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EEA report | No 5/2008
Greenhouse gas emission trends and
projections in Europe 2008
Annex: Additional information on greenhousegas emission trends and projections
by sector and by Member State
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Contents
Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2008 Annexes 1-5 2
Contents
A 1 Sectoral emiss ion trends and projections in the EU ........................ 4
A 1.1 Sector shares and main trends in the EU-15 ...........................5
A 1.2 Energy supply (energy industries) .........................................8
A 1.2.1 CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production ................. 13
A 1.2.2 CO2 emissions from petroleum refining.................................. 20
A 1.2.3 CO2 emissions from the manufacture of solid fuels and otherenergy industries ............................................................... 22
A 1.3 Energy use (excluding transport).........................................24
A 1.3.1 CO2 emissions from energy use in manufacturing industries andconstruction ...................................................................... 24
A 1.3.2 CO2 emission from energy use and processes for iron and steelproduction......................................................................... 26
A 1.3.3 CO2 emissions from energy use in the chemical industry .......... 31
A 1.3.4 CO2 emissions from energy use in the pulp, paper and printindustry............................................................................ 33
A 1.3.5 CO2 emissions from energy use in the food-processing, beveragesand tobacco industry .......................................................... 36
A 1.3.6 CO2 emissions from energy use in other industries .................. 38
A 1.3.7 CO2 emissions from energy use in agriculture, forestry, fisheries42
A 1.3.8 CO2 emissions from energy use in services ............................ 44
A 1.3.9 CO2
emissions from energy use in households ........................ 48
A 1.4 Energy use from transport..................................................55
A 1.4.1 CO2 emissions from road transport ....................................... 58
A 1.4.2 CO2 emissions from domestic civil aviation............................. 65
A 1.5 Industrial processes .......................................................... 68
A 1.5.1 CO2 emissions from cement production (2A1)......................... 71
N2O emissions from nitric acid production (2B2) .................................... 73
A 1.5.2 HFC emissions from refrigeration and air conditioning equipment(2F1)................................................................................ 75
A 1.6 Agriculture ....................................................................... 77
A 1.6.1 CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation (4A) ........................ 80
A 1.6.2 N2O emissions from agricultural soils (4D) ............................. 83
A 1.7 Waste..............................................................................86
A 2 Key po licies and measures .............................................................92
A 2.1 Savings from the main EU 'common and coordinated policies andmeasures' (CCPMs) ........................................................... 92
A 2.1.1 Key EU CCPMs ................................................................... 92
A 2.1.2 Estimated savings from EU CCPMs........................................ 93
A 2.1.3 Estimated savings from CCPMs at EU-27, EU-15 and EU-12 level97
A 2.1.4 Estimated savings from CCPMs by Member State .................... 99
A 2.1.5 Recent developments and proposals relating to EU CCPMs ......101
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Sectoral emission trends and projections in the EU
A 1 Sectoral emission trends andprojections in the EU
ThisannexpresentssectoralemissionstrendsandprojectionsintheEU,asreportedbyMemberStates.Italsoattemptstolinkthesetrendswithexistingorplannedpoliciesandmeasures(PAM)intheEU.Emissionsarepresentedbymainemittingsource,accordingtothenomenclatureestablishedbytheintergovernmentalpanelonclimatechange(IPCC)forthecalculationofgreenhousegasemissions.
ReportingofindicatorsundertheMonitoringMechanism:
Besideshistoricandprojectedtrendsinsectoralgreenhousegasemissions,thisannexalsoincludeshistoricandprojectedtrendsindicators(andtheirrespectivenumeratorsand
denominators),asreportedbyMemberStatesundertheMonitoringMechanismDecision(CommissionDecision(166/2005/EC)implementingDecision280/2004/EC).Theseindicatorshavebeendefinedtomeasuretheeffectsofpoliciesandmeasuresovertime.Fourcategoriesofindicatorsaredefined,threeconcerningpastdataandonerelativetoprojecteddata:
7priorityindicators,whichmustbereportedbyMemberStateseveryyear,
6additionalpriorityindicatorsand15SupplementaryIndicators,whichMemberStatesareencouragedtoreporteveryyear,
10indicatorsforprojectionsfortheyears2005,2010,2015and2020.
Thepastindicatorsshallcoverdataatleastforthelastinventoryyear(2006).However,the
provisionofthewholetimeseries19902006allowsabetterassessmentoftheeffectivenessofpoliciesandmeasures.ThecomparabilityoftheseindicatorsbetweencountriesislimitedbythefactthatMemberStatesusesometimesdifferentbasesforaccountingofnumeratoranddenominator.
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Sectoral emission trends and projections in the EU
Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2008 Annexes 1-5 5
A 1.1 Sector shares and main trends in the EU-15
Approximately80%oftotalgreenhousegas(GHG)emissions(4151milliontonnesCO2equivalent(MtCO2eq.)in2006)intheEU15areduetothesupplyanduseofenergy(includingfuelconsumptionfromtransport)(Fig.1).CO2emissionsfrompublicelectricityand
heatproductionrepresentaquarterofallEU15GHGemissions,whileCO2emissionsfromroadtransportationrepresentafifth(Fig.2).
AgricultureisthemainCH4andN2Oemitterandaccountsfor9%oftotalGHGemissionsin2006(Figure1andFigure2).
Between1990and2006,theGHGemissionsthatincreasedmostinabsolutevaluewereCO2emissionsfromroadtransportation,CO2emissionsfromelectricityandheatproductionandHFCsemissionsfromrefrigerationandairconditioningequipment(Figure3).
Between1990and2006,theGHGemissionsthatdecreasedmostinabsolutevaluewereCH4emissionsfromlandfilling,CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustioninmanufacturingindustries
andconstructionandCO2emissionsfromthemanufactureofsolidfuels(e.g.charcoal)(Fig.3).
Figure 1 Sector shares of total greenhouse gases in 1990 and 2006 in the EU-15
1990
Energy w ithout
transport
61%
Transport
16%
Agriculture
10%
Waste
4%
Industrial processes
9%
Solvent use and
other
0%
Energy without transport TransportAgriculture Industrial processesWaste Solvent use and other
2006
Energy w ithout
transport
59%
Transport
21%
Agriculture
9%
Industrial processes
8%
Waste
3%
Solvent use and other
0%
Source: EEA, 2008a.
Figure 2 Sector shares of total CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions in 2006
C O 2 2006
Energy use
excluding
transport69%
Industrial
processes
6%
Agriculture
0%Waste
0%
Transport
25%
C H 4 2006
Transport
1%
Waste
30%
Agriculture
55%
Industrial
processes
0%
Energy use
excluding
transport
16%
N 2 O 2006Energy use
excluding
transport
9%
Industrial
processes
12%
Agriculture
69 %
Waste
4% Transport
6%
Source: EEA, 2008a
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Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2008 Annexes 1-5 6
Figure 3 Changes in emissions from key sources in the EU-15 from 1990 to 2006
Note: The most important key sources of greenhouse gas emissions listed here account for 85 % of total emissionsin 2006, excluding emissions and removals from LULUCF.
Source: EEA, 2008a
-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Road Transportatio n (CO2 from 1A3b)
1A1a Public Elec tric ity and Heat
Pro duction (CO2 fro m 1A1a)
Refrigeration and Air Conditio ning
Equipment (HFC fro m 2F1)
Pet roleum refining (CO2 from 1A1b)
Cement Pro duction (CO2 from 2A1)
Commercial/Institutional (CO2 from
1A4a )
Resident ial (CO2 fro m1A4b )
Iron and Steel Pro duction (CO2 from
2C1)
Agriculture/Fo restry/Fisheries (CO2
from 1A4c)
Cattle (CH4 from 4A1)
Indirect Emission (N2O from 4D3)
Direct Soil Emissions (N2O from 4D1)
Iron and Steel (CO2 from 1A2a)
M anufacture of Solid fuels and Other
Energy Industries (CO2 f rom 1A1c)
Other (CO2 from 1A2f )
M anaged Waste dispo sal on Land (CH4from 6A1)
Abso lute change in million to nnes of CO2 equivalents
-90% -60% -30% 0% 30% 60% 90% 120% 150% 180% 210% 240%Percentage change
Absolute Change Relative Change
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Figure 4 Contribution of key sources to total GHG emissions in 1990 and 2006
Source: EEA, 2008a
Share 1990
22%
15%
10%
8%
4%
3%
3%
3%
3%
13%
Share 2006
25%
19%10%
7%
4%
3%
2%
2%
2%
11%
Public Electricit y and Heat Production
(CO2 from 1A1a)Road Transportation (CO2 from 1A3b)
Residential (CO2 from 1A4b)
Other (CO2 from 1A2f)
Commercial/Institutional (CO2 from
1A4a)
Petroleum refining (CO2 from 1A1b)
Cattle (CH4 from 4A1)
Direct Soil Emissions (N2O from 4D1)
Iron and Steel (CO2 from 1A2a)
Sum of remaining key sources
(presented in Figure 3)
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A 1.2 Energy supply (energy industries)
Definition(IPCCsector1A1):emissionsfromfuelscombustedbythefuelextractionorenergyproducingindustries.
Key EU pol ic ies and measures
DirectiveontheEUemissiontradingscheme(ETS)(2003)
Directiveonelectricityproductionfromrenewableenergysources(2001)
CogenerationDirective(2004)
Directiveonenergytaxation(2003)
Directiveontheenergyperformanceofbuildings(2002).
