Download - 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
1/60
PETROCHEMICALS & PETROLEUM
REFINING TECHNOLOGY
EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION
OF PETROLEUM
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
2/60
Extraction Process
A scientist demonstrates how petroleum is containedinside the pores of rock. First, a piece of petroleum-bearing rock is crushed into small pieces.
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
3/60
Then, the crushed rock is placed in a test tube.
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
4/60
The rock is heated, releasing the petroleum inside andcreating a flame at the opening of the test tube.
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
5/60
Extraction of Petroleum
Locate the
oil fieldDrilling
Extract/Recov
er the oil
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
6/60
PETROLEUM
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
7/60
Reservoir Rock permeable subsurface rockcontained oil (porous & permeable)
Oil and natural gas is composed insedimentary rocklayers.
Sedimentary rock-reservoir for oil and gas.
Sediment consists of breakdown pre-existing
rock, seashells and precipitated salt.
Oil & gas Trap
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
8/60
Oil & gas Trap
Sedimentary Rock
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
9/60
3 types of sedimentary rock:
1. Sandstones
2. Limestones
3. Dolostones
Sand grains
Pore spaces
(Contained Oil)
Oil & gas Trap
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
10/60
A trap requires 3 elements:
1. A porous reservoir rock to accumulate the oil & gas
2. An overlying impermeable rock to prevent the oil &
gas from escaping
3. A source for the oil & gas (black waxy shales)
Oil & gas Trap
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
11/60
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
12/60
Oil & Gas Trap
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
13/60
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
14/60
Who Finds Oil?
Geologist
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
15/60
How to Find Oil?
Sensitive gravity meters- measure tiny changes in the Earth's gravitational
field that could indicate flowing oil
Sensitive magnetometers- measure tiny changes in the Earth's magnetic
field caused by flowing oil
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
16/60
How to Find Oil?
Satellite images
- record infrared and ultraviolet light
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
17/60
How to Find Oil?
Seismology
- creating shock waves thatpass through hidden rock
layers and interpreting thewaves that are reflectedback to the surface
- Computer processes thegeophones data thenconvert to seismic lines
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
18/60
Seismology (Onshore)
Thumper/Vibrator
- On land we used to use dynamite to create shock waves.
- Thumper' truck drives to the site, raises itself up on hydraulic lifts, and then begins
vibrating.
- The sound waves travel downward, hit something solid, reflected back to the surface
where sensors (used to be called stingers) are place along the ground.
- Sensors are connected back to a recording device.
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
19/60
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
20/60
How to Find Oil?
Placing Geophones Seismograph
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
21/60
Seismology (Offshore)
Send down sound waves, let them reflect, and pick up the reflection with sensors
(hydrophones or, on land, seismographs).
The speed will change depending on the make up of the rock type .
The reflected wave returns at a speed characteristic of the material it has been
travelling through.
The result is a set of seismic lines that the geologists and hydrogeologists
interpret.
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
22/60
Drilling for Oil & Gas
Wells were drilled with cable tools in which a heavydrill bit on a cable was repeatedly dropped up and
down on the ground to literally "chop" a hole down to
the trap.
Today, we use rotary drilling
in which a bit on the end of a
length of drill pipe is rotated.
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
23/60
Different types of oil rigs used for
various depths.
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
24/60
Drilling for Oil & Gas
Drilling fluid (water & mud) is pumpeddown the pipe to flow through the bit &
lubricates the bit, washes away the
cuttings, and maintains pressure in thehole to prevent the well from becoming
a blowout.
The mud flows back to the surfacethrough the gap between the drill pipe
and the hole. This gap is called the
annulus. Mud circulation in the hole
Annulus
Drilling fluids
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
25/60
Video
DRILLING OIL & GAS
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
26/60
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
27/60
Drilling for Oil & Gas
Drilling Process
Place the drill bit, collar and drill pipe in thehole.
Attach the kelly and turntable and begin
drilling. As drilling progresses, circulate mud through
the pipe and out of the bit to float the rockcuttings out of the hole.
Add new sections (joints) of drill pipes as the
hole gets deeper. Remove (trip out) the drill pipe, collar and bit
when the pre-set depth (anywhere from a fewhundred to a couple-thousand feet) is reached.
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
28/60
Drilling Bit
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
29/60
Drill pipes
Christmas tree
Well head
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
30/60
Casing and tubing
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
31/60
Nodding Donkey/Pump Jack (Onshore)
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
32/60
1. Drill, lowered from rig, bores through seabed creating a borehole for sections of
casing pipe to be lowered into
2. Casing pipe is lowered into borehole allowing cement to be pumped down the pipe to
fix it in place
3. Once the cement is set and secure another stage of drilling begins
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
33/60
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
34/60
Drilling for Oil & Gas
Diff t t f d t
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
35/60
Different types of deep water
platforms(Offshore)
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
36/60
Fixed Platform
Built on concrete or steel
legs, or both, anchored
directly onto the seabed,
A deck for drilling rigs,
production facilities and
crew quarters.
