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oSENT 'NC
try
Ronald crs
Qometlmes_
summer
Inc \TSItors arrived
send
has Icarnt
he flinnv little was laughingman
I ler voung can play
brother
1118uncle I larrx takesthe vsjjolc class decided
the c-majl
the S',holc octn
111m
to travel
George
W at
read
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Do sou
Does Julia
Did It
the shovs
Hase
the pu IIS
arc
knovs
ant
ram
start
ridden
leave
readm
the anssvcr '
soon
a donkcv"
Gerrx his hat
on titnctomorrovn, mortill)b',f heart
all the tgmc
the gtl/tar
to thc mount'ilns
around the cotjntn
a lot at school on Mot'das
tor her birthda',
s esteraas,
noss '
-
SEWEIVCES
But we anlove English,DON'T WE?
Do not
Take
Man
The student
Did
SEN IT NOES
here
our umbrella'
to the unctna!
do not don'tate not aren't)has not hasn't
not sson'tcannot (can t)
hstcnm
seen
alt
speak
his stones
to me'
that SF mos le
for me
Spamsh
set
at the station
very
E LVTRROG4T/J 'E SENTENCES
Suh
not'
he not
Hov,
Hovs
What
hat
()b/ect
see usually contracted
Dtdnt vou see her"
coming usuallv contracted
Why tsn-t he commg suth us"
EXCLAMATIONS
Subtectssondcrtll'
v, arm It
an Interesting book this
LOVELY!
-
appear ask offer Nan
asked the managed
I N FINITIVE GERUND
SERBS ONLY THE
attempt bother (negative) choose decide demand deserve expect fail happen agermepare pretend promise prve refuse tend threaten want Wisk
Six: didn't bother to Thes decided to get up a firm She funds
he
mgm.i
for a H. offered the musc Thn seem fo
ERBS ED ONLY BY THE GERU
-t help can t sund deny derest enjoy crcuse fane pre-vent resist risk suggest it's no
She the rmstake enjoy of mountam' kept vou m.d
J tee
finishno use i: 'v
Pl.-aye excusephc'
massed tE sunrtse He rtsks I suaested cathedral is orth
FOLLOss ED BY THE INFINITBEOR THE GERI ND beat cease c4.rinue it needvrequirevsants start - uith or of
She He intends to HC intends
dislike hate lie love 'refer I like
forger t forget ms tirst bike
bouse I have karntI have karnt to Chinese TYZ raxn io Se
t geruod to zeral tastes _ the Infill'tr. e refers to a par-titular
I would hate 10 Year I 10 s dav
expresses an eariET the expresses an to hapgenI reUetI regret
vou asked I rezxmberthat i accept offer I her the tett:r
her
i met her
try use 10
eut a 8Aes- he ent 00 YO
hzs
,u a ail err itsed to _
his childhtxd ta
ihnkvsas
t fuci
I to
I trRd zo Japanese (l I trxd
most ot-tixamc past
at
an
tt was mt(this ts
but sxrthout suczessb
or routzncisuch a long to 't
-
P.SSTJEXSE
speed dl
spend
sptxacl
spnng I prinl
stand Israndl
stnk
sting
stink Isnrlkl
strake i stimkl
string
stroe Istrai\jswear
seat
sweep pl
sssell
take lt. 1k I
teach tu t Il
think ("15k I
thro
thrust st I
PXST PARTICIPLE
smelt
sou n
spoken Ispouknlsped
spelt
spent Ism ntl
spun
spat
split fsplltl
sl)lvad Isprdlspi ung ,
stood Istudl
stolen Istaulnlstuck Istrskl
stung 1st enl
stunk 1st" Okl
struck IstrAl
strung
st rtsxn Istnx
s"orns" eat
sssept tptl
sv,ollen xaulanl
soum ml
s" ungtaken Itctknltaught it' t!
torn It'told
thought
thro" n loraunl
t trust stiunder st oodI nda stud!woken auknl
" ound
M rung
rttten
TRANSLATIONOF THE
a nurosl
a scrnna
a crab'. a accclcraa 0110eratia
a a petrccc
a toarcc
a despica
a (sc) illtilide
a rzxoriL a san
a sta (in pictoarc)a fura a (se) furtsa
a ingepaa nurost urt
a (pe o ala)
a nazu:
a jura- a inyura
a matura
a sc umfla
a 'nota
a lua
a imata (pe altul):
a rupc a
a spun. a
understandI : ndp
vear
nease
eepHin
vsrncl
S*ithdran
urung
nnte Irutl
smelt
spoke tsp 'tlkl
sped
spent isptntl
spun tsp '
spat I spxtl
spread
sprangstood istttdl
stole 1st aull
stuck klstung N r)!
stunk 1st r)kj
struck Istrt kl
strung Istr+ 01
strose Iswore
ssseat
S" ept
swelled
am
sung
took Itoki
taught t!
tore I
told Itauldlthought tl
three,
thrust
understoodnd stud'
woke
"oreuove
" ound
uttildrew dru
wrung
wrote Ir3ufl
NOTES
stncken - rn the pLssrve onl's
and as ad) pamc-strtcken
a head - be IS 11b a
head - he IS concu
dr.'
