases)
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INFECTIVITY, GENERAL• AGENT HOST CELL
• AGENT TOXINS NECROSIS
• AGENTHOST CELLULAR REACTIONDAMAGE/DEATH
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INFECTIVITY, VIRAL• ATTACHMENT• ENTRY• TRANSCRIPTION• TRANSLATION
– INCLUSIONS– REDUCED HOST CELL FUNCTION– CELL INJURY, LYSIS, DEATH– LATENCY– NEOPLASM?
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INFECTIVITY, BACTERIAL• ADHERENCE• ENTRY• TOXINS
–ENDO, Gram - , bacterial components
–EXO, Gram -/+, secreted proteins
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IMMUNE EVASION• INACCESSIBILITY to host
defense (Mr. Myagi)
• VARYING (mutating) antigens
• SHEDDING antigens
• RESISTING INNATE (NATURAL) immunity
• IMPAIRING T-CELLS
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INFECTIONSof IMMUNOSUPPRESSED HOSTS• Protozoal/Helminthic:
Cryptosporidium, PCP (Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia), Toxoplasmosis
• Fungal: Candida, and the usual 3• Bacterial: TB, Nocardia, Salmonella• Viral: CMV, HSV, VZ
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DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES• DIRECT PATHOGEN IMAGING
• GRAM STAIN• “SPECIAL” (NOT H&E) STAINS• AGAR, e.g., CULTURES• TISSUE CULTURE, CPE (CytoPathological
Effect)• ANTIBODIES (SEROLOGY)• PCR, POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, e.g.,
viral “LOAD”
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CELLULAR HOST RESPONSES
• SUPPURATIVE (NEUTROPHILS, PMNs)
• MONO-NUCLEAR, i.e., Lymphocytes, Macrophages (i.e., Monocytes), GRANULOMAS
• FIBROSIS
• HEMOSIDERIN
• CALCIFICATION
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ACUTE APPENDICITIS
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ABSCESSABSCESS
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CHRONIC “MONONUCLEAR” CHRONIC “MONONUCLEAR” INFLAMMATIONINFLAMMATION
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GRANULOMA
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FIBROSIS
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H & E PRUSSIAN BLUE
H
E
M
O
S
I
D
E
R
I
N
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CalcificationCalcification
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The 4 Biggies•VIRAL•BACTERIAL•FUNGAL•PARASITIC
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VIRAL• TRANSIENT, ACUTE, e.g. Measles,
Mumps, Polio, West Nile
• CHRONIC LATENT (HERPES FAMILY), HSV, CMV, VZ
• CHRONIC (HEPATITIS), Hep A, B, C
• “TRANSFORMING” (Epstein-Barr
EBV, Human Papilloma, HPV)
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BACTERIAL•Gram+•Gram-• MYCO-bacteria• SPIROCHETES• ANAEROBIC• “OBLIGATE” INTRACELLULAR
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FUNGAL• YEASTS
–CANDIDA
–CRYPTOCOCCOSIS
• MOLDS (HYPHAL)–ASPERGILLIS
–MUCORMYCOSIS (ZYGOMYCOSIS)
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PARASITES•PROTOZOA (GI, BLOOD)
•METAZOA (WORMS)
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VIRAL• TRANSIENT, ACUTE
–Measles: Skin, Lung, GI, Cornea, Brain
–Mumps: Parotitis, Orchitis, Pancreas, CNS
–Polio: Myelitis (Anterior horn motor neurons)
–West Nile (arbo-): Meningoencephalitis
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VIRAL• CHRONIC LATENT (HERPES FAMILY), HSV, CMV, VZ
–Herpes Simplex Virus
–CytoMegalo Virus
–Varicella-Zoster Virus
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HSV
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CMV pneumonia
BASOPHILIC
CONGENITAL
IMMUNOSUPPRESSED
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VZ Virus
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VIRAL• CHRONIC (HEPATITIS), Hep. A, B, C
–A, Mildest, most universal
–B, Most dangerous in the acute phase
–C, Most common cause of persistent transaminitis
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NORMALNORMAL LIVER
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ACUTE VIRAL HEPATITIS
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VIRAL“TRANSFORMING”
Epstein-Barr, EBV, lymphoma
Human Papilloma, HPV, cervical cancer (squamous cell)
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MONONUCLEOSIS, caused by EBV
PHARYNX
NODES
SPLEEN
LIVER
HETEROPHILE