Trends Between1990and2006,GHGemissionsfromenergyindustriesincreasedby4%intheEU15.
Theyincreasedby7%between2000and2006intheEU15.
Total GHG emission
from 1A1
Share in 1990
total GHG
Share in 2006
total GHG
Change 1990
2006
Change 2000
2006
EU-15 27.4 % 29.0 % 3.7 % 7.4 %
EU-27 30.2 % 30.9 % 5.5 % 6.1 %
Project ions t arget ing energy supply and use Belgium,Denmark,Germany,SwedenandtheUnitedKingdomaretheEU15MemberStates
thatprojectthatwiththeexistingmeasuresinplace,2010emissionsfromenergysupplyandusewillbelowerthanin1990.TheotherEU15MemberStatesprojectincreasingemissionscomparedto1990.Austriaprojectbeingbelow1990levelswiththeimplementationofadditionaldomesticmeasures.
ExceptSloveniaallEU12MemberStatesprojectdecreasesinGHGemissionsfromenergysupplyanduseby2010comparedto1990emissions,duetothereductionsthattookplaceinthe1990s.
Inthefollowingpoliciesandmeasuresconcerningenergyindustriesandenergyuseinresidentialandservicesbuildingsaredescribed,asastrictdisaggregationofenergyrelevantpoliciesandmeasurestoallsubsectorsisnotfeasible.
Project ion savings f rom pol ic ies and measures target ing energy supply and use
Thegreatestemissionreductionsby2010inthewholeenergysector(energysupplyanduse,includingtransport),areprojectedtobeprovidedbypoliciesandmeasurestargetingenergyindustries.Thesepoliciesandmeasuresconcernrenewableenergy,combinedheatandpower(CHP),energytaxationandbuildingstandards.
Inaddition,MemberStatesexpecttheEUEmissionTradingScheme(ETS)tocontributeanemissionreductionofatleast123MtCO2intheEU27by2010.
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EmissionreductionpotentialsreportedbyMemberStatesforenergypolicieshavestayedrelativelyconstantsince2006fortheEU15,withabroadlysimilarsplitbetween existing andplanned policies.
Figure5showsprojectedemissionsavingsfortheEU15intheenergysupplyandusesector,bysubsector(excepttransport).Projectedsavingsfrompoliciesandmeasuresin2010areestimated
bycomparisonwithahypotheticalreferencecaseinwhichnomeasureswereimplementedsincethestartingyearchosenbyMemberStatesfortheir withoutmeasures projections(seeAnnex5.3forfurtherdescriptionofthismethod).DisaggregationbysubsectorwasnotavailablefortheEU12.
Ofallpolicesandmeasurestargetingthewholeenergysector(energysupply,energyuse,transport),thosetargetingtheenergysupplysector(energyindustries)areprojectedtoprovidegreatestemissionreductionsby2010.Theyaccountfor64%ofallprojectedsavingsfromexistingmeasuresintheenergysector(excludingtransport)and54%ofallprojectedsavingsfromadditionalmeasures.CountriessuchasGermany,ItalyandtheUnitedKingdomreportsignificantprojectedsavings,inparticularfrompoliciesandmeasurespromotingrenewableenergy.
Policiesandmeasuresappliedtotheendusesectorsofmanufacturingindustriesandtocommercial,residentialandagricultureenergyusealsomakesignificantcontributionstotheenergysector.ThispossiblyreflectsthefactthatintheEUasawhole,therearemanyzeroorlowcostoptionsforimprovementsinenergyefficiencythatcanmakeindustryandcommercemorecompetitive.Arangeofeconomicinstrumentsandvoluntaryagreementsareintendedtostimulateuptakeoftheseoptions.
Figure 5 EU-15 projected greenhouse gas emission savings in energy supply and
use excluding transport in 2010
41.8
82.3
9.1
-3.7
3.2
16.3
42.5
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Energy not disaggregated Energy industries Other inc. commercial,
residential, agriculture
Manufacturing industries and
construction
Carbon
saving(MtCO2-eq.)
Existing policies and measures Additional policies and measures
Note: Projected savings from policies and measures in 2010 are estimated by comparison with a hypotheticalreference case in which no measures were implemented since the starting year for the 'without measures'projection. See Annex 5.3 for further description of this method.
Projected emission reductions from policies are calculated from projection scenarios: the effect of 'existing'policies and measures is obtained by subtracting the 'with existing measures' projection from the 'withoutmeasures' projection and the effect of 'additional' policies and measures by subtracting the 'with additionalmeasures' projection from the 'with existing measures' projection.
Source: See Chapter 7 Sources of Information. Details on individual Member States can be found in Table 4 of theCountry Profiles (Annex 8).
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Inaddition,someMemberStatesreportedontheeffectsoftheEUEmissionTradingScheme.Accordingtotheirpreliminaryestimates,itwillcontributetoa123MtCO2emissionsreductionintheEU27in2010,largelythroughactionsintheenergyandindustrialsectors.Amore
comprehensiveapproachconsistsinestimatingtheemissionreductionsbasedontheannualemissioncapsfortheperiod20082012comparedtoaverageverifiedemissionsfor2005/2006.Accordingtothatmethod,theEUETSwouldbringanoverallreductionof127MtCO2fortheEU27.(SeeSection6.4ofthemainreport.)
Figure6andFigure7display2010emissionprojectionsunder withmeasures, withadditionalmeasures (whereoneexists)and withoutmeasures scenarios,asreportedbyMemberStatesintheirlatestsubmissions.ThisillustratestheeffectofPAMsimplementedintheenergysector,includingEUwideandnationalactions.Wherea withoutmeasures scenarioisnotreportedbyMemberStates,ithasbeenestimatedthroughabottomupadditionofMemberStatequantificationsoftheeffectofenergyrelatedPAMs.ThemostsignificantemissionsavingsfromexistingPAMstargetingenergyindustriesareprojectedinGermany,PolandandSpain.AdditionalmeasuresareprojectedtodeliversignificantsavingsinGermany,FranceandItaly.
Figure 6 Projected effect of energy PAMs (excluding transport) to EU-15 projected
emissions in 2010
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
United Kingdom
Sweden
Spain
Portugal
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Italy
Ireland
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
BelgiumAustria
MtCO2-eq.With additional meas ures scenario With exis ting meas ures scenario Without m eas ures scenario
Source: See Sources of Information (Chapter 7). Details on individual Member States can be found in Table 4 of theCountry Profiles (Annex 8).
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Figure 7 Projected contribution of energy PAMs (transport included) to EU-12
projected emissions in 2010
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Slovenia
Slovakia
Romania
Poland
Malta
Lithuania
Latvia
Hungary
Estonia
Czech Republic
Cyprus
Bulgaria
MtCO2-eq.With additional measures scenario With existing measures scenario Without measures scenario
Source: See Sources of Information (Chapter 7). Details on individual Member States can be found in Table 4 of theCountry Profiles (Annex 8).
Compar ison betw een 2007 and 2008 pro ject ions
LimitedcomparisonscanbemadebetweenthefindingsfromreportssubmittedbyMemberStatesin2008andthosesubmittedin2007,asthemethodologyforcalculatingpolicysavingshaschangedbetweenthe2007and2008GreenhousegasemissiontrendsandprojectionsinEuropereports,fromamixoftopdownandbottomuptosolelytopdown(1).Thefollowingpointsprovideacomparisonofprojectedsavings(emissionreductions)byenergysubsectorandby with
measures and withadditionalmeasures scenariosin2007and2008: FortheEU15,combinedprojectedsavingsfrom withmeasures and withadditional
measures inthe manufacturingindustriesandconstruction, otherincludingcommercial,residential,agriculture and energyindustries subsectorshavedecreasedby42Mt,79Mtand116Mtrespectivelyin2008comparedto2007,whileprojectedsavingswhichwerenotattributedtooneofthesubsectorshaveincreasedby53Mt.
FortheEU15,reportedemissionreductionpotentialsfor2010fromenergypolicieshavedecreasedby327Mtforexistingmeasuresandby23Mtforadditionalmeasures.
(1) The top-down method involves calculating the difference between total projections in each scenario ('withoutmeasures' minus 'with existing measures', and 'with existing measures' minus 'with additional measures'), whilebottom-up involves adding together the reported effect (emission reductions) of individual measures.
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Emissionssavingsfromadditionalpoliciescouldbemorecomprehensivelydisaggregatedbyenergysubsectorin2008anditcanbededucedthattherehasbeenlittlechangeinthesplitcomparedto2007.
ForthewholeEU,emissionreductionpotentialsfor2010fromenergypolicieshavedecreased
by340Mt.
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A 1.2.1 CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production
Definition(IPCCsector1A1a):emissionsfrompublicelectricitygeneration,publiccombinedheatandpowergeneration,andpublicheatplants.Publicutilitiesaredefinedasthoseundertakingswhoseprimary
activityistosupplythepublic.Theymaybeinpublicorprivateownership.Thiscategoryincludesemissionsfromownonsiteuseoffuelbutnotemissionsfromautoproducers(undertakingswhichgenerate
electricity/heatwhollyorpartlyfortheirownuse,asanactivitywhichsupportstheirprimaryactivity).
In2006,CO2emissionsfrompublicelectricityandheatproductionintheEU15were7%higherthanin1990.