-
IRREG[ LAR ERBS
' TR.4XSL4T1().
bora borx
bil bnten
bred
bursl
drunkzn -
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RANSLATION
hang
lilde Il:a/dj
hold
kneei 1m Il
knit Inrtl
know
lend llcndl
light 11211'
make Irnclkl
mean ni
meet tl
pay Ipcll
put Ipntl
read dl
ride Iraldl
ring Iri01rise Irmzl
seek ISI k I
send Isendl
sew
shake IjClkl
shine Ijamlshoot I ju t)
shrink Ijnr)kl
S itit
Sink Istrjkl
PAST SE
ground Izraundl
gress I
hung
had Ihadl
heard llv dl
lud (hid)
held
knelt
knew
laid
led
leant
leapt Ilept / Il
learnt * Il
lent Ilentl
lost Ilostl
made Imeldj
meant Imcntl
met mtt
paid Ipeldl
put [putl
read Irdl
rode Iraudlrang Irr)lrose Irauzlran Ircnlsawed Iso dl
said sed
saw so
sought Iso t]
sold Isauldlsent Isentl
set Isetlsewed fsaudl
shook uk
shone I jon- jaunlshot Ijoti
showed Ijaudl
shrank/shrunk
shut
san scsank
sat Isctl
PARTICIPLEPOT
gone Igonl
groun grau
gron graun
ear
hid;hiddcn
held
hurt lhR -t I
kept Ikcptl
knit
Inaunl
laid Iletdl
leant * Ilentl
leapt Ileptll ptl
learnt
left
lent llcntl
let
lain Ilernl
lost [lost)
made [meldl
meant [mcntl
paid Ipeldl
put Iputl
read (redl
ridden t'ndnl
rung
risen lnznlrun Irnnlsawn Iso n]
said sed
seen n
sought Iso t'
sold Isauldl
sent Isntl
sev,n * Isaunl
shaken Clkn
hidnl
shone I Jon/ jaunl
shot I fotJ
shrunk I jr r 11k I
shut
sun
OF THE
a merge
a mac:na
a cre
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G LIS H GRATENSE
PRESENT
PRESENTPERFECT
PAST
PAST
PERFECT
RE
PERFECT
SIMPLE
I tcad
e ou read i: very morning he reads the
spapersread
hase iised herc 1996tin S
sou tid
he/she r tl
vou plaihe/she'"
I cleaned nv, room last week
clean
ed The shot,' had started before
start Cd arnscd at the theatreh a d starlCd
Mike "ill play Torn at chess
tomorrow
I Bill tunsljedvon hdVCfimshCd BV the end ofJune
Ijc mushed "ill have finishedCA finish ed school
CONTINOUS
I thinkvou think i ng -What are vou thinking about
v
he/she/it think 111k'
v.e/vowthev thrnklng
been waiting Dan has been aiting for Sue
he/she/it has bccn waiting for three hours
been "alt In g
| talk mg
you talk in g I "as talking Mth uhlle my
talk m g brother " as listening to his stereo
Mc/sou/thev talk In g
I had bcen s-cummlng
1,011 had been swunmmg He had been syimmingfor two
he/she/it had been hours before he reached
had been sv,lmm lng the Island
I Shill be Ing
vou ulll be flying Lucky you! You ssill be fl>ing to
he/she/it "111 be flvlng Hawall at this tune tomorrow
we/vowthev be mg
1 v,lll been doing
you v,lll halve been doing I "ill have been doing tins job
he/she/it Will been doing for thirty bv Julvwe/vou/thev v.lll have been doing
INDIRECT SPEECHWith reporting verbs in a present, present perfect orfuture tense, there is no change of tenses:
savs. want to valk out the dog Peter sa',s that he wants to v, alk out the dog
Dan has said, have lost our dog Jack has said that they h a ve lost their dog
With reporting verbs in the past, the changes are: present tense past tense past tense past perfectpresent perfect past perfect future future-in-the past
'I am hungry J h aven ' t eaten for
hours And J had breakfast at 6 0'clock
tl)C mornrng' So I will order a large meal
nov, - but first I like some steak
Alan said that he was xen hungn. that he had not
eaten for hours, he mentioned that he had had
breakfast at 6 0'clock In the rnormngu He added (that)he w o u l d order a large meal and w ou ld like somesteak for a start
N.B.: Modals (might, should, could) and the second conditional do not change in the indirect speech.
