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MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 3.042 Materials Project LaboratorySpring 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.
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Image removed due to copyright restrictions.Please see the diagram of bell nodals in https://www.msu.edu/~carillon/batmbook/chapter5.htm
3.042 Final Presentation A. KUNZ, N. CORONEL, S. AVADHANY
HEM
ON
Y
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Agenda ) Introduction
) Bell History & Metallurgy
) Experimental Setup
) Casting ) SEM/Micrograph Images ) Mechanical Testing
) Acoustical Results and Analysis
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Tuned, elaborately decorated cast bells were already being made in China more than 2,500 years ago:
Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Bianzhong.jpg
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Color closeup image:
notice the intricatedesigns and gold inlay
Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see p. 3 of http://www.savingantiquities.org/pdf/BagleyCPAC.pdf
Princeton University Department of Art and Archaeology
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Images removed due to copyright restrictions.Please see Fig. 18-21 in Williams, Edward. The Bells of Russia: History and Technology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985.
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Each Western culture developed their own unique bell design:
Images removed due to copyright restrictions.Please see Fig. 118-121 in Williams, Edward. The Bells of Russia: History and Technology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985.
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The ideal “bell metal,” an alloy of copper with 23.5% tin,was developed over hundreds of years by trial and error:
In the reign of Henry III [of England], two parts copper to one of tin were used. At the present day copper and tin in the proportion of 13 to 4 are used, and there is no doubt that small quantities of other metals found in old bell-metal are most likely impurities in the metals used to form the alloy.
-W. W. Starmer, “Bells and Bell Tones” (1901)
13 to 4 23.5% Sn!
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3 Compositions: 10%, 15%, 23.5% Sn
3 Processes: as-cast, annealed, or water quenched
Annealing or Quenching from 620°C
*Destructive mechanical testing uses dogbones that have been water jet from cast plates
Image removed due to copyright restrictions.Please see http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/miclib/pds.swf?targetFrame=Cu-Sn
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Bell Casting
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Model Production
• German bell pattern
• 1/2” offset for plate to hold model between flasks
• Lathe aluminum
Image removed due to copyright restrictions.Please see: Fig. 118 in Williams, Edward. TheBells of Russia: History and Technology. Princeton,NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985.
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Casting Process
• Pack foundry sand around model
• Remove model • Melt metals • Pour alloy • Remove casting
from sand
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SEM
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Scanning Electron Microscopy
• Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS)for elemental analysis
• Actual overall compositions –10% is 10% Sn –15% is 18% Sn –23.5% is 31% Sn
• Compositions of different features helpdetermine what phases are present
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10% Sn Bronze
• As-cast: α, δ or ε • Quenched: α
• After quenching, Image removed due to copyright restrictions. second phase is Please see: http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/miclib/pds.swf?targetFrame=Cu-Sn
diffused out As-cast Quenched
200 µm 20 µm
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18% Sn Bronze • As-cast: α, ε • Quenched: α+ε, ε • After quenching, ε
phase moved to grain Image removed due to copyright restrictions.Please see: http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/miclib/pds.swf?targetFrame=Cu-Sn boundaries, α+ε forms
As-cast Quenched
20 µm20 µm
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31% Sn Bronze
• As-cast: α+ε, ε • Quenched: α+ε, ε • After quenching,
Image removed due to copyright restrictions.Please see: http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/miclib/pds.swf?targetFrame=Cu-Sn more ε can be seen
As-cast Quenched
20 µm20 µm
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Quenched
As-Cast
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Quenched
As-Cast
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As-Cast
Quenched
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% Sn E (GPa) .2% Yield (MPa) UTS (MPa) RB
10 85.3 141.2 241.5 24
18 76.9 150.4 180.1 48
31 114.2 n/a 288.9 98
10 77.9 124.1 215 10
18 72.3 127.5 246.3 25
31 118.4 n/a 244.2 98
10 91.9 134.5 234.2 11
18 101.9 160.1 352.3 38
31 101.7 n/a 215.9 98
As-Cast
Annealed
Quenched
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10% 18% 31%
As-Cast Precipitation hardening
Precipitation hardening
Annealed Precipitation hardening; fewer precipitates
Precipitation hardening; fewer precipitates
Quenched Solid solution strengthening; no precipitates
Precipitation hardening; fewer precipitates
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HEM
ON
Y
Acoustics
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Good Bell?
+ Minimal Noise
+ Harmonic Series: 0.5, 1, 1.2, 1.5, 2
+ Lengthy Amplitude decay
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Geometry 10TH
1ST
Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see the diagram of bell nodals in https://www.msu.edu/~carillon/batmbook/chapter5.htm
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Acoustical Testing
Harmonic Partial Matrix: HERTZ
% Sn 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
10% 1921 2538 3369 4240 7083
18% 1966 3521 4309 5082 7470
31% 2162 3714 4762 6499 8047
Wavespeed
1691 m/s
1754 m/s
1818 m/s
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10% Sn Harmonic Multiple Sequence: 1, 1.3, 1.7, 2.2, 3.7
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10% Sn Source of Dissonance: Inharmonic Degeneracy
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10% Sn Minimal beat phenomenon apparent. Damped Harmonic Oscillator
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Harmonic Multiple Sequence: 1, 1.8, 2.2, 2.6, 3.8
18% Sn
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18% Sn Hum Tone - Beautiful
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18% Sn BEAT PHENOMENON
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18% Sn - Wall Profile Inconsistency
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31% Sn Harmonic Multiple Sequence: 1, 1.7, 2.2, 3, 3.7
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Attenuation Comparison 10%
18%
31%
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FFT Acquisition Setup
Pioneer “Spectra Plus”
Beta-58 Microphone
M-Audio USB Audio Interface
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Setup - Wavespeed
Piezoelectric transducers - Phase lag for pulse reception Driver and Receiver
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Further Experimentation
Localized heating of upper waist - Proven in experiment that annealing provides a lower young’s modulus for all three alloys. Creates a more elastic connection to (hard) crown.
Upper Waist
This will decrease the bell’s frequency, but increase its time for attenuation. Mass of sound bow does not need to be removed.
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Acknowledgements
A big thank-you to Prof. David Roylance,Mike Tarkanian, David Bono, Yinlin Xie, and
Prof. Ray Ashoori (Physics Dept.)