Download - 2015 hres- ikc-ballarat- 25 june vic
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Herbicide resistance in Victoria
Dr Peter Boutsalis, Plant Science Consulting &
University of Adelaide
IKC- June 25 2015
Plant ScienceConsulting
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Outline
Why does herbicide resistance occur Frequency of resistance Ryegrass Wild oats Broadleaf weeds Glyphosate resistance Herbicide resistance testing Integrated weed management
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Why does herbicide resistance occur?
Herbicides don’t cause resistance!!
Resistance is naturally present.
Herbicides select and enrich resistance
poor spray conditions= low rate= weak resistance
mechanisms stack
Ryegrass/ wild radish- obligate outcrossing so
combine weak resistance strong resistance
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Frequency of resistance
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Frequency of resistance
Group A: 1 in 500,000 naturally resistant
Group B: 1 in 20,000 naturally resistant (25X)
Group M: very rare but its here!
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Frequency of Group A Resistant Individuals in a 100 ha Paddock
Plant Density
1 m-2
10 m-2
100 m-2
1000 m-2
Plants
1 million
10 million
100 million
1 billion
Resistant Individuals
2
20
200
2000
(assume a frequency of 1 R/ 500,000 plants)
So a paddock with a low density of survivors may not look threatening but if they are resistant resistant seedbank!!
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How Soon Does Resistance Happen? - Rules of Thumb
Herbicide Group Years to resistance
B- Glean 4
A- Hoegrass 6-8
C- Simazine 10-15
D- Trifluralin 10-15
F- Brodal ~10
L- Sprayseed >12
M- Glyphosate ~15
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Incidence of Herbicide resistance across south-eastern
Australia
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Herbicide Resistance Surveys
Sampling– End of season – Collect seed from paddocks
randomly over a wide geographic area
– Frequency 5-10 km
Evaluation- Pot testing– Pot testing in winter
Resistance levels change so need to revisit (eg 5 yr interval)
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Uni of Adelaide random weed surveys between 2004-2012(paddock surveyed)
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Testing of survey samples
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Ryegrass
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Ryegrass resistance in West-Victoria
Western Victoria Results of weed survey of 125 paddocks chosen at random in 2005 & 2010 conducted by the University of Adelaide. Paddocks were scored as resistant if the seeds collected exhibited >20% survival in a pot test conducted the following winter. Thus samples that exhibited 1% to less than 20% survival were scored as non-resistant.
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Ryegrass resistance in N-Victoria
Northern Victoria Results of weed survey of 120 paddocks chosen at random in 2006 & 2011 conducted by the University of Adelaide. Paddocks were scored as resistant if the seeds collected exhibited >20% survival in a pot test conducted the following winter. Thus samples that exhibited 1% to less than 20% survival were scored as non-resistant.
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Status of herbicide resistance in ryegrass
NSW & Tasmanian results courtesy of John Broster (Charles Sturt University)WA results courtesy of AHRI, University of Western Australia
Resistance defined where ≥ 20% survival in a pot test
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Relationship within Group A’s and B’s in resistant ryegrass
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Ryegrass resistance- Group A’sFOPS DEN DIM
If resistant to below: Hoegrass Verdict Targa Axial Achieve Select Factor
Hoegrass - R R ? ? ? ?
Verdict R - R ? ? ? ?
Targa R R - ? ? ? ?
Axial R R R - R ? ?
Achieve R R R R - ? ?
Select R R R R R - ?
Factor R R R R R R -
Rate response: Select, Factor, Select + Factor
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Ryegrass resistance- Group B’sSulfonylureas IMI’s TP’s
If resistant to below: Logran Glean Hussar
(ryegrass)Atlantis
(wild oats)Intervix/ OnDuty Crusader
Logran - R ? ? ? ?
Glean R - ? ? ? ?
Hussar R R - R ? R
Atlantis R R R - ? R
Intervix R R R ? R ? - R ?
Crusader R R R R ? -
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Why isn’t ryegrass controlled with Select?
