Download - 2014 09 10 ASHRAE-IBPSA-USA Crawley
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BIM to SIM: Trends in Buildings, Technologies and Tools
Drury B. Crawley, Ph.D., FASHRAE, BEMP, FIBPSA, AIABentley Systems, Inc.
2014 ASHRAE/IBPSA-USABuilding Simulation
Conference
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Energy End Uses by Sector
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Energy in Our Economy is Complex
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Energy Use and Carbon Emissions are Down
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U.S. Buildings’ Energy Use
Energy Information Administration. 2013. Annual Energy Outlook 2013, EIA-0383 2013). Washington, D.C.
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Building Industry Trends
• Centralization of Ownership (large chains, owners)• Worker Health / Productivity / Comfort• Continuous commissioning, ESCOs, utility programs• Price shocks, energy deregulation • Climate change mitigation / carbon regulation • Green buildings• BIM• Benchmarking/Data!• NZEB/NZEC
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Policy Drivers – Buildings Are Getting Better
• Economic and environmental drivers • Mandatory performance metrics: national and local codes and
standards… but are they enforced?• Voluntary performance metrics (LEED, BREEAM, BEPAC, many others)• National and international policy
• Climate Change but what are nations doing?• Kyoto Protocol• EU began mandatory building performance labeling in 2009 (EPD) …
• US energy policy continues to be voluntary approach, with mandatory minimum standards
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New Technologies: Available Now or Soon to Hit Market
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Technology Penetration is Accelerating
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Technology Change in 20 Years
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New Technology – SSL and OLED
Lighting is undergoing a revolution: LEDs use much lower energy with expected life of years (decades?). New forms (no longer restricted to Edison shape lamps, 4 ft fluorescents)
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Parking Lot Lighting – 50% Savings Today
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Photovoltaic Power
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Fuel Cells, Microturbines, DHCP, DC
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Increased Stringency in Standards 90.1/189.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Ener
gy U
se In
dex
(197
5 U
se =
100
)
Year
14% Savings 4% Savings
11% Savings
Standard 90.1-2010
Standard 90-75 Standard 90A-1980
Standard 90.1-1989
Standard 90.1-1999
Standard 90.1-2004
Standard 90.1-2007
Standard 90.1-2013
Standard 189.1-2009
Standard 189.1-2011
Source: DOE Building Energy Codes Program
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End-Use Energy: More Details are Better!
Total Equipment
28%
Total Lights13%
Total HVAC59%
Reference: Pless and Torcellini. 2004.
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Building Performance Simulation
• Simulation is still more art than science• Major Challenges:
• Building data maintenance/storage throughout building life-cycle• Training...must train users in simulation methods not tools!• Tools must enable and encourage new technologies--too many
technologies/systems that various tools cannot simulate
• Getting geometry and other data from existing building information models (yes, BIM) is a significant challenge.
• Green/sustainable design and policy are driving simulation more than energy costs (LEED, IgCC, EPC, Title 24, ASHRAE 90.1/189.1, IECC)
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• New tools/capabilities in established tools• Interoperability—IAI IFC, XML, BIM Standards• Visualization/VR• Cloud• Integration—thermal, CFD, electrical, IEQ, visual• Risk assessment (insurance)• Embodied energy, LCI/LCA, toxicity of built environment• Emissions
• More tools, not fewer, customized to user needs• Users continue to want more at lower effort
WARNING! Do you know what default values you’re using?
Simulation Trends
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Traditional SimulationWorkflow Challenges
• Early design through construction documents – with increasing detail, multiple solutions
• Existing buildings with no details (maybe no drawings?)
• Manual input, data re-creation, translation errors and omissions
• Utilizing virtual data (2-D CAD, BIM) geometry robust, other data limited
Nall and Crawley 2011
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Building Information Model/Modeling
• Building Information Model:• Digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a
facility. . . shared knowledge resource for information about a facility, forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life cycle from inception onward.1
• Building Information Modeling:• Using BIM software and other related software, hardware and
technologies in a building information model2
1 National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2007. National Building Information Modeling Standard Version 1, Part 1, p. 21.
2 Jernigan, F. 2007. BIG BIM little bim, The Practical Approach to Building Information Modeling, Integrated Practice Done the Right Way! Salisbury, Md.: 4Site Press.
Information Mobility
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BIM Today is NOT Your Father’s CAD
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BIM to Sim(ulation)
• Translate BIM to Simulation• BuildingSMART IFCs (Industry Foundation Classes)
• Any BIM software that supports interoperability, available since 2001• Limited to what BIM tools decide to export—typically only geometry
• gbXML• Autodesk Green Building Studio
• Web-based conversion of major BIM formats to energy simulation inputs• Limited coverage• Can require users to create their BIM drawings in structured way
(may not follow designer regular workflow)
• Direct from BIM to Simulation• Major tools already have or are adding direct export to one or more simulation tools
• Interoperability is key to getting energy simulation mainstream. Other drivers—zero-energy buildings and green building rating systems
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“Every building is a forecast. Every forecast is wrong.”
Stewart BrandHow Buildings Learn, What Happens after they’re Built
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• Simulation critical in supporting decision-making for building design and operation of low- and zero-energy buildings
Simulation vs. Operating Energy
• BUT, compared to simulations, real buildings– use more energy – produce less power– have worse controls – have more occupant
complaints– GIGO– Not enough information!
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Summary
• Changes in building technologies over the next several decades will be significant—driven by:
• Policies (EPD, labeling, carbon regulation, energy standards)• Demand for better buildings from building owners and occupants
• Energy and Green Standards are already pushing significant reduction in energy performance. Increasingly difficult to comply with prescriptive requirements (already 25-30% increased stringency)
• Quality of simulation results only as good as the data entered: GIGO – the more data about the building and how it works, the better.
• Getting data from BIM to Sim through interoperability still a significant challenge – often incomplete, blackbox defaults, insufficient for simulation.
• Interoperability among building software tools will accelerate use of building simulation. Is there enough demand for interoperability to push the software developers?
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So, Is This the Building of Tomorrow?
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Probably More Like NREL RSF (NZEB)
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Or These Recent Buildings
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Or Even Apple’s New HQ
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EnergyDemand
Cost
WaterIEQ
Carbon
Business(student, occupied room, sales)
Challenge: Provide Clients with Multiple Metrics