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“MALIGNANT” cells on PAP smear, caused by HPV
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BACTERIAL•Gram+ (Staph, Strep)•Gram- (rods)• MYCO-bacteria (TB)• SPIROCHETES (SYPHILIS)• ANAEROBIC (ABSCESSES)• “OBLIGATE” INTRACELLULAR
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BACTERIAL• Gram+ cocci (Staph, Strep)
SKIN
RESPIRATORY TRACT
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S
T
A
P
H
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STREP:
SKIN
RESPIRATORY
ERISIPELAS
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GRAM POSITIVE RODS
• DIPTHERIA
• LISTERIA
• ANTHRAX------• NOCARDIA
• CLOSTRIDIUM
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GRAM NEGATIVE COCCI
•Neisseria–GONORRHEA
–MENINGITIS
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GRAM NEGATIVE RODS
• Bordetella pertussis
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Klebsiela/Aerobacter
• Yersinia pestis (plague)
• Hemophilus ducreyi (chancroid)
•E. COLI
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MYCOBACTERIA(acid fast)
•Tuberculosis• “Atypical” mycobacteria, the
most important of which is MAC (Mycobacterium Avium Intercellulare Complex, in HIV patients)
• Leprosy
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MORE ACID-FAST BACILLI, AFB (MAC)
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SPIROCHETES•SYPHILIS (
Treponema pallidum)
• RELAPSING FEVER (Borrelia sp.)• LYME DISEASE (Borrelia
burgdorferi)
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SYPHILIS• PRIMARY (CHANCRE)
• SECONDARY (MANY skin manifestations)
• TERTIARY (GUMMAS, CNS, BONE)
• CONGENITAL
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ANAEROBES• Clostridium (Gram + bacillus)
–Cause of many/most cases of “gas” gangrene
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“OBLIGATE”intracellular bacteria
• Chlamydia trachomatis– Conjunctivitis– LGV (LymphoGranuloma Venerium)– Urethritis
• Rickettsia (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Typhus)
• Mycoplasma (very common cause of pneumonias)
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RMSF
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FUNGAL• YEASTS
–CANDIDA
–CRYPTOCOCCOSIS
• MOLDS (HYPHAL)–ASPERGILLIS
–MUCORMYCOSIS (ZYGOMYCOSIS)
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Candida albicans• Oral
• Vaginal
• Esophageal
• All of the above are “moist” non-keratinized squamous mucosa
• Immunocompromised, e.g., HIV, Diabetes
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Budding Yeasts and “PSEUDO” hyphae
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Budding cryptococcal yeasts, India ink prep, CSF
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MOLDS• Aspergillus
• Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis)
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DERMATOPHYTES(“TINEAS”)
(superficial fungi)
•EPIDERMOPHYTON
•MICROSPORUM
•TRICHOPHYTON
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SIGNIFICANT FUNGI(deep)
• HISTOPLASMOSIS
• BLASTOMYCOSIS
• COCCIDIOMYCOSIS
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PROTOZOA• MALARIA (Plasmodium sp., of which
falciparum is the most serius)
• Babesiosis, transmitted by deer tick
• Leishmaniasis
• Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
• Chagas disease (also a trypanosome)
• Entamoeba histolytica
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GAMETOCYTESAre COMMONAnd SAUSAGEshaped
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SCHUFFNER‘S
DOTS
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Affected RBC’s are NOT enlargedNO SCHUFFNER’s DOTS
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SCHUFFNER‘S
DOTS
“comets”
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TRYPANOSOMIASIS
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METAZOA(ROUNDworms/FLATworms)
• Strongyloides (microscopic roundworm)
• Tapeworms (Beef, Pork, flatworm)• Trichinosis (larva in skeletal muscle)• Schistosomiasis (bladder cancer)• Filariasis (elephantiasis)
• VERY OFTEN, COMPLEX LIFE CYCLES
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Ascaris life cycle
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