AcontinuousdecouplingbetweenCO2emissionsandelectricityandheatproductionhasbeenobservedsince1990.Itismainlyduetofuelswitching(coaltogas)andefficiencyimprovements.However,therehavebeensignsoffurtherdecouplingofemissionsfrom
productionsince2003,asemissionshavebeenrelativelystabledespiteincreasingelectricityproductionandconsumption.
Electricityconsumptionandproductionareprojectedtokeepstronglyincreasing.
CO2 emission from
1A1aShare in 1990
total GHGShare in 2006
total GHGChange
19902006Change
20002006
EU-15 22.4 % 24.5 % 7.3 % 8.8 %
EU-27 26.0 % 26.8 % 4.8 % 7.1 %
Between1990and2006,electricityproductionincreasedintheEU15by41%(Figure8)andthe
amountoffuelcombustedincreasedby23%(Figure9),whilerelatedemissionsincreasedbyonly7%.Thesetrendsindicatetheoccurrenceofefficiencyimprovementsinelectricitygeneration(lessfuelneededforthesameelectricityoutput)andfuelswitching(lessCO2emissionsforthesameamountoffuelcombusted).
Afteranincreaseinemissionsbetween1999and2003duetohigherelectricityproductionfromcoalpowerplants(EEA,2006a),emissionshaveremainedstablesince2003,mainlyduetomarkedimprovementsinfuelefficiency.Theemissionreductionsduetotheshareofnuclearandrenewableenergyareofminorimportance.TheshareofelectricityproductioninnuclearpowerplantsintotalEU15electricityproductionevendecreasedbetween1990and2006from33.4%to31.9%.IntheEU15,thestronggrowthofelectricitygenerationfrombiomass,naturalgasfired
powerstationsandwindturbines(401%,346%,>10000%,respectively,between1990and2006)hasresultedinminoremissionreductionssofar,asbiomassandwindturbinesonlyhaveacombinedshareof5%oftotalelectricitygenerationin2006.Furthermore,electricitygenerationfromhydropowerdecreasedby17%between2001and2006.
ElectricityproductionandconsumptionarenowstronglyincreasingwhiletheresultingCO2emissionsremainrelativelystable(Figure8).Itisprojectedthatelectricityconsumptionandproductionwillcontinuetoincrease(Figure8).
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Figure 8 CO2 emissions from public electricity and heat production compared w ith
electricity production and final electricity consumption, EU-15 and EU-27
107
141
137
152148
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Index
100=1
990
level
CO2 emissions (past) Elec tr ic ity produc tion (pas t)
Electricity consumption (past) Electricity production (projected)
Electricity consumption (projected)
95
133
131
145143
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Index
100
=1
990l
evel
CO2 emissions (past ) Elect ric ity p roduct ion (past)
Electrici ty consumption (past) Electricity production (projected)
Electricity consumption (projected)
Source: EEA, 2008a; Eurostat; PRIMES.
Figure 9 Comparison of CO2 emission and fuel combustion, and change of share of
fuel use between 1990 and 2006 for the EU-15
107
123
87
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
CO2 emissi ons Fuel co mb ust io n sp ecif ic CO2 emissi on p er fuel co mb ust ed
2 0 0 6
Solid
53%
Gaseous
32%
Other
3%Liquid
7%Biomass
5%
1990
Liquid
16%
Other
1%
Gaseous
10%
Biomass
2%
Solid
71%
Source: EEA, 2008a;
In
eight
EU
12
and
four
EU
15
Member
States,
CO2
emissions
decreased
between
1990
and
2006.
In
eightofthesetwelveMemberStates,electricityproductionincreasedinthesametime(Figure10).SwedenhasaremarkablylowincreaseinCO2emissionsdespiteaveryhighincreaseinelectricityproduction.Thisispartlyduetoaremarkableincreaseintheshareofbiomasscombustioninpublicelectricityandheatproductionbetween1990and2006(from13%to51%).Between1990and2006CO2emissionsweredecoupledfromfuelcombustioninthirteenEU15andfourEU12MemberStates(Figure11).Emissionsevendecreasedinsomecaseswhilefuelcombustionincreased.InLuxembourg,acompleteshiftfromcoaltogashasoccurred.
Index
1990
=1
00
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Figure 10 Change of electricity consumption and production (in thermal powerplants) and CO2 emissions from public electricity and heat production
between 1990 and 2006
-100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250%
LithuaniaLatvia
Estonia
Romania
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Poland
Hungary
UK
EU-27
Belgium
France
Germany
Czech Republic
Sweden
Slovenia
EU-15
Denmark
AustriaLuxembourg
Italy
Netherlands
Greece
Ireland
Portugal
Malta
Spain
Finland
Cyprus
CO2 emissions Electricity consumption Electricity production
Source: EEA, 2008a; Eurostat.
Figure 11 Change of amount of fuel combustion and CO2 emissions from publicelectricity and heat production between 1990 and 2006 in the EU-15
-100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150%
Cyprus
Finland
Spain
Malta
Portugal
Ireland
Greece
Netherlands
Italy
Luxembourg
Austria
Denmark
EU15
Slovenia
Sweden
Czech Republic
Germany
France
Belgium
EU-27
UK
Hungary
Poland
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Romania
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
CO2 emissions Fuel combustion
302%
Source: EEA, 2008a.
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Emissions intensity from the energy transformation sector (Priority Indicator N7 andprojected Indicator N7)
SpecificCO2emissionsofpublicandautoproducerpowerplantshavebeendecreasingsince1990.
Tomonitortheprogressofpoliciesandmeasuresintheenergytransformationsector,specificCO2emissionsofpublicandautoproducerpowerplantsarereportedbyMemberStates.ThisindicatoristheratiobetweenCO2emissionsfrompublicandautoproducerthermalpowerstations(2),andtheoutput(3)bythesestations.Significantdecouplingtookplacebetween1994and1997and
between2003and2006(Figure12).
NineofthetwelveMemberStatesthatreportedboth,thechangeinCO2emissionsandthechangeinenergyoutputbetween1990and2006showedadecouplingofthesetwoparameters(Figure13).ThelowestCO2intensitywasobservedinSweden(Figure13).
Figure 12 CO2 emissions from public and autoproducer (total and thermal) pow er
stations compared w ith all products-output for the EU-15
107
139
79
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
CO2 emissions
Output by public and auto producer thermal power stat ions
specific CO2 emissio ns of public and autoproducer power plants, t CO2 / TJ o utput
Source: EEA, 2008a; Eurostat.
(2) CO2 emissions from all fossil fuel combustion for gross electricity and heat production by public and autoproducerthermal power and combined heat and power plants. Emissions from heat only plants are not included.
(3) Gross electricity produced and any heat sold to third parties (combined heat and power plants CHP). Outputfrom heat only plants is not included.
Index
1990
=1
00
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Figure 13 Specific CO2 emissions of public and autoproducer power plants, t CO2/ TJ
(change 19902006; absolute intensity) (Prior ity Indicator N7)
Note: Comparisons of absolute intensities are only of limited significance as data are not always consistent acrosscountries and not all countries reported the whole time series.
Source: EEA, 2008a; Member States submissions.
Theintensityvaluesfor2006areavailablefor22MemberStates(Figure13).LowintensitiesobservedinnorthernEuropemaybeexplainedby:
highsharesofbiomasscombustioninpublicelectricityandheatproduction(e.g.Sweden,Denmark,andFinland),
highsharesofCHP(Denmark,Finland,Latvia),
highsharesofgaseousfuels(e.g.Latvia,Lithuania,theUnitedKingdom).
Ofthe14MemberStatesthatprovidedprojectionsforCO2emissionsfrompublicandautoproducerthermalpowerstations,onlyfour(Belgium,Germany,Spain,theUnitedKingdom)
project
decreasing
emissions
between
2005
and
2010
(Figure
14).
-100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200%
EstoniaSlovakia
LatviaGermany
UKFrance
LuxembourgItaly
AustriaNetherlands
IrelandPortugalFinland
SpainCyprus
SwedenSloveniaRomania
PolandMalta
LithuaniaHungaryGreece
DenmarkCzech Republic
BulgariaBelgium
EU-27EU-15
CO2 emissions change in all product output
634%
CO2 intensity t/TJ (2006)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
EstoniaSlovakia
LatviaGermany
UKFrance
LuxembourgItaly
AustriaNetherlands
IrelandPortugalFinland
SpainCyprus
SwedenSloveniaRomania
PolandMalta
LithuaniaHungaryGreece
DenmarkCzech Republic
BulgariaBelgium
EU-27EU-15
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Figure 14 Pro jected Change in CO2 emissions from public and autoproducer thermalpower stations and all products output between 2005 and 2010
(Projected Indicator N7)
-50% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300%
SpainGermany
UKBelgium
Czech RepublicNetherlands
IrelandSloveniaPoland
SwedenDenmarkSlovakiaFinland
LithuaniaRomaniaPortugal
MaltaLatvia
LuxembourgItaly
HungaryGreeceFranceEstonia
BulgariaAustriaCyprus
EU-15EU-27
change CO2 emissions (2005-2010) change output (2005-2010)
Note: Comparisons of absolute intensities are only of limited significance as data are not always consistent acrosscountries.
Source: Member States' submissions.
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Projected savings f rom key pol ic ies and measures target ing energy industr ies
ThemainGHGemissionreductionsinEU27energyindustriesareprojectedtobederivedfrompoliciesandmeasurespromotingrenewableenergy.