Water depths :1,700 ft
(520 m).
The Grane Platform, Norway
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
37/60
Semi-submersible Platform
Hulls (columns and pontoons)for the structure to float andsufficient weight to keep thestructure upright.
It can be moved from place to
place
Can be ballasted up or down byaltering the amount of floodingin buoyancy tanks
Anchored by chain, wire rope
Water depths : 200 to 10,000feet (60 to 3,000 m).
Oil Platform P-51 off the
Brazilian coast
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
38/60
Tension Leg Platform (TLP)
Floating platforms
tethered to the seabed in
a manner that eliminates
most vertical movement
of the structure.
Water depths : 6,000 feet
(2,000 m).
The "conventional" TLP is
a 4-column design which
looks similar to a
semisubmersible.
Conventional TLP
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
39/60
SPAR Platform
Spars are moored to the seabed like TLPs
Spars designed in three configurations:
1. "conventional" one-piece cylindrical hull
2. "truss spar" - midsection is composed of
truss elements connecting the upper
buoyant hull with the bottom soft tank(permanent ballast)
3. "cell spar" - multiple vertical cylinders.
The spar has more inherent stability than a
TLP since it has a large counterweight at the
bottom
Ability to move horizontally and to position
itself over wells at some distance from the
main platform location.
Water depth : 2000-10000 ft
Devil's Tower Spar Platform
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
40/60
Jack Up Rig Platform
Can be jacked up above thesea using legs that can belowered, much like jacks.
Water depths : 400-550 feet(120-170 m)
They are designed to movefrom place to place, and then
anchor themselves bydeploying the legs to theocean bottom using a rackand pinion gear system oneach leg
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
41/60
Drilling Barge
Used mostly for inland, shallowwater drilling
(ex: lakes, swamps, rivers, and
canals)
Drilling barges are large, floating
platforms
Towed by tugboat from location tolocation.
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
42/60
Drilling Ship
A drillship is a maritime vesselthat has been fitted with drillingapparatus.
It is most often used for
exploratory drilling of new oil orgas wells in deep water butcan also be used for scientificdrilling.
Most drillships are outfitted
with a dynamic positioningsystem to maintain positionover the well
Water depths :12,000 ft(3,700 m).
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
43/60
Drilling Barge
Moveable Rigs (for exploratory wells)
Jack Up Rig
Drillingship
Semi-submersible rig
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
44/60
Video
OIL RECOVERY
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
45/60
Oil Recovery
Primary Recovery Makes use of the natural conditions in the reservoir
to drive out the oil after a well is drilled
Oil recovered : 15 - 20% of the original oil in place
Solution Gas Drive
Gas Cap Drive
Water Drive
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
46/60
Solution Gas Drive
Solution gas
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
47/60
Gas Cap Drive
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
48/60
Water Drive
Well head
Water
underpressure
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
49/60
Exercise
State the purpose ofchristmas tree in oil & gas
recovery.
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
50/60
Oil Recovery
Secondary RecoveryEnhance or replace the primary recovery techniques
To increase the recovery of oil in place
Method used since the late 1940's
1. Water flooding
Involve injecting water into the
underground reservoir to
displace the oil and drive it intothe wellbore where it can be
lifted to the surface by pumps.
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
51/60
2. Immiscible gas injection
Injection of low pressure gas to maintain reservoir
pressure
Oil recovery : 20 40% of the original oil in place.
Thus, even after the secondary phase of recovery,
about 60 80% of the oil still remains in the
reservoir.
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
52/60
Oil Recovery
Tertiary Recovery Generic term : Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
Take over when secondary recovery no
longer effective
Oil Recovery : 30 60% of the original oil in
place.
1 Steam injection /Thermal processes
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
53/60
1. Steam injection /Thermal processes
- Raise the temperature of the oil
- Reduces the oil's viscosity
- Improves its ability to flow through the reservoir
2 Miscible techniques
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
54/60
2. Miscible techniques
- Injection of a gas such as NG, N2 or CO2
- Raising the pressure within the reservoir- Expand in the reservoir
- Push the additional oil to the wellbore
3 Ch i l i j ti
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
55/60
3. Chemical injection
- Involves "polymers" to increase the
effectiveness of water injection
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
56/60
Oil Recovery
Field Processing
Objectives:
purify the oil and gas
dispose any harmful contaminants
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
57/60
Dehydration - removal of water bound in an oil-water emulsion and is carried out through a
combination of chemicals, application of heat and
electricity and the proper retention time in the
demulsifier.
Sweetening - refers to the removal of H2S,
typically by means of stripping with natural gas
available from the reservoir.
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
58/60
Stabilization - refers to the removal of light gas
components dissolved in the oil in order to
increase its vapor pressure. There are various
techniques for accomplishing this. Note thatremoval of light gases occurs at conditions where
H2S can also vaporize, so some sweetening
occurs simultaneously.
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
59/60
-
7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration
60/60
ASSIGNMENT 1