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Distribution of Group A resistance using molecular studies
2078 25
2041 3
2078, 2041 11
2078, 2088 5
2041, 1781 1
1781, 2041, 2078
1
2041, 2078, 2088
1
Paddock 1
• “Resistance occurs from a single plant in a paddock” is unlikely for Group A and B’s
Paddock 2 Paddock 3
ACCase Target site mutations
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Mutation 1998 2003 2008 1781 6 8 13 2027 10 7 6 2041 40 32 43 2078 13 13 21 2088 11 6 19 2096 1 1
1781, 1999 1 1781, 2027 1 1781, 2041 3 2 14 1781, 2078 3 3 1781, 2096 2 1999, 2041 1 1999, 2078 3 2027, 2041 2 2 2027, 2078 3 2041, 2078 3 5 4 2041, 2088 1 3 2078, 2088 6 3 2078, 2096 2 2088, 2096 1
Distribution of ACCase mutations
in SA
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Herbicide tactics at different stages to control weeds
Knockdowns (don’t overuse Gly) vs RR-canola
Rotate between different modes of action
Trifluralin, Avadex, Boxer Gold, Sakura, Kerb (IBS)
In-crop (Group A & B’s) resistance. Opportunities
exist- use Herbicide Resistance Testing
Seed-set: Crop topping- “canola”, pulses, wheat
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NEW HERBICIDES
Adelaide University is investigating:
New MoA herbicides selective in wheat & canola
New non-selective knockdown herbicide
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
Product X applied IBS
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
New pre-em herbicide research
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Herbicide Resistance in Wild oats
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
Resistance in wild oats
• Group A resistant- big problem in northern NSW/ southern QLD.
• Group B’s- increasing
• What is the info from random surveys?
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Herbicide Resistance in Wild Oats from Random Surveys
HERBICIDE West Victoria NE Victoria
Data is % of random samples (Resistance = survival ≥20%)
2005 2010 2006 2011
Paddocks 35/ 112 (31%) 38/ 121 (31%) 85/ 118 (72%) 40/115 (35%)
Topik 10 10 8 8
Verdict - 5 - 0
Axial - - 2 -
Atlantis - 0 0 0
Mataven - 2 12 5
Select 0 - 0 -
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Wild Oats resistance- Group A’sFOPS DEN DIM
If resistant to below: Topik Verdict Targa Axial Achieve Select Factor
Topik - ? ? ? ? ? ?
Verdict R - R ? ? ? ?
Targa R ? - ? ? ? ?
Axial R ? ? - R ? ?
Achieve R ? ? R ? - ? ?
Select R ? ? ? ? - ?
Factor R ? ? ? ? R? -
Rate response: 150ml/ha Axial vs 300ml/ha AxialCrop-topping with Topik/ Axial
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Photos
Axial regrowth
300 vs 150ml Axial
Avadex
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Wild oats resistance- Group B’sSulfonylureas IMI’s TP’s
If resistant to below:
Hussar (ryegrass)
Atlantis (wild oats)
Intervix/ OnDuty Crusader
Hussar - R? ? R?
Atlantis R - ? R?
Intervix (Clearfield) R R - R
Crusader R R ? -
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Differences between ryegrass and wild oats
Ploidy- 2 vs 6 copies of each gene
Pollination- cross vs self
Seeds/ plant
Is frequency of resistance different between species?
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Managing broadleaf weed resistance
wild radish,
Indian hedge mustard,
sowthistle
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BLW issues in Victoria
Wild radish- resistance to Group B/I/F
Milk thistle- resistance to Group B (I/M)
Mustards- Group B (C/F/I)
Glyphosate resistance confirmed in NSW
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Wild Radish
Genetically diverse like ryegrass.
Cross pollinates so resistance genes are transferred (= ryegrass)
Seedbank life: (6-8+ yr) exposure to same MoA. Not all seeds
germinate in following year.
Stacking of resistance (multiple resistance) = ryegrass
Resistance starting in eastern Australia
Rotate MoA groups B, C, F, H, I, even if cheaper herbicides working
Use full rates!!
Spray early- younger resistant weeds can be killed
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
Glyphosate Resistance
Christopher Preston, Jenna Malone and Peter Boutsalis
School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, University of Adelaide
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
What we have so far
Annual ryegrass Barnyard grass Liverseed grass
Fleabane Windmill grass Great brome
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
Glyphosate resistant ryegrass
Situation Number of sites
States
Broadacre cropping
Chemical fallow 29 NSW
Winter grainsIrrigated crops
821
Vic, SA, WA, NSWSA
Horticulture Tree crops 5 NSW, SAVine cropsVegetables
212
SA, WAVic
Other Driveway 4 NSW, Vic, SA, WAFence line /Crop marginAround buildings
632
NSW, SA, Vic, WANSW
Irrigation channel /Drain
12 NSW, SA, Vic
Airstrip 1 SARailway 2 WA, NSWRoadside 85 SA, NSW, WA
One population = 10L/ha (roadside in southern Vic).