Significantadditionalreductionsarealsoexpectedfrompoliciesandmeasuresoncombinedheatandpower(cogeneration)andenergytaxation.
Savingsfromrenewableenergypoliciesandmeasuresplayamajorrole,amountingfor62MtCO2eq.(50Mtfromexistingmeasuresand12Mtfromplannedadditionalmeasures).TheCHPDirective(15Mt)andtheenergytaxationDirective(17Mt)arealsoexpectedtocontributesignificantlytoreductionsofEU27emissionsin2010,asillustratedinFigure15below.MoreinformationonpoliciesrelatedtorenewableenergyandCHPisprovidedinthenextsection.Thedirectiveonenergyenduseefficiencyandenergyservicesisexpectedtocreate1%annualsavingsintheenergyindustriessectorbutisquantifiedbyMemberStatestoreduceEU27emissionsby
justover3Mtsofar.ThedirectiverequiresMemberStatestodrawupnationalactionplanstoachieve1%yearlyenergysavingsintheretail,supplyanddistributionofelectricity,naturalgas,urbanheating,andotherenergyproductsincludingtransportfuels.
Figure 15 EU-27 projected greenhouse gas emission savings from key CCPMs in theenergy supply sector in 2010
61.8
17.5
15.0
3.7 0.20.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
RES-E Directive Energy taxation
Directive
Co-generation
Directive
Internal electricity
market Directive
Large Combustion
Plant Directive
Internal market in
natural gas
CarbonsavingsMtCO2-eq.
Source: Database on Policies and Measures in Europe (www.oeko.de/service/pam/sector.php) as of 17 July 2008.
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A 1.2.2 CO2 emissions from petroleum refining
Definition(IPCCsector1A1b):emissionsfromallcombustionactivitiessupportingtherefiningofpetroleumproducts.Thiscategorydoesnotincludeevaporativeemissions.
Between1990and2006,CO2emissionsfrompetroleumrefiningincreasedsignificantly,closelyfollowingthetrendoffuelcombustioninthissector(Fig.16).
Nodecouplingbetweenemissionsandactivityhasoccurredsincethefuelmix,stilllargelydominatedbyliquidfuels,didnotchangesignificantly(Fig.16)
ExceptinBulgaria,CzechRepublic,Hungary,theNetherlands,SloveniaandtheUnitedKingdom,CO2emissionsincreasedinallEUMemberStates.
CO2 emission
from 1A1b
Share in 1990
total GHG
Share in 2006
total GHG
Change 1990
2006
Change 2000
2006
EU-15 2.5 % 2.9 % 11.8 % 0.6 %
EU-27 2.1 % 2.5 % 13.9 % 0.5 %
Between2005and2006,fuelcombustionandCO2emissionsfrompetroleumrefiningdecreasedsharply.Thisdecreaseseemstobemainlycausedbyadeclineintheoverallconsumptionofoilproductsandadeclineinlocalproductioncoupledwithincreasingimportsofoilproducts.
Figure 16 Trend of EU-15 CO2 and EU-27 CO2 emissions from petroleum refining and
gross value and share of fuels in 1990 and 2006 for the EU-15
112113
114
116
80
90
100
110
120
130
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
CO2 emissions EU-15 Fuel Combus tion EU-15
C O2 em is sio ns EU-27 Fuel Co mbus tio n EU-27
Source: EEA, 2008a.
1990
93%
0%0%4%
3%
2006
91%
0% 0%8%
1%
Liquid Fuels Solid Fuels
Gaseous Fuels Biomass
Other Fuels
Index
1990
=1
00
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Figure 17 Change of CO2 emissions and fuel combustion from petroleum refiningbetween 1990 and 2006 for EU-27 Member States
- 100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250%
SloveniaBulgaria
Czech RepublicUK
Hungary
NetherlandsGermany
LithuaniaFrance
BelgiumDenmark
EU15EU-27
Slovakia
AustriaSpain
SwedenFinland
PortugalGreece
ItalyEstonia
IrelandPoland
Luxembourg
LatviaMalta
RomaniaCyprus
CO2 emissions Fuel combustion
Note: Romania reports emissions under 'Public electricity and heat production'.The following Member States reported that CO2 emissions from petroleum refining were not occurring: Latvia,Luxembourg and Malta (1990 and 2006) and Cyprus (2006).
Source: EEA, 2008a.
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A 1.2.3 CO2 emissions from the manufacture of solid fuels and otherenergy industries
Definition(IPCCsector1A1c):combustionemissionsfromfueluseduringthemanufactureofsecondaryandtertiaryproductsfromsolidfuelsincludingproductionofcharcoal.Thiscategoryincludesemissions
fromown
on
site
fuel
use.
Between1990and2006,CO2emissionsfromthemanufactureofsolidfuelsandotherenergyindustriesweresignificantlyreduced,followingthetrendinfuelcombustioninthissector(Figure18).
ThedecreasingtrendinCO2emissionsstoppedin2000.Emissionshavebeenstablesince,atalevel40%below1990levels.
FuelswitchingfromsolidtogaseousfuelsledtofurtherreductioninCO2emissions(Figure18).
TenEU27MemberStatesshowadecreasebetween1990and2006,butemissionsincreasedbymorethan150%inDenmarkandtheSlovakRepublic(Figure19).
CO2 emission
from 1A1c
Share in 1990
total GHG
Share in 2006
total GHG
Change 1990
2006
Change 2000
2006
EU-15 2.3 % 1.4 % 41.2 % 0.8 %
EU-27 1.9 % 1.3 % 37.2 % 2.9 %
Figure 18 Trend of EU-15 CO2 and EU-27 CO2 emissions from manufacture of solidfuels and other energy industries and share of fuels in 1990 and 2006 for
the EU-15
59
67
63
71
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
EU-15 CO2 em issions Fuel Combus tion EU-15
EU-27 CO2 emis sio ns F uel Co mbus tio n EU-27
Source: EEA, 2008a.
Between1993and1994combustionofsolidfuelsincreasedonlyslightlywhiletheincreaseincombustionofgaseousandliquidfuelswasmorepronouncedwhichledtoanincreaseintotalfuelcombustionintheEU27(Figure18).Inthefollowingyears,combustionofsolidandliquidfuelsdecreasedmorethancombustionofgaseousfuelsincreasedinboththeEU15andEU27.Thisledtoadecreasingtrendinfuelcombustion(Figure18).
1990
4%4%
74%
17%
1%
2006 3%6%
54%
35%
2%
Liquid Fuels Solid Fuels
Gaseous Fuels Biomass
Other Fuels
Index
1990
=1
00
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Figure 19 Change of CO2 emissions and fuel combustion from manufacture of solidfuels between 1990 and 2006 for EU-27 Member States
-110% -60% -10% 40% 90% 140% 190%
PortugalSloveniaBelgium
Germany
Latvia
CzechEU15
EU-27France
GreeceLithuania
SpainPoland
SwedenAustria
Finland
ItalyIreland
BulgariaUK
NetherlandsDenmark
SlovakiaLuxembour
Cyprus
EstoniaHungary
MaltaRomania
CO2 emissions Fuel combustion
6448%
13792%
Note: Romania reports emissions under 'Public electricity and heat production'; Hungary includes emissions under'Chemical industry'.The following Member States reported that CO2 emissions from manufacture of solid fuels and other energyindustries were not occurring: Cyprus, Estonia, Luxembourg and Malta (1990 and 2006) and Portugal (2006)
Source: EEA, 2008a.
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A 1.3 Energy use (excluding transport)
A 1.3.1 CO2 emissions from energy use in manufacturing industries and
construction
Definition(IPCCsector1A2):emissionsfromcombustionoffuelsinindustryincludingcombustionforthegenerationofelectricityandheat.Thiscategorydoesnotincludeemissionsfromtheenergyusedfor
transportbyindustry,butincludeemissionsarisingfromoffroadandothermobilemachineryinindustry.
Key EU pol ic ies and measures
CogenerationDirective(2004)
Trends
Between1990and2006,GHGemissionsfromenergyuseinmanufacturingindustries
decreasedby12%.Theydecreasedby2%between2000and2006.
Energyintensity(4)inindustrydecreasedbyapproximately1.8%peryearovertheperiod19902004(EEA,2006b).Thiswasduetostructuralchangesinfavourofhighervalueaddedproducts,changesinsomeindustriestolessenergyintensiveprocesses,improvementsintheenergyefficiencyofprocessesandimportsubstitution.
CO2emissionsincreasedbetween1990and2006inonlysixEU27MemberStates(Figure20).
DataforgrossvalueaddedinmanufacturingindustrieswereprovidedbyonlysixEU27MemberStates.AllthesedatashowthatCO2emissionsweredecoupledfromgrossvalueadded.
CO2 emission
from 1A2
Share in 1990
total GHG
Share in 2006
total GHG
Change 1990
2006
Change 2000
2006
EU-15 14.4 % 12.9 % 12.2 % 2.2 %
EU-27 14.5 % 12.8 % 18.9 % 3.6 %
Pol ic ies and measures target ing energy use in manufac tur ing industr ies
Specificclimatepoliciesandmeasurescontributedonlypartiallytothedecreaseinenergyintensity.
ThepromotionofCHPinindustryisexpectedtofurtherreduceenergyintensity.