With both eslno-questions and B h-questions, there is no question form in the Indirect speech:
Sue asked. Sue asked if iAhether the post office
Paul asked. did meet Gerrs 'E Paul asked me u here I had met (Jcrn
With orders, requests an advice, I e Imperative anges into t e tn Illittve.'
Mum said. Take care of sou r
said. Don't make so much noise t
Other changes refer to pronouns and adjectives:
Aim sard. you at my office tlus week
t Adverbs of time and to 'Y
place: tomorrowyesterdaythe day after tomorrow
the dav before yesterday
last "eek/ month/ yearyears ago
here
Mum me to t ake careDad told me not to make muclit lat t lese t lose
Dan said he sould sc. me his that
t lat aythe next/ following daythe day beforein two days' timetwo days beforethe previous "eek etc.two years before
there
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OR
TENSE
Ots
PERFECTCON TIM OUS
CONTINUOUS
RE
ECT
IONAL'
SIGNAL
Beck! muntivah s. assu sometimes. neser. often, scidom
usually occasjonallv regularly. genet allsat the ueekends. on Monday mornings
at present. at moment. current ytins month. nght novsstill. Just
scstcrda t,. last night! vscck/' month/ seanunutesllours/wcek.s/months/sears/ ago
2000. on March 2dunng our last meeting
hen
at threc oilock sestcrday at this tumc
or
stnce
all
'yet
todav this vveek/ montlvjvear
0', er the last few vseeks/ months/ scarsso far. up to now, until now
latch. recentlv
fol
since
a er/v, len
until that happened
a long time before /up to that time
before that happeneduntil that happened
soon
next u eek/ month/ yearIn (the) future
I think , I hope I expect
at this time tomorrow/ next vseek/ month/
by Monda JulW the end of
- lilturc consequences Ut a presentIf-clause present Simpic
mam clause Will 111f
Imperative
CONDITIO N AL 11'IL-clause past Simple
main clausee Bouldcould Illf
It-clause past perfect tensemain clause: woudcouldvmght
have past participle
COM)ITIONALOIl-clause. present Simple
- promise
- ssanung or Ihrcal
hH)otlictical situations Illi,lgmmg
speculalmg about the p,'jS1
stating a general rule
If = wherue', er)majn clause present Simple
T E S S
EXAMPLES
I otten grandpalcnts the countrv SideHe usuall', reads or listens to music jn Ins free time
g o to the cinema at the vseekendsShe her report on Mondav monunes
are stud', mg this table right nossI am sull the book sou lent to me
1.00k' It s ramrng!
1 till'shcd paper last lijglltHe school tMO searsShe to Spam In 1985
lie taikcd all the time dunng our last meeting
hen she called me. I just leavng
She e on her project for tv,o monthsShe has on her provct sinceHIS fax has just '
arrncd
Sorrv, I haven t sent the repls 8Ct1 scen her todav
In the last few years It has a lotNothing has been decided so far
There have been many cultural e\ents latel\
He has been working this office fr 35 ',cars'She -s been cooking since ten o'clock. no vsondcr
she's exhausted.
After they la re' the rules thev understood thegrammar exerciseUp to that holiday he had been busy
Before thes realized. they had been walking for
three hours
She 'll be ears soonThe exhibition Will op en next monthIn the future astronauts to Mars
I hope they 'll arrive on time-
At this time tomorrow I 'll be reading paper atthe conference
the end of the I ha1,e fimshed the
Enollsh course
ALShe get promoted 11 slic EnglishIf you vour nulld. pieasecall me knowIf sou get good marks, I'll buy sou roller skatesUnless vou stop this novse- Ell call sour arents
If I more free lime. I uouldtake up Joggmgtaller. 1 could play basketball
If vou lent me your Cle. I d son L'!llt3rla urn , 1 the tram
didnt vou tell me about that slm 11 1 had
knoum. 1 rmght gone there toohadnt been for got
If sou n 0 sour homework- souget poor marks.
-le Wind blows from the it rams.
press the red button. the machine stops