Download - 47892336 Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Now a day in places like Afghanistan and Iraq we know that land mines are
causing serious threat to the lives of civilians. The mines that are implanted during the
wartime may remain undetected for several decades and may suddenly be activated after
that. Also during wartime mines implanted by our enemy countries are to be detected
and diffused properly in order to save the lives of our soldiers. So we should say that
detecting landmines is important for every country today.
1
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
CHAPTER 2
MINE AFFECTED COUNTRIES
The countries known to have severe landmine problems are
Afghanistan, Bosnia, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Vietnam, Iraq, Kuwait, Laos,
Egypt, Eritrea, Chevalier, China. Unfortunately India, Pakistan, Srilanka,
Myanmar are in the list of less mine affected countries besides other 100
countries.
2
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
CHAPTER 3
WHAT IS A LAND MINE?
The purpose of a landmine is to disable, immobilize or kill. It is an
explosive device activated either by a person or vehicle or by command
detonated by electric wire or radio signals. Most land mines are laid on just
below the surface of ground and are activated by pressure or trip-wire.
Usually most of the land mines will contain many metallic parts, which can
be made use of in their detection.
3
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
Anti-personal mines claims 70 new victims every day. This weapon
is particularly cruel on children whose bodies being smaller and closer to
the blast are more likely to sustain serious injury. The severe disabilities
and psychological traumas that follow the blast- means these children will
have to be looked after for many years.
A child injured at the age of 10 will need about 25 critical limbs
during there life time. This cost in 3000 Dollars a huge sum to pay in
countries where people earn as little as 10 dollar a month. . Between 1979
of 1996 the red crores fitted over 70,000 amputees with critical limbs and
the land mine problem in still growing. There for considering these factors
the discovery of radar bullet is really a big boost to our world as we
launches to 21st century.
4
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
CHAPTER 4
HOW IS MINE DETECTION CURRENTLY BEING
CONDUCTED?
PRINCIPLES USED
1. Metal detection
2. Explosive detection
4.1. METAL DETECTION
Essentially the two most common components of landmines are
metals and explosives. Manufactured mines have casting made from a
variety of materials including wood, metals, Plastic metal or other
synthetic materials. From the detection standpoint, metal is the easier
component to detect.
5
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
Metal detectors (commonly referred to as mine detectors) are now
capable of signaling the presence of minute piece of metal. However some
mines are metal free on certain virtually non-metal. These non-metals
challenge the capacity of current metal detectors.
4.2. EXPLOSIVE DETECTION
The explosives are one common ingredient that is found in all mines.
Detecting explosives however is a complicated process. Modem airports
have explosive detecters, which can detect small traces of explosives in
suitcases and other containers.
Locating traces or the order of explosives is an open field demands
technology that can operate in an unlimited variety of environmental
6
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
conditions that are subjected to wind, water and soil changes and
variations.
Explosive detection under field conditions has recently become the
preview of mine detection dogs. A dog’s nose has proven to be a very
sophisticated and reliable sensor, however handling maid detection dog
teams and ensuring consistent behaviour in varied hazard scenarios is a
complicated and demanding tasks.
In all the above said methods mine detection in conducted in close
proximity. That is detection is conducted after going very near to the mine.
This method can prove to be dangerous in many occations. So it is not
considered to be the safest method. A preferred method is to use detection
devices that locate land mines at a safe distance from the deminer. Using
7
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
detection devices that pinpoint land mines exploded from a distance either
overhead on at ground level in the best possible way to determine the actual
location of individual land mines. Ones the threat is located, that is mines
are pin pointed, we can deactivate it safely. This is where the importance of
mine detection using radar bullet comes.
CHAPTER 5
WHAT IS A RADAR BULLET?
The radar bullet is a special type of bullet. The main use of radar
bullet is to find landmines without setting foot on the ground. This consists
of firing a special bullet in to the ground from a helicopter, which could pin
point buried land mines.