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Plant ScienceConsulting
1000ml/ha 1500ml/ha
Increasing rates of Glyphosate
1000ml/ha 1500ml/ha
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
Control of Gly-R ryegrass on fence lines with herbicide mixtures
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Herbicide treatment
See
d h
ead
s/m
2
Un
trea
ted
Gly
ph
osa
te
Gly
ph
osa
te
mix
ture
s
Par
aqu
atm
ixtu
res
Exp
erim
enta
l
Do
ub
le k
no
ck2L/ha glyphosate
2 applications of Spray.Seed
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
Glyphosate resistance along fenceline in crop
Response of in-crop ryegrass to glyphosate
405 810 16200
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
fence line 15m in crop 30m in crop 50m in crop
Glyphosate rates (g a.e ha-1)
% S
urv
iva
l
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Glyphosate resistance
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What are your herbicide options?
Resistance testing
www.plantscienceconsulting.com.au
PLANT SCIENCE CONSULTING
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What tests are there?
1. During the growing season• Syngenta Herbicide Resistance Quick-Test• Test for resistance on surviving weeds• Grasses mainly• 4-5 weeks
2. At end of season (pre-harvest)• Seed testing• 8-10 weeks• Dormancy breaking easy (wild radish, wild oats, ryegrass etc.)• Seedlings transplanted
3. Crop Seed Quality Testing•Germination, Vigor, TSW, •Clearfield testing- wheat/ barley/ canola
PLANT SCIENCE CONSULTING
www.plantscienceconsulting.com
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Testing: www.plantscienceconsulting.com.au
Testing Plants Testing Seed
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Results using Seed Testing
Herbicide Product Rate
Herbicide Group
Farmer paddock
(g or ml/ha)Surviva
l(%)
Rating
Verdict + 1% Hasten 85 A-FOP 70 RR
Select + 1% Hasten 250 A-DIM 20 R
Select + 1% Hasten 500 A-DIM 0 S
Hussar + 1% Hasten 200 B-SU 90 RRR
Atrazine + 0.2% BS1000 2000 C 0 S
Triflur X 1000 D 0 S
What’s the outcome if farmer had chosen Verdict?
Q. Will Axial/ Achieve work??
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Results Ratings
RRRRR
R
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Quick-Test: Monitoring: identify survivors
Why has this individual survived and the others haven't?
Is it resistant?
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Post Plants
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Growth stage = 1-2 leaf to advanced tillering
Best stage is early tillering
Rinse soil off roots
Plants can be trimmed
Leaves dry
Add NO water
Quick-Test: collect plants
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Make cuttings
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Cuttings and re-growth
1. Cuttings2. Regrowth 5-10 days later3. Spray
Compared to Standard Resistant and Susceptible biotypes in every test
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Assess 2-3 weeks after spray
Test for any post emergence herbicide
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CROP SEED QALITY TESTING Crop Seed Quality Testing
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Why test crop seed?
Maximise crop establishment & competition with weeds
Germination- establishment under good conditions
Vigor- establishment under sub-optimal conditions/ heavy weed burdens
Seed weight accurate seeding rates/ good vigour
Crop Seed Quality Testing
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For more information
www.plantscienceconsulting.com.au
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Successful weed control = integrated weed management
1. Effective herbicides• Knockdown• Pre-emergence• Post-emergence• Seed-set stage
2. Non-herbicide strategies
3. Resistance testing
“when on a good thing don’t stick to it!!
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IWM Crop Competition tactics
• Crop competition- barley-oats-trit-wheat-durum• Crop choice- cereals vs broadleaf crops• Seeding rate/ Crop density• Row Spacing• Cultivar choice• Optimum planting time• Seeding depth• Seed vigor (Quality testing)• Fertilizer timing• Pest and disease management
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Seedbanks- the seed in your paddock
• Surviving weeds set seed• Low numbers of resistant weeds can set lots of
seeds• Seed longevity
– Differs between species– Left on surface vs burial (tillage systems)
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Managing the Weed Seed Bank
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 19990
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000Beans Wheat Pasture Pasture Pasture Canola
2 CultivationsTrifluralin
Diclofop-methylCultivationGlyphosateTrifluralinClethodim
Haloxyfop-ethylWindrow
Mechanicaltop
Mechanicaltop
Mechanicaltop
Spraytop
Year
An
nu
al r
yeg
rass
(se
ed m
-2)
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Successful farmers stop weed seed-set
Non-herbicide– Green manure– Hay, Silage– Competitive crops– Chaff cart– Harrington Seed Destructor– Burning stubbles/ wind rows
Herbicide– Brown manure– Crop topping – Pasture topping– Wick-wiping (lentils)
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Burning Header Rows
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The End
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