PastreductionsinCO2emissionsfrommanufacturingindustrieswereduetoadecreaseinenergyintensity(ratioofenergyusetovalueadded)ofindustrybyanaverageof1.8%peryearovertheperiod19902004(EEA,2006b).Thiswasduetostructuralchangesinfavourofhighervalueaddedproducts,changesinsomeindustriestolessenergyintensiveprocesses,improvementsintheenergyefficiencyofprocessesandimportsubstitution.Onlypartofthesedevelopmentswas
due
to
specific
policies
and
measures
aimed
at
reducing
greenhouse
gas
emissions.
The
(4) Energy intensity: ratio of energy use to value added.
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improvementinenergyintensityisprojectedtocontinueortobeenhanced,withthehelpofexistingandadditionalpoliciesandmeasures.ThepromotionofCHPinindustryisalsoexpectedtoreduceenergyintensity.
Figure 20 Change of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption in industry andgross values added of industry between 19902006 and 20052010(Projected Indicator N4)
-100% -50% 0% 50% 100%
LithuaniaEstonia
LuxembourgLatvia
BulgariaSlovakiaHungary
CzechRomaniaGermany
MaltaPolandEU-27
SloveniaUK
BelgiumNetherlands
FinlandEU15
FranceGreece
ItalySwedenCyprus
DenmarkPortugalAustriaIrelandSpain
change CO2 emissions (1990-2006) change GVA (1990-2006)
-50% 0% 50% 100%
GermanyBelgium
Czech RepublicUK
ItalyFinland
DenmarkNetherlands
AustriaSlovenia
LatviaIrelandSpain
SwedenSlovakia
LithuaniaRomaniaPortugal
PolandMalta
LuxembourgHungaryGreeceFranceEstoniaCyprus
BulgariaEU-27EU-15
change CO2 emissions (2005-2010) change GVA (2005-2010)
Note: Comparisons of absolute intensities are only of limited significance as data are not always consistent acrosscountries.
Source: EEA, 2008a, Eurostat, Member States' submissions
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A 1.3.2 CO2 emission from energy use and processes for iron andsteel production
Definition(IPCCsector1A2a):emissionsfromcombustionoffuelsintheironandsteelindustryincludingcombustionforthegenerationofelectricityandheat.
Definition(IPCCsector2C1):byproductorfugitivegreenhousegasemissionsfromindustrialprocessingofironandsteelproducts
EU15CO2emissionsfromironandsteelproductiondecreasedby13%between1990and2006andby2%between2000and2006.
Thiswasmainlyduetheincreasingshareofelectricprocessinginsteelproduction,whiletheshareofintegratedsteelworkshasbeendecreasing.
Emissionsandgrossvalueaddedhavebeendecouplingsincethelate1990s.
CO2emissionsfromironandsteelproductionaresplitbetween:
processrelatedemissions,accountedforinthecategorySector2 Industry,
combustionrelatedemissions,accountedforinthecategorySector1 Energy.
AstheboundarybetweenenergyandprocessrelatedemissionsisnotuniformlyinterpretedinindividualMemberStates,thischapterdealswithbothcombustion(1A2a)andprocess(2C1)relatedemissions.
In2006,energyrelatedCO2emissionsandprocessrelatedCO2emissionscontributeeach2%tototalEU15GHGemissions.Emissionsdependpartlyonthemethodofprocessing(integratedsteelworksorelectricprocessing),wherebyelectricprocessingcauseslessdirectemissionsinthespecificcategory.Emissionsalsodependonthefuelsusedforcombustion.In199073.5%ofthefuelsusedforcombustioninironandsteelproductionweresolidfuels.In2006theshareofsolidfuelsdecreased66.95%.Inthesametimetheshareofgaseousfuelsincreased(18.4%in1990and26.3%in2006).ThisswitchfromsolidtogaseousfuelscontributestothereductionofenergyrelatedCO2emissionsinironandsteelproduction.
Since2001,CO2emissionsfromironandsteelhavebeenrelativelystablewhile:
steelproductionfromelectricprocessinghasbeensteadilyincreasing;
steelproductionfromintegratedsteelworkshasbeenstable.
CO2 emissionsShare in 1990
total GHGShare in 2006
total GHGChange 1990
2006Change 2000
2006
2C1 (process)
EU-15 1.7 % 1.6 % 8.1 % 2.2 %
EU-27 1.9 % 1.7 % 15.1 % 6.1 %
1A2a (combustion)
EU-15 2.8 % 2.4 % 16.6 % 5.0 %
EU-27 2.7 % 2.4 % 18.9 % 4.4 %
Total iron and steel
industry
EU-15 4.5 % 3.9 % 13.3 % 2.2 %
EU-27 4.6 % 4.1 % 17.3 % 0.2 %
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ThisindicatesadecouplingbetweensteelproductionfromelectricprocessingandrelatedCO2emissions,duetoefficiencyimprovementsinthesteelproductionprocessandinelectricitygenerationbythesteelindustry.
Figure 21 Trend of CO2 emissions, steel production and gross value added for EU-15
Member States and share of fuels in 1990 and 2006
1990
70%
30%
2006
59%
41%
integrated steelworks
electric processing
94
165
8791
127
176
70
90
110
130
150
170
190
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Steel production (past ) - integrated steelworks
Steel product ion (past) - electric processing
CO2 from iron and steel
Steel production (projected) - integrated steelworks
Gross Value added (past)
Steel product ion (projected) - electric processing
Source: EEA, 2008a, PRIMES, Eurostat
TheemissiontrendintheEU27issimilartotheEU15andshowsdecreasingCO2emissionswhilegrossvalueaddedandelectricprocessingofsteelisincreasing.
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Figure 22 Trend of CO2 emissions, steel production and gross value added EU-27
Member States
89
150
83 86
131
167
70
90
110
130
150
170
190
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Steel production (past) - integrated steelworks
Steel production (past) - electric processing
CO2 from iron and steel
Steel production (projected) - integrated steelworks
Gros s Value added (past)
Steel production (projected) - electric processing
Source: EEA, 2008a, PRIMES, Eurostat
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Total CO2 intensity and specific CO2emissions in the iron and steel industry (additionalpriority indicators 2 and 5)
In21ofthe24MemberStatesforwhichdataareavailable,CO2emissionsintheironandsteelindustrydecreasedbetween1990and2006.
ApproximatelyhalfoftheMemberStatesreportedsufficientdataallowingindicatorsassessment.
SeventeenMemberStatesreportedbothnominatoranddenominatorin2006forthecalculationofCO2intensityinthesteelindustry(5)(Figure23).In13countries,theresultingintensityisbelow5000tCO2perEURmillionofgrossvalueadded(Figure23).Forsomecountries(e.g.DenmarkandSlovenia),thedenominatormayincludemoreactivitiesthanforothercountries,becausenodisaggregatedinformationisavailable.
Figure 23 CO2 intensity - iron and steel industry per gross value added, t/ EURmillion (change 19902006; absolute intensity) (Additional P riority
Indicator N2)
-150% -100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200%
IrelandLuxembourg
PortugalHungarySlovenia
PolandGreeceBelgium
LatviaItaly
RomaniaUK
EstoniaBulgariaSlovakiaFrance
Czech RepublicNetherlandsGermany
SpainSw edenDenmark
AustriaFinland
MaltaLithuania
EU-27EU-15
Cyprus
change in CO2 emissions (1990-2006) change in GVA (1990-2006)
CO2 Intensity t/Mio (2006)
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
IrelandLuxembourg
PortugalHungarySlovenia
PolandGreeceBelgium
LatviaItaly
RomaniaUK
EstoniaBulgariaSlovakiaFrance
Czech RepublicNetherlands
GermanySpain
SwedenDenmark
AustriaFinland
MaltaLithuania
EU-27EU-15
Cyprus
Note: Comparisons of absolute intensities are only of limited significance as data are not always consistent across
countries.Cyprus, Lithuania and Malta do not produce iron and steel.
Source: Member States' submissions
ThereportingofMemberStatesregardingCO2emissionsfromtheironandsteelindustryperunitofoxygensteelproduced(additionalpriorityindicatorN5)issubstantiallyincompletetoallowmeaningfulEUwidecomparison.ForSloveniathevalueforgrossvalueaddedincludesnonferrousmetalindustry.ThismightcausethelowCO2intensities(Fig.23).Austria,Finland,SlovakiaandSloveniahadastrongincreaseinsteelproductionbetween1990and2006(Figure24).
(5) Ratio of total CO2 emissions by gross value added in the iron and steel industry.
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InLuxembourgthevalueforproductionofoxygensteelalsoincludessinter,pigironandelectricarcfurnaceproduction.ThisexplainsthelowCO2intensityinLuxembourg(Fig.24).
Figure 24 CO2 intensity - iron and steel industry per production of oxygen steel, t/ t
(change 19902006; absolute intensity) (Additional Pr iority Indicator
N5)
Note: Comparisons of absolute intensities are only of limited significance as data are not always consistent
across countries. In Estonia (19902006) and Lithuania (20042006) production of oxygen steel is not occurring. In Bulgaria (2006),Latvia (19992006) and Spain (19902006) production of oxygen steel is confidential.