The bullet units a radar pulse as it grounds to a halt. This pulse
strikes the mine and its image gets available on the computer in the
helicopter, offering a safe and efficient way of finding land mines.
8
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
CHAPTER 6
RADAR PRINCIPLE
Radar is Radio detection and ranging. Radar is a sensor. Radar
makes use of radio waves to detect and locate objects. The purpose is to
provide estimates of certain characteristics of its surroundings most
commonly the presence, position and motion of aircrafts, ships and other
vehicles.
Radar operates by transmitting electro magnetic energy into the
surroundings and detecting energy reflected by object. If a narrow beam of
this energy is transmitted by the directive antenna, the direction from which
reflections come and hence the bearing of object may be estimated. .The
9
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
distance to the reflecting object in estimated by measuring the period
between the transmission of radar pulse and reception of echo. In radar
bullet principle the change of medium by the waves must be taken into
consideration.
Radars have generally from principal parts, the transmitter antenna
receiver, and display.
The transmitter will transmit an electro magnetic signal through the
antenna, which will hit the target and reflects back. The same antenna and
10
TRANSMITTER
DISPLAY
RECEIVER
OBJECT
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
the time difference between the signal transmission and reception is
calculated, which will help up to measure the distance of the target from
the radar.
CALCULATIONS
T =time b/w signal transmission and reception .
2R = Total distance traveled.
c = Velocity of electromagnetic signals = 3*108 m/sec.
Velocity = distance / time
i.e.; C = 2R / T
or, R =CT /2
11
OBJECT
RADAR
R
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
So in the screen an obstacle will be shown at a distance R from the
radar.
CHAPTER 7
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
First of all a special bullet in fired downward into the ground , from
a gun mounted on a helicopter flying about 100 m above the ground. The
bullet in designed in such a way that it gives out powerful blast of radio
waves from under the ground. The bullet will produce a pulse of radio
waves as it pierces the ground and signal is reflected from any landmines
within about a 15 meter radius will be detected by an antenna on the
helicopter.
12
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
Once the mines are located they can be destroyed at once or there
exact position are noted so they can be destroyed at once on their exact
positions are noted so that can be diploid later. And if the bullet hits it, it
would explode.
The Radar pulse is generated from the bullets kinetic energy by a
process known as, “Magnetic flux compression.”
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
13
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
CHAPTER 814
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION
Inside the bullet is a metal cylinder, surrounded by a tightly wounded
coin of wire. As the bullet leaves the gun, there is a battery generating a
magnetic field in the cylinder. When the bullet smashes into the ground ,the
sudden deceleration forces the cylinder out from inside the coil. The
sudden movement of the metal cylinder through the magnetic field induces
a large pulse of current in the coil. The coil thus acts like an antenna
converting the pulse into a short burst of high frequency radiation.
MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION
15
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
CHAPTER 9
FIELD TESTS
After the laboratory tests, tests where conducted at the Arizona
desert. Using the same experiment set up, the radar bullet as able to detect
35 cm anti tank mines and Val Mara 69 anti personal mines, which are a
particular problem in northern Iraq, where the mines have been laid by
Saddam Hussein’s forces in their confrontation with the Kurds .
9.1. ADVANTAGES
The light weight system can be fitted to any helicopter ie; gun,
computer controls etc.
Extremely small bullets can be used for detection A 30 mm bullet
gives out a 4 kW radar pulse. Almost 10 times move power than a
standard ground penetrating radar from 20cm down.
Also since the bullet is beneath the surface of the ground, it transmits
more radio wave into the ground. For ordinary penetrating radar, little
radiation penetrates the soil, most is reflected by the ground because of
the sudden change in density between the air and the soil. Here the
radiation has to change the medium twice. First from air to ground, and
then after reflection, from ground into air. Therefore weak signals are
obtained. But in radar bullet principle the radiation has to change the 16
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
medium only once i.e.; from the ground into the air and hence stronger
signals are obtained.
