Download - 622-1629 Chapter 10 – Mrs. Krabill. What messages and teachings did Muhammad spread with Islam?
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622-1629
Chapter 10 – Mrs. Krabill
Muslim Civilizations
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What messages and teachings did Muhammad spread with Islam?
1: The Rise of Islam
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570 – Muhammad is born in MeccaMarried Khadija610 – Hears a call from the angel Gabriel to be
a messengerDevoted his life to spreading IslamRejected traditional Arab gods
Merchants feared this would disrupt trade622 – Muhammad’s “Night Flight” to Medina
Created rules that governed and united MuslimsThousands converted to Islam
Timeline of Muhammad
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630 – Muhammad returned to Mecca and destroyed all idolsKaaba becomes the most holy place of Islam
632 – Muhammad died, but the faith continued to spread
Timeline of Muhammad
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Merchants were opposed to Muhammad because they did not want a disruption of trade
Mecca is sacred to IslamMuhammad’s birthplaceHe dedicated the Kaaba to Islam upon his return
Qur’an (Koran) – sacred text of IslamGod is all-powerful and compassionateOther prophets– Abraham, Moses, JesusFinal authority on all mattersAll Muslims learn Arabic to read itHarsh penalties for crimes (murder and stealing)
Questions in Notes
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Sharia – body of law that includes interpretation of the Qur’anRegulation of moral conduct, family life, business,
government, etc.NO separation of religion and civil/legal lifeControversial in today’s Western societies
Primary Source Document: Qur’anWealth given to relatives, poor, travelers, beggarsA righteous person does not have to fast if they are
ill or travelingEncourages prayer, belief in God, charity, and
fasting
Questions in Notes
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Each group has one pillarGive description for notesProvide an illustration for that pillar
Culturally/politically appropriate, please.
The Five Pillars of Islam
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“There is no god but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God.”
Islam literally means “to submit to God”Basis of their existence
Umma – community of Islam replaced loyalty to family
Shahada – Declaration of Faith
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Muslims must pray to Allah five times per dayMust face Mecca wherever they are
Often gather in mosques (masjids)Houses of prayer
Daily Prayer
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All Muslims must give money to the poorMany give directlySome countries collect a zakat
Tax for charity
Charity for the Poor
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Holy month in Islam (usually during the summer)
The month in which Muhammad received his call to serve (according to the Islamic calendar)
Fast during daylightChildren and the sick are not required
Fast During Ramadan
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Physically and financially able Muslims must make a pilgrimage to the holy city in their lifetime
Pray at the KabaaOver 2 million Muslims travel yearly for thisSimple garments worn
“All equal in front of God.”
Hajj – Pilgrimage to Mecca
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“Struggle in God’s service.”Personal duty for Muslims overcoming
immoralityOften interpreted as “holy war” defending
faith
Other duty: Jihad
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How did Islam spread and become divided?
2: Building a Muslim Empire
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Muhammad did not name a successor to lead the thousands of people he united
First caliph (successor): Abu Bakr, his father-in-law
Some refused to follow him, but overall successful
Victories for Muslim empires under the first four successors
Early Struggles
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Source of division: Who should be Muhammad’s successor?
This split became critical in Muslim history– and today….
Divisions Emerge Within Islam
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Read pages 311-312 (stop at Umayyad) INDEPENDENTLY
Fill in the chart in your notes with the differences in the three groups.
Once your partner is finished, synthesize (put together) your information
Critical Reading - Collaboration
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Believe only descendants of Muhammad and his father-in-law, Ali should be their religious leaders
Believed they are the only “divinely inspired” interpreters of the Qur’an
10 percent of Muslims in the world todayMostly in Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, and YemenThis percent also divided into many subgroups
Shiite Muslims
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Believe that any pious (good) Muslim could be a leader
Most Muslims took on this beliefBelieve that inspiration comes from the
example of Muhammad90 percent of today’s Muslim population
Sunni Muslims
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Muslim mysticsWanted communion with God
MeditationFastingRituals
Believed to have special miraculous powersSpread Islam through travel and preaching
Sufis
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Chart in notes
Early Muslim Dynasties - Umayyad
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Abbasids– discontented with UmayyadsAbu al-Abbas founded the Abbasid dynastyEquality of all MuslimsSophisticated bureaucracyCapital in Baghdad (present-day Iraq)
Beautiful city with minarets (slender towers)Merchant trade from Africa, Asia, and Europe
Early Muslim Dynasties - Abbasids
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Survivors of Umayyad family fled to SpainTolerant of Christians and JewsCenters of learningMuslim rule in parts of Spain until 1492
Shiite rulers come to powerSeries of invasions – 900-1400
Seljuk Turks migrate and set up empireCauses the first Crusade
Mongols sweep across Central Asia
Muslim Empire Declines
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Focus Question:What achievements did Muslims make in
economics, art, literature, and science?
3: Muslim Civilization’s Golden Age
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International trade networkCamel caravans – “ships of the desert”Spread products, technology, and number systemSpread a system of credit – sakk
Agriculture thrives outside of citiesSocial structure & slavery
Social mobility – ability to move up in social classMost slaves were household servants
Could buy their freedom
Social and Economic Advances
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Poetry and Tales of AdventureRich, oral history written downOmar Khayyam – The Rubaiyat
Collection of poems about the nature of lifeThe Thousand and One Nights – tales of a
fictional princessAladdin and Ali Baba
Perfected calligraphy – art of beautiful handwritingSome non-religious art became popular
Art, Literature, Architecture
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Centers for LearningBaghdad = greatest centerScholars made significant advances in
philosophy, math, medicine, and other fieldsAl-Khwarizimi developed Algebra Wrote the Canon on Medicine
First manual for treating and diagnosing disease
Quest for Knowledge
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How did Muslim rule affect Indian government and society?
4: India’s Muslim Empires
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1000 – Muslim Turks and Afghans push into IndiaSultan (ruler) of Ghur defeated Hindu armiesMade Dehli their capital
Muslim rule from 1206-1526Superior military success
Hindu princes battled each other instead of uniting
Gained converts
The Delhi Sultanate
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Sultans introduce Muslim form of governmentTrade increased between India and Muslim
landsLearning spread – created brilliant culture
Decline in power with the invasion of MongolsDivision into Muslim and Hindu states
Changes in Indian Society
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HinduismAncient religionPolytheisticAccepted differences
in caste systemCelebrations with
music and dance
Newer religionMonotheisticEquality of all
believersNo religious
hierarchy
Hindu-Muslim Clash
Islam
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Blending of CulturesHindus could practice
their religion by paying a tax
Some rajahs (local rulers) left in place
Many Muslim converts
Muslims adopted elements of Hindu cultureEx. Marriage
customs
Blended religion– SikhismBrotherhood of manRejection of caste
systemFutility of idol
worship
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Mughal Dynasty in IndiaFounded by BaburDefeated remaining
sultanatesRuled from 1526-1857Akbar the Great
Strong central government
Promotes peace and tolerance
Modernizes the government
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What were the main characteristics of the Ottoman and Safavid empires?
The Ottoman & Safavid Empires
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The Ottoman EmpireOttomans– Turkish
speaking nomadic people who migrated from Central Asia
Mehmet II took over Constantinople Istanbul.
Suleiman the Magnificient ruled from 1520-1566
Class organized society
Strong militaryJanizaries – Elite
forces in the Ottoman Army
Decline with death of Suleiman
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The Safavid EmpireConflict with
neighborsSafavids were
Persian Shiite Muslims
Shah Abbas, “the great”Centralized
governmentFormed alliances
with European states