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Teaching and Learning with Technology
Introduction to Personal Computers in the Classroom
Chapter 3
Teaching and Learning with Technology
Teaching and Learning with Technology
How Computers Work
• A computer is made up of hardware and software that makes the computing cycle possible.
• Hardware includes all the physical components of a computer
• Software includes all the programs (set of computer instructions) that instruct the computer how to perform operations or tasks
Teaching and Learning with Technology
How Computers Work
• The computing cycle consists of• Input• Processing • Storage• Output
• Each stage of the cycle has specific hardware devices associated with it
Teaching and Learning with Technology
How Computers Work – The Cycle
• Input includes any data or programs that are entered into the machine by the user
• Input is directed to the CPU for processing• The CPU chip control data flowing through
the computer and executes all necessary tasks to complete the requested process
• The CPU may use temporary memory (RAM) to store data during processing
Teaching and Learning with Technology
How Computers Work – The Cycle
• Or, if the data needs to be stored more permanently, the CPU may direct data to be placed on a storage media (disk)
• When processing is completed, the CPU moves data to the user as output
• This cycle is continuous as long as the machine is on
Teaching and Learning with Technology
NPUT
UTPUT
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
TORAGE
MEMORY
I
o
s THE COMPUTING CYCLE
INPUT DEVICES
KEYBOARD
MOUSE
MONITOR
CPU
PRINTER
DISK/CD
GUI WITH ICONS
OUTPUT DEVICES
STORAGE DEVICES
THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Teaching and Learning with Technology
Software
• Once the BIOS program is read, the next program starts
• This program is the Power On Self Test (POST)
• The POST checks the computer’s hardware to make sure all parts are functional
• If any problems exist, it writes an error message to the user on the monitor
Teaching and Learning with Technology
Software
• If the POST completes successfully, the next program to load is the Operating System (O/S)
• The O/S operates all the hardware and provides the user interface, the method for user and computer interaction
• Windows (PC) and Mac O/S are the operating systems for PCs and Macs respectively
Teaching and Learning with Technology
Software
• Both Windows and Mac O/S use a Graphical User Interface (GUI)
• A GUI uses icons to represent objects and programs and a pointer to select and/or start them
• Menus are also available in a GUI operating systems to give users lists of command options from which to choose
Teaching and Learning with Technology
Software
• The O/S prepares the machine to run other programs
• Some programs are called Applications because they apply the machine to a specific task
• Other programs may be Utility programs because they help maintain the machine and its operations
Teaching and Learning with Technology
Software
• Academic Applications are programs that help teachers or learners in the teaching/learning process
• Administrative Applications are programs that help teachers perform the administrative tasks required in their work
• Application programs are sometimes sold as a bundle of related software called an Application Suite
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Software
• Integrated software are “mini” versions of applications that condensed into a single software package
• All software is written to run on specific machines so it is important to check machine specifications before making software purchases
Teaching and Learning with Technology
Hardware
• The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the chip that controls all machine processes
• CPU performance is measured in terms of the speed at which it can process instructions
• The higher the speed, the faster the CPU, the more responsive the computer will seem
• Speed is measured in Megahertz (MHz)
Teaching and Learning with Technology
Hardware
• The CPU uses a special temporary storage location for programs and user input
• This temporary storage is Random Access Memory (RAM)
• RAM size is measure in Megabytes (Mb)• The larger the RAM the more the CPU can
store for easy, fast access
Teaching and Learning with Technology
Hardware
• The CPU can store data in RAM more permanently in storage devices
• Storage devices include floppy disk, hard disk, CDs, and DVDs
• Users can issue a SAVE command which instructs the CPU to move data from RAM to disk
Teaching and Learning with Technology
Hardware
Input Devices • Include all devices used to put data or
programs into the machine• The most common devices are the keyboard
and mouse• Other input devices include alternative
pointing devices such as track balls, joy stick or glide points
Teaching and Learning with Technology
Hardware
Output Devices • Include all devices that move processed data
from the computer to the user• Monitors display data in the form of soft-copy
output• Monitors vary in the clarity (resolution) of their
display as well as their size (measure diagonally across the screen)
• LCD monitors using a different display technology offer flat, smaller hardware
Teaching and Learning with Technology
Hardware
Output Devices • Printers display data in hard-copy output• Laser printer use heat to affix toner to paper
to create clear, permanent images• Most laser printers are black and white• Ink Jet printers blow small bubbles of ink on
paper to create images• Most Ink Jet printers print in color and black
Teaching and Learning with Technology
Disk Storage
Hard Disks • Are typically permanently fixed inside the
computer• Offer the largest storage capacity of all disks• When installing programs, most of the
program is stored on the hard disk for quick access
• Hard disks can “crash” so it is important to backup data on removable media
Teaching and Learning with Technology
Disk Storage
Floppy Disks • Are portable storage with a limited capacity of
1.44 megabytes• Are usually used to store smaller files for
back up or for transportability• Hard disks can “crash” so it is important to
backup data on removable media• Like hard disks, can store both electronic files
and the electronic folders that organize them
Teaching and Learning with Technology
Disk Storage
Floppy Disks • Are useful in the classroom when each
student is given their own disk on which to store work
• Floppy disks may inadvertently transport viruses as well as files
• It is important to use a virus checker program to protect classroom machines from possible infection via floppy disks
The 21st Century Classroom: Technology in Teaching and Learning
Teaching and Learning with Technology
Disk Storage
Removable Hard Disks • Some hard disks are designed to be
removable cartridges that work with a special external drive
• Removable hard disks vary in capacity from 100 megabytes to 1 gigabyte
• These disks are good for backup and classroom storage of files too large for floppy disk
The 21st Century Classroom: Technology in Teaching and Learning
Teaching and Learning with Technology
Disk Storage
CD-ROM • Compact Disks (CD) that are read only
(ROM) can be used only to read programs• CD-ROMs cannot be used to store files• CD-ROMs use a laser technology to store
approximately 600 megabytes of data• These optical discs are typically used by
software manufacturers to store programs for user installation
The 21st Century Classroom: Technology in Teaching and Learning
Teaching and Learning with Technology
Disk Storage
CD-R• Compact Disks (CD) that can be read many
times AND recorded on ONCE are Recordables
• CD-Rs are useful to archive (back up) large amounts of data
• CD-Rs require a specially designed disc (CD-R disc) and drive to record data
• Once recorded, data can be read on a CD-ROM drive
Teaching and Learning with Technology
Disk Storage
CD-RW• Compact Disks that can be read and
recorded on many times are Compact Disc-ReWriteable (CD-RWs)
• CD-RWs can be used like a portable hard disk with up to 600 megabytes of space
• CD-RWs require a specially designed disc (CD-RW disc) and drive to record data
• Once recorded, data can be read by most newer CD drives
Teaching and Learning with Technology
Disk Storage
DVD• Digital Versatile Discs are optical discs that
can store up to 17 gigabytes of data• DVDs are typically used to store digital video
since video files require large amounts of storage space
• DVDs require a DVD drive, but DVD drives can also play back CD technology
• DVD-Rs, recordable DVDs, are an emerging technology just becoming available
Teaching and Learning with Technology
Computers in Education
• Teachers need to be sufficiently aware of computer hardware and software to use both effectively in their classroom
• While teachers need not be technical experts, they do need to know enough to • Use the technology appropriately• Handle minor computer problem• Help students use computers• Recognize when technical support is
needed