Source: Member States' submissions
-150% -100% -50% 0% 50% 100%
IrelandLuxembourg
PortugalHungarySlovenia
PolandGreeceBelgium
LatviaItaly
RomaniaUK
Estonia
BulgariaSlovakiaFrance
Czech RepublicNetherlands
GermanySpain
SwedenDenmark
AustriaFinland
MaltaLithuania
EU-27EU-15
Cyprus
change in CO2 emissions (1990-2006)change in production (1990-2006)
CO2 Intensity t/t (2006)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
IrelandLuxembourg
PortugalHungarySlovenia
PolandGreeceBelgium
LatviaItaly
RomaniaUK
EstoniaBulgaria
SlovakiaFrance
Czech RepublicNetherlands
GermanySpain
SwedenDenmark
AustriaFinland
MaltaLithuania
EU-27EU-15
Cyprus
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A 1.3.3 CO2 emissions from energy use in the chemical industry
Definition(IPCCsector1A2c):emissionsfromcombustionoffuelsinthechemicalindustry(productionofammonia,nitricacid,adipicacid,carbides,etc.)includingcombustionforthegenerationofelectricityand
heat.
Between1990and2006,EU15CO2emissionsfromchemicalindustry(combustionandprocess)decreasedby2%,buthaveincreasedrecently(+3%between2000and2006).
Whilegrossvalueaddedhasbeenconstantlyincreasingsince1990(exceptin2003),theamountoffuelcombustedbythechemicalindustryandtherelatedCO2emissionshavedecreasedduringthesameperiod(Figure25).
Theemissiontrendiscloselylinkedtotheamountoffuelcombusted(Figure25),whichindicatesthatoverallintheEU,thisindustryisreducingitsenergyintensity.
Share in 1990total GHG
Share in 2006total GHG
Change 19902006
Change 20002006
CO2 emission from 1A2c(combustion)
EU-15 1.7 % 1.6 % 8.2 % 1.9 %
EU-27 1.5 % 1.7 % 4.2 % 10.1 %
CO2 emissions from 2B
(process)
EU-15 0.7 % 0.8 % 12.7 % 3.6 %
EU-27 0.7 % 0.8 % 2.6 % 3.3 %
Total CO2 emissions
from chemical industry
EU-15 2.3 % 2.3 % 2.3 % 2.5 %
EU-27 2.3 % 2.5 % 3.7 % 7.9 %
TheCO2emissionsfromthechemicalindustrycontributed(combustionandprocess)with2%tothetotalEU15GHGemissions.Thissharewasthesamein2006and1990.
Figure 25 Trend of CO2 emissions, fuel combustion of the chemical industry and
gross values added for EU-15 Member States
9792
176 177
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Fuel combustion (past) CO2 emissions
Gro ss Value added (past) Gro ss Value added (pro jected)
104
175
175
107
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
CO2 emissions Gross Value added (past)
Gross Value added (projected) Fuel combustion (past)
Source: EEA 2008a, PRIMES, Eurostat
Index
1990
=1
00
Index
1990
=1
00
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Energy-related CO2 intensity of the chemical industry (additional priority indicator 3)
EnergyrelatedCO2intensityinthechemicalindustryshowslargedifferencesamongMemberStatesforwhichdataareavailable.
AdditionalPriorityIndicatorN3expressestheratiobetweenCO2emissionsfromcombustionoffossilfuelsinmanufactureofchemicalsandchemicalproductsandthegrossvalueaddedinthisindustrybranch.ItwasonlypossibleforsixcountriestoshowthechangeofCO2emissionsandgrossvalueaddedbetween1990and2006(Fig.26).FranceistheonlyMemberStatetoreportthatgrossvalueaddeddecreasedwhileCO2emissionsincreased.Bulgaria,CzechRepublic;SlovakRepublicandHungaryshowamuchhigherCO2intensitycomparedtoothercountries(Fig.26).
Figure 26 Energy related intensity - chemical industry, t/ Mio EUR, (change 1990
2006; absolute intensity) (Additional Pr iority Indicator N3)
Note: Comparisons of absolute intensities are only of limited significance as data are not always consistent across
countries. The Czech Republic (19902002), Romania and the United Kingdom include emissions under sourcecategory 1A2f 'other'. In Luxembourg and Malta (19902004) chemical industry is not occurring.
Source: Member States' submissions
-150% -100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150%
LatviaEstonia
SlovakiaLithuania
ItalyCyprus
BulgariaFinland
NetherlandsSloveniaGreece
HungaryFranceIreland
BelgiumPortugalSwedenDenmark
AustriaPolandSpain
UKRomania
MaltaLuxembourg
GermanyEU-27EU-15
Czech Republic
change in CO2 emissions (1990-2006) change in GVA (1990-2006)
CO2 Intensity t/ Mio (2006)
0 5000 10000 15000
LatviaEstonia
SlovakiaLithuania
ItalyCyprus
BulgariaFinland
NetherlandsSloveniaGreece
HungaryFranceIreland
BelgiumPortugalSwedenDenmark
AustriaPolandSpain
UKRomania
MaltaLuxembourg
GermanyEU-27EU-15
Czech Republic
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A 1.3.4 CO2 emissions from energy use in the pulp, paper andprint industry
Definition(IPCCsector1A2d):emissionsfromcombustionoffuelsinthepulp,paperandprintindustryincludingcombustionforthegenerationofelectricityandheat.
Between1990and2006,CO2emissionsfrompulp,paperandprintincreasedby8%,buttheyhavedecreasedremarkablyintheEU15since2003(5%between2000and2006).
AshiftfromsolidandliquidfuelstogasandbiomassledtopartialdecouplingofCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustioninthepulp,paperandprintindustry.
CO2 emission
from 1A2d
Share in 1990
total GHG
Share in 2006
total GHG
Change 1990
2006
Change 2000
2006
EU-15 0.6 % 0.7 % 8.4 % 5.0 %
EU-27 0.5 % 0.6 % 7.4 % 4.2 %
CO2emissionsfrompulp,paperandprintindustryaccountfor0.7%ofthetotalEU15emissionsin2006.Althoughthefuelcombustionisincreasing(+32%intheEU15between1990and2006),CO2emissionsincreasedbyonly8%intheEU15and7%intheEU27(Fig.27).Thiswasmainlyduetoashiftfromliquidandsolidfuelstogasandbiomass.
Figure 27 Trend of CO2 emissions, energy demand of the pulp, paper and print
industry and gross values added fo r EU-15 (left) and EU-27 (right)
132
108
107
111
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Fuel co mbustion (past) CO2 emissions
Gro ss Value added (pas t) Gro s s Val ue added (pro jec ted)
138
107 111
106
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Fuel combustion (past) CO2 emissions
Gross Value added (projected) Gross Value added (past)
Source: EEA 2008a, PRIMES, Eurostat
Index
1990
=1
00
Index
1990
=1
00
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Energy-related CO2 intensity in the paper and printing industry and specific energy-relatedCO2emissions of the paper industry (supplementary indicators 6 and 13)
BulgariaandCyprusshowexceptionallylowenergyrelatedCO2intensityinthepaperandprintingindustry.
Twosupplementaryindicators(N6andN13)showCO2intensitiesforthepaperindustry.
SupplementaryIndicatorN6comparesCO2emissionswithgrossvalueadded.Thechangeofgrossvalueaddedbetween1990and2006canonlybeshownforsixcountries(Francereportsachangeof0%andthereforenobarisvisibleinthegraph)(Figure28).
Figure 28 Energy related intensity pulp, paper and print industry, t CO2/ Mio EUR,
(change 19902006; absolute intensity) (Supplementary Indicator N6)
-150% -50% 50% 150% 250% 350%
LithuaniaLatvia
CyprusSlovakiaDenmark
FinlandGreece
NetherlandsSw eden
FranceAustria
BelgiumPortugalSloveniaHungary
ItalySpain
IrelandBulgaria
GermanyPoland
UKRomania
MaltaLuxembourg
EU-27EU-15
EstoniaCzech Republic
change in CO2 emissions (1990-2006) change in GVA (1990-2006)
CO2 Intensity kt/Mio (2006)
0 500 1000 1500
LithuaniaLatvia
CyprusSlovakiaDenmark
FinlandGreece
NetherlandsSw eden
FranceAustriaBelgium
PortugalSloveniaHungary
ItalySpain
IrelandBulgaria
GermanyPoland
UKRomania
MaltaLuxembourg
EU-27EU-15
EstoniaCzech Republic
Note: Comparisons of absolute intensities are only of limited significance as data are not always consistentacross countries.Romania and the United Kingdom include emissions under source category 1A2f 'other'. Germany includes onlyemissions from other fuels. Estonia (1990, 1991, 1996), Luxembourg (19902006) and Malta (19902004) report emissions as not
occurring.Source: Member States' submissions
SupplementaryIndicatorN13showsthespecificenergyrelatedCO2emissionsofpaperindustry.Ofthetencountriesthatreportedboth,changeinCO2emissionsfrompulp,paperandprintindustryandphysicaloutputofpaperin1990and2006fivecountriesreporteddecreasingemissionsandincreasingphysicaloutput(Figure29).
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Figure 29 Specific energy related CO2 emissions of the paper industry, t/ t, (change
19902006; absolute intensity) (Supplementary Indicator N13)
-150% -50% 50% 150% 250% 350%
GreeceCyprus
LithuaniaLatvia
SlovakiaDenmark
FinlandNetherlands
SwedenFranceAustriaBelgiumPortugalSloveniaHungary
ItalySpain
IrelandBulgaria
GermanyPoland
UKRomania
MaltaLuxembourg
EU-27EU-15
EstoniaCzech Republic
change in CO2 emissions change in physical output
CO2 Intensity t/t (2006)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
GreeceCyprus
LithuaniaLatvia
SlovakiaDenmark
FinlandNetherlands
SwedenFranceAustriaBelgiumPortugalSloveniaHungary
ItalySpain
IrelandBulgaria
GermanyPoland
UKRomania
MaltaLuxembourgEU-27
EU-15Estonia
Czech Republic
Note: Comparisons of absolute intensities are only of limited significance as data are not always consistent acrosscountries. Estonia (1990, 1991, 1996), Luxembourg (19902006) and Malta (19902004) report emissions as not occurring. Thephysical output of paper is confidential in Ireland and Luxembourg.