9.2. DISADVANTAGES
It cannot detect plastic land mines, but researches are working hard
to overcome this.
Since the equipment is to be mounted on a helicopter, the cost of
operation is higher. But considering its future prospects and the static’s
released by red –Cross, cost can never be considered as a disadvantage.
9.3. APPLICATIONS
It can be used for detecting land mines.
It can be used for detecting buried pipelines .For example: - Recently
an illegal pipeline carrying drugs between Afghanistan and Turkmistan
has been discovered. Such type of illegal pipelines can be detected out
by using radar bullet.
17
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
CHAPTER 10
FUTURE PROSPECTS
As the UN has already implemented a worldwide ban on anti-
personal mines. The invention of radar bullet helps to speed up the
destruction of mines.
Ten thousands of anti - personal mines lied buried in the hilly
regions of Cambodia / north - Korea / Afghanistan etc. And according
to UN it would take more than 100 years to detect and destroy
these, if worked out manually. Mine clearance or demining is
normally broken into three stages. Detection, Removal and Disposal.
Current detection methods range from high tech electronic [ground
penetrating radar infrared, magnetic resonance imaging] to biological
detection schemes (dog snuffers and insect or bacteria ) to simple brute
forces detection methods (Rails, Rollers and plows) and use of hand-held
mechanical plodders .Most of these methods are very slow and/or
expensive and suffer from a high false alarm rate. So with helicopter and
radar bullet, the mines can be cleared easily.
18
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
Mass graveyards which result from internal civil wars as in
Combodia, Kosoro and in same African nations can be detected using radar
bullets.
This can be applied is future space travels, when we go to a different
planet, in that case we can shoot this bullet in to the ground and detect
mineral deposits and other deposits.
19
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
CHAPTER 11
CONCLUSION
Mines are major cause of concern in many countries. Detection and
removal of mines is very important as it is hazardous to both man and
animals alike.
The conventional methods that are being used right now for mine
detection involves working in close proximity for the mines. So overall
mine detection using radar bullets is a cutting edge technology that is safe
and effective.
With all its advantages it may be hoped that mine detection using
radar bullets will be more used in detection of mine there by making the
world safer place to live in.
20
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
REFERENCES
BOOKS
S.VITEBSKIY AND L.CARIN “ Late –time resonant frequencies
buried bodies of revolution”
L.CARIN, R KAPOOR, C.E BAVAM. “Polarimatic SAR imaging
of buried land mines”
MERILL .1. SKOLNIK. Tata MC Grawhill
WEBSITES
www.sew_lexicon.com
www.altavista.com
www.google.com
www.nationalgeography.com
21
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
ABSTRACT
Land mines are a case of serious threats to the life of civilians,
especially in mine-affected countries like Afghanistan and Iraq .The mines
which are implanted during the war time may remain undetected for several
decades and may suddenly be activated after that. There are several
methods for detection of land mines, such as metal detection and explosive
detection. These ways of detection are dangerous because they are done
very close to the mine.
A safe method for detecting land mines is “mine detection using
radar bullets”. As the name suggests detection is done using Radar Bullets
and hence can be done further away from the mine. Detection is usually
done from helicopters. Researchers are being conducted to overcome
certain inefficiencies of this method.
22
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
CONTENTS
CHAPTERS Page No.
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. MINE AFFECTED COUNTRIES 2
3. WHAT IS A LAND MINE? 3
4. HOW IS METAL DETECTION
CURRENTLY BEING CONDUCTED? 5
4.1 METAL DETECTION 5
4.2 EXPLOSIVE DETECTION 6
5. WHAT IS A RADAR BULLET? 8
6. RADAR PRINCIPLE 9
7. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 12
8. MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION 14
9. FIELD TEST 15
9.1 ADVANTAGES 15
9.2 DISADVANTAGES 16
9.3 APPLICATIONS 16
10. FUTURE PROSPECTS 17
11. CONCLUSION 19
12. REFERENCES 20
23