Source: Member States' submission
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A 1.3.5 CO2 emissions from energy use in the food-processing,beverages and tobacco industry
Definition(IPCCsector1A2e):emissionsfromcombustionoffuelsinthefoodprocessing,beveragesandtobaccoindustryincludingcombustionforthegenerationofelectricityandheat.
Between1990and2006,CO2emissionsincreasedby6%,buttheydecreasedby11%between2000and2006.
Adecouplingbetweenactivityinthefoodprocessing,beveragesandtobaccoindustryandrelatedCO2emissionscanbeobservedintheEU15andtheEU27(Figure30).
CO2 emission
from 1A2e
Share in 1990
total GHG
Share in 2006
total GHG
Change 1990
2006
Change 2000
2006
EU-15 0.8 % 0.9 % 5.9 % 10.5 %
EU-27 0.8 % 0.9 % 4.2 % 7.2 %
CO2emissionsandfuelcombustionshowsimilartrends,between1990and2006bothintheEUf5andintheEU27(Figure30).ItisprojectedthatthegrossvalueaddedwillincreaseintheEU15andtheEU27until2010(Figure30).
Figure 30 CO2 emissions, energy demand and gross value added in the food-processing, beverages and tobacco industry in the EU-15 and EU-27
104
111
130
118
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170180
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
C O2 em is sio ns Gro ss Value added (pas t)
Gross Value added (projected) Fuel combustion (past)
106
109
124
120
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170180
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
CO2 em is sio ns Gro ss Value added (past )
Gross Value added (projected) Fuel combustion (past)
Source: EEA 2008a, PRIMES, Eurostat
Index
1990
=1
00
Index
1990
=1
00
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Energy-related CO2 intensity in the food, drink and tobacco industry (supplementaryindicator 5)
SupplementaryIndicatorN5showstheenergyrelatedCO2intensityofthefood,drinkandtobaccoindustrybycomparingCO2emissionswithgrossvalueadded.Between1990and2006,
CO2
emissions
decreased
in
most
Member
States.
Major
increases
were
only
reported
by
Bulgaria,
ItalyandSpain(Figure31).Thechangeofgrossvalueaddedbetween1990and2006canonlybeshownforsixcountries.Cyprusreportsanexceptionallyhighincreaseingrossvalueaddedinthefood,drinkandtobaccoindustry(Figure31).
Figure 31 Energy-related intensity food, drink and tobacco industry, t CO2/ EUR
million (Supplementary Indicator N5)
-100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150%
EstoniaFinlandCyprus
LatviaGermanySlovakiaLithuaniaHungarySw edenBelgium
DenmarkNetherlands
SloveniaGreeceAustria
PortugalIrelandFrancePoland
ItalySpain
Bulgaria
UKRomania
MaltaLuxembourg
EU-27EU-15
Czech Republic
change in CO2 emissions (1990-2006) change in GVA (1990-2006)
2163%
CO2 Intensity t/Mio (2006)
0 500 1000 1500 2000
EstoniaFinlandCyprusLatvia
GermanySlovakia
LithuaniaHungarySw edenBelgium
DenmarkNetherlands
SloveniaGreeceAustria
PortugalIrelandFrancePoland
ItalySpain
BulgariaUK
RomaniaMalta
LuxembourgEU-27EU-15
Czech Republic
Note: Comparisons of absolute intensities are only of limited significance as data are not always consistent acrosscountries.Romania and the United Kingdom include emissions under source category 1A2f 'other'. Luxembourg reports emissionsas not occurring. The Czech Republic (19902002), Luxembourg (19902006) and Malta (19902004) report emissions as notoccurring.
Source: Member States' submission
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A 1.3.6 CO2 emissions from energy use in other industries
Definition(IPCCsector1A2f):emissionsfromcombustionoffuelsinallindustriesotherthaniron,steel,nonferrousmetals,chemicals,pulp,paper,print,foodprocessing,beverageandtobacco(presentedin
categories1A2a,1A2b,1A2c,1A2dand1A2e)andotherthanagriculture,forestryandfisheries(presented
incategory1A4cseenextsection).
IntheEU15,CO2emissionsandfuelcombustionfromthissourcecategoryhavebeenrelativelystablesince1998.Somedecouplingbetweenemissionsandcombustioncanbeobservedsince2000.
CO2 emission
from 1A2f
Share in 1990
total GHG
Share in 2006
total GHG
Change 1990
2006
Change 2000
2006
EU-15 8.4 % 7.3 % 14.8 % 0.7 %
EU-27 8.7 % 6.9 % 26.7 % 5.9 %
Somecountriesreportinthiscategoryalsoemissionsfromtheabovementionedindustrybrancheswhentheycannotallocatetheemissionstothesespecificbranches(e.g.UnitedKingdom,Romania).Forthisreason,comparisonsofemissionsbetweencountrieshavetobeundertakenwithcareandconsiderationofnationalcircumstances.
TheCO2emissionsofthissourcecategorycontributedin2006with7%tothetotalEU15GHGemissions.CO2emissionsdecreasedbetween1990and2006by15%.Thedecreaseinemissionsispartlyduetothefuelshift,fromsolidtogaseousfuels(Fig.32).Thedecreaseobservedonthe
trendfortheEU27emissionsisevenhigherandamountsto27%(Figure32).
InsevenMemberStates(thereofonlyoneEU12MemberState),emissionsincreasedwhileinthemajorityofcountriesCO2emissionsfromthissourcecategorydecreased(Figure33).
Figure 32 EU-15 and EU-27 CO2 emissions of other manufacturing industries andshare of fuels for the EU-15, 19902006
85
73
97
84
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Ind
ex
(1990=100)
EU-15 CO2 emissions EU-27 CO2 emissions
Fuel combustion EU-15 Fuel combustion EU-27
Source: EEA 2008a
1990
35%28%
4%
1%
32%
2006
35%
43%
9% 2%
11%
Liquid Fuels
Solid Fuels
Gaseous Fuels
Biomass
Other Fuels
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Figure 33 Change of CO2 emissions and fuel combustion from other manufacturingindustries betw een 1990 and 2006 for EU-27 Member States
-150% -100% -50% 0% 50% 100%
Czech RepublicLithuaniaHungaryBulgaria
LatviaEstonia
SlovakiaRomania
PolandGermany
LuxembourgEU-27
MaltaFrance
NetherlandsUnited
EU15Finland
BelgiumGreeceSweden
SloveniaItaly
AustriaPortugalDenmark
CyprusSpain
Ireland
CO2 emissions Fuel combustion
Source: EEA 2008a
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Energy-related CO2 intensity of the glass, pottery and buildings materials industry and ofthe cement industry (additional priority indicators N4 and 6)
The Additional Priority Indicator 4 depicts the ratio of energy related CO2 emissions from theglass, pottery andbuildings materials industry and gross value added from mineral products.
Seven Member States report decreasing emissionsbetween 1990 and 2006 (Figure 34). For Spainemissionsfromplasterproduction;cementproduction,limeproduction(exceptlimeproductioninpaper and steel industries), glass production (including frits), brick and tiles, fine ceramicmaterials, and emissions from combustion (boilers, gas turbines, stationary engines) in themanufacture of nonmetallic mineral products industry are included. In Denmark the energyrelatedCO2emissionisonlyrelatedtoconsumptionoffossilfuelsattheproductionsite.
Figure 34 Specific energy-related CO2 emissions and gross value added of mineral
products (t CO2/ t) between 1990 and 2006 (change 19902006; absoluteintensity) (Additional P riority Indicator N4)
-100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250%
EstoniaLatvia
SlovakiaHungary
FranceGermany
FinlandAustria
PortugalItaly
CyprusSpain
UKSwedenSloveniaRomania
PolandNetherlands
MaltaLuxembourg
LithuaniaIreland
GreeceEU-27EU-15
DenmarkCzech Republic
BulgariaBelgium
change in CO2 emissions (1990-2006) change in GVA 1990-2006
CO2 Intensity kt/Mio (2006)
0 5000 10000 15000
EstoniaLatvia
SlovakiaHungary
FranceGermany
FinlandAustria
PortugalItaly
CyprusSpain
UKSweden
SloveniaRomania
PolandNetherlands
MaltaLuxembourg
LithuaniaIreland
GreeceEU-27EU-15
DenmarkCzech Republic
BulgariaBelgium
Note: Comparisons of absolute intensities are only of limited significance as data are not always consistent across
countries.Source: Member States' submissions
TheAdditionalPriorityIndicator6depictstheratioofenergyrelatedCO2emissionsfromtheglass,potteryandbuildingsmaterialsindustryandcementproduction.ElevencountriesreportCO2emissionsofcementindustry.SevencountriesreportdecreasingCO2emissions(Figure35).
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Figure 35 Change of specific energy-related CO2 emissions of cement industry(t CO2/ t) between 1990 and 2006 (change 19902005; absolute
intensity) (Additional P riority Indicator N6)
-100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200%
EstoniaLatvia
SlovakiaHungary
FranceGermany
FinlandAustria
PortugalItalyCyprus
UKSweden
SpainSloveniaRomania
PolandNetherlands
MaltaLuxembourg
LithuaniaIreland
GreeceEU-27EU-15
DenmarkCzech Republic
BulgariaBelgium
change in CO2 emissions (1990-2006)
change in cement production (1990-2006)
CO2 Intensity t/t (2006)
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
EstoniaLatvia
SlovakiaHungary
FranceGermany
FinlandAustria
PortugalItaly
CyprusUK
SwedenSpain
SloveniaRomania
PolandNetherlands
MaltaLuxembourg
LithuaniaIreland
GreeceEU-27EU-15
DenmarkCzech Republic
BulgariaBelgium
Note: Comparisons of absolute intensities are only of limited significance as data are not always consistent acrosscountries. . In Latvia cement production is confidential (19992006).Source: Member States' submissions
ForSpain,cementproductioncorrespondstonationallyproducedclinkeronlyandexcludesimportedclinker.InDenmark,energyrelatedCO2emissionsareonlyrelatedtoconsumptionoffossilfuelsattheproductionsite.
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A 1.3.7 CO2 emissions from energy use in agriculture, forestry,fisheries
Definition(IPCCsector1A4c):emissionsfromfuelcombustioninagriculture,forestry,ordomesticinland,coastalanddeepseafishing.Thisincludestractionvehicles,pumpfueluse,graindrying,
horticulturalgreenhousesandotheragriculture,forestryorfishingrelatedfueluse.
Between1990and2006,EU15CO2emissionsfromenergyuseinagriculture,forestryandfisheriesdecreasedby11%,duetodecreasingfueluse.
CO2 emissionfrom 1A4c
Share in 1990total GHG
Share in 2006total GHG
Change 19902006
Change 20002006
EU-15 1.7 % 1.5 % 11.4 % 2.5 %
EU-27 1.6 % 1.5 % 14.2 % 3.5 %
Between1990and2006,CO2emissionsandtheamountoffuelcombustedhavedecreasedinmostcountries(Figure37).ChangesinCO2emissionsandfuelcombustionweretightlycoupledintheEU15andtheEU27(Figure36).ChangesinCO2emissionsandfuelcombustionwerealsotightlycoupledforindividualMemberStates,exceptinAustria,Bulgaria,Estonia,Italy,andPoland(Figure37).
Figure 36 CO2 emissions and fuel combustion in agriculture in the EU-15 (left) andEU-27 (right)
89
92
80
90
100
110
120
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
CO2 emissions Fuel combustion
86
90
80
90
100
110
120
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
CO2 emissions Fuel combustion
Source: EEA 2008a
Index
1990
=1
00
Index
1990
=1
00
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Figure 37 Change of CO2 emissions and fuel combustion between 1990 and 2006 for
EU-27 Member States
-100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150%
Czech Republi c
Romania
Lithuania
Latvia
Hungary
Cyprus
Bulgaria
Portugal
Germany
Slovenia
Estonia
UK
Finland
Denmark
Belgium
Austria
EU-27
France
EU-15
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Greece
Italy
Sweden
Spain
IrelandPoland
Slovakia
Malta
CO2 emissions Fuel Combustion
Source: EEA 2008a
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A 1.3.8 CO2 emissions from energy use in services
Definition(IPCCsector1A4a):emissionfromfuelcombustionincommercialandinstitutionalbuildings.
Between1990and2006,CO2emissionsfromenergyuseinservicesintheEU15decreasedby1%.
InallMemberStatesthatreportedincreasingemissionsexceptSlovenia,emissionsincreasedlessthanfuelcombustion,whichindicatesthatfuelswitchinghasoccurred.
CO2 emission
from 1A4a
Share in 1990
total GHG
Share in 2006
total GHG
Change 1990
2006
Change 2000
2006
EU-15 3.8 % 3.9 % 0.9 % 4.0 %
EU-27 3.6 % 3.6 % 7.1 % 7.3 %
CO2emissionsfromcommercialandinstitutionalbuildingshaveashareof4%oftotalEU15GHGemissionsin2006.ThetrendsobservedintheEU15andintheEU27aresimilar.CO2emissionsfollowverycloselytheannualvariationsofheatingdegreedays(Figure38).Forexample,anincreaseinemissionsfromoneyeartoanothercanbeexplainedbycolderweather,whichresultsinahighernumberofheatingdegreedays.However,longtermtrendsofCO2emissionsdependalsoonotherfactors,suchasthenumberofcommercialandinstitutional
buildingsandthetypeoffuelused.
IntheEU15,theshareofsolidfuelsintotalfuelconsumptiondecreasedfrom12%in1990to1%in2006andtheshareofliquidfuelsdeclinedfrom42%to29%,theshareofgaseousfuels
increasedfrom44%to66%(datanotshown).Thisfuelshiftcanmainlyexplainwhyemissionsfromserviceshaveremainedrelativelystablebetween1990and2006,whilegrossvalueaddedhas
beensteadilyincreasingsince1990.Inaddition,asservicesdonotrepresentanenergyintensivesectoroftheeconomy,grossvalueaddeddependslittleonenergyuse.
Figure 38 CO2 emissions from energy use in services, gross value added of servicesand heating degree days in the EU-15 (left) and EU-27 (right)
99
146
162
98
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
CO2 emissions (past) Gross Value added in services (past)
Gross Value added in services (projected) Actual Heating degree days
93
146
163
100
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160170
180
190
200
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
CO2 emissions (past) Gross Value added in services (past)
Gross Value added in services (projected) Actual Heating degree days
Source: EEA 2008a, Eurostat, PRIMES
Index
1990
=1
00
Index
1990
=1
00
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Figure 39 Change of CO2 emissions and fuel combustion between 1990 and 2006 forEU-27 Member States
-100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250%
Lithuania
Sweden
Latvia
Slovakia
Czech Republic
Finland
Poland
Denmark
Germany
Malta
UK
Estonia
EU-27
EU-15
Luxembourg
France
Ireland
Slovenia
Austria
Hungary
Belgium
Netherlands
Italy
Cyprus
BulgariaSpain
Romania
Greece
Portugal
CO2 emissions Fuel Combustion
Source: EEA 2008a
InallEU27MemberStates(exceptLuxembourg,EstoniaandSlovenia),CO2emissiontrendshaveclosely followed fuel combustion trends (Figure 39). However for the EU15 and the EU27,average changes in CO2 emissions and in fuel combustion show opposite trends for the period19902006. This canbe explainedby the relatively low extent of these changes compared toindividualMemberStates.
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CO2emission intensity of the commercial and institutional sector (priority indicator N6,projected indicator N6)
TwentytwoMemberStatesreportednumeratoranddenominatorfor2006.
ThreeMemberStates(CzechRepublic,HungaryandCyprus)reportedCO2intensitieshigherthan100tCO2/EURmillion(Figure40).
FifteenMemberStatesreportedprojectedCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelconsumptionincommercialandinstitutionalsectorandfourteenreportedprojectedgrossvalueaddedfortherespectivesector.Sevenofthemprojectadecreaseinemissions,butallanincreaseingrossvalueadded(Figure41).
MemberStateshaveverydifferenttrendfortheirnumeratoranddenominatorofPriorityIndicatorN6.ThelowintensitiesinFinland,DenmarkandSweden(Figure40)areduetohighsharesof
districtheatingorbiomasscombustion.
Figure 40 Change of CO2 emissions and gross value added from energy use inservices between 1990 and 2006 for EU-27 Member States (PriorityIndicator N6)
-100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250%
LithuaniaSweden
Latvia
SlovakiaCzech Republic
FinlandPoland
DenmarkGermany
MaltaUK
EstoniaLuxembourg
FranceIreland
SloveniaAustria
HungaryBelgium
NetherlandsItaly
CyprusBulgaria
SpainRomaniaGreecePortugal
EU-27EU-15
change in CO2 emissions (1990-2006) change in GVA (1990-2006)
CO2 Intensity t/Mio (2006)
0 50 100 150 200
LithuaniaSweden
LatviaSlovakiaCzech Republic
Finland
PolandDenmarkGermany
MaltaUK
Estonia
LuxembourgFranceIreland
SloveniaAustria
HungaryBelgium
NetherlandsItaly
CyprusBulgaria
SpainRomaniaGreecePortugal
EU-27EU-15
811
Note: Comparisons of absolute intensities are only of limited significance as data are not always consistent across
countries.Source: Member States' submissions, EEA 2008a
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Figure 41 Pro jected Change of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption inservices and gross value added in services between 2005 and 2010
(Projected Indicator N6)
-10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
ItalySloveniaDenmark
NetherlandsUK
BelgiumCzech Republic
SlovakiaSweden
IrelandGermany
SpainPortugalFinland
LithuaniaPoland
MaltaLuxembourg
LatviaHungaryGreeceFranceEstoniaCyprus
BulgariaAustria
Romania
EU-27EU-15
change in GVA (2005-2010) change CO2 emissions (2005-2010)
Source: Member States' submissions
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A 1.3.9 CO2 emissions from energy use in households
Definition(IPCCsector1A4b):allemissionsfromfuelcombustioninhouseholds.Key EU pol ic ies and measures
Directiveontheenergyperformanceofbuildin