Download - [2004] 골드 밸브 근골격계질환 진단 및 대안마련을 위한 연구 보고서
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2004. 6.
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( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) () ()
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2. ( ) 33
3. 41
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I.
. (WHO) 1985 (WHO, 1985) (multifactorial) . (Sluiter JK etal, 2001).
()
1
, - , .
. (David Stubbs).
. 1992 . 1 ,
. 10 . 1
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. (riskassessment) .- (work system)- - -
( Klaus J. Zink, 2003) .- (Organizational Design and Management : ODAM)- (performance) (quality of working life) - ODAM (Macroergonomics)
(macro-ergonomics) . (Scott PA and Zink K, 2003).
(MICRO-ERGONOMICS)
(MACRO-ERGONOMICS)
(Physical demension)
(Pscychological demension)
(Qualification)
(Economic demension)
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()
1
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, , .
, . WHO 1985 (multifactorial) . . , , , , , , , , , ( , 2003-24) , ( ), ( ), : , , , ( ) :
, . (macro-ergonomics) . , . 1 .
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() ()
,
, () ,
- ,
,
,
,
2
, - , , , .
. 2 . () (posture), (force), (movement) (vibration) (physical factors) () ( : ) ( (decision latitude) ) (nonphysical factors)
1. ; , , ,
2. ; (, : )
(, )
3
EU ,
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1997 NIOSH , Punnet Bergqvist , UEMSD , ISO/DIS 11226, (IEA) (ICOH) . 1997 1999 DG-5 .NIOSH ,
. , (NIOSH, 1997). , WHO (WHO, 1985). . . . : , (decision latitude), (autonomy) . . , , , . , , . , .Karasek job content . , , . , .: 60 10 .
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II.
, . , . , , , , ,
III.
1.
: (Participatory action research)
(Participatory action research) . , , (De Kong Martin 1996). (Participatory action research) --> --> --> --> --> --> --> --> (Ritchie 1996). (Participatory action research) , , .
1) : , .: , .
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2) : , .: , , , , O/T, ,
3) : .: , , ,
4) : , .:
5) :
.:
6) ( ): , .:
7) (1) : , , .: , ,
2.
. .
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1) . 2 . , . .
(1) .
- , , , , , ,
-
- , , ,
- , (, )
- , ,
- : , ,
- (HAL)
- (NPF)
-
-
-
-
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- , ,
- ,
- ,
-
- ,
-
- , ,
-
-
- : , , /, /, /, /, /
- , , ,
- ,
- ,
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4
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(2) (NationalInstitute Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH) ( 1), ( 2, 3, 4) .
.
1 : 1 1 1 (NIOSH ) 2 : 1 (NIOSH , ) 3 : 1 ( ) 4 : 3 1 (
(3)
. Karasek(1979) . . , , , , , . , 4 (Karasek, 1979)().
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2
(low strain group) . , , . (passive group) . . (active group) . (high straingroup) . , , , , (Karasek , 1988). Karasek Theell(1990) .
Karasek (1988) . , .
Karasek(1979) .
Karasek (1982)
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. (4) (4) .
(4)
6, 7, 3, 1, 2 .
1 5 , , , , . .
[, intensity of labor] ( EnCyber (http://www.encyber.com/). .
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[ , intensity of labor]
() . ,
. () ,
() ,
. . ,
()
, .
, 1 , 1
, 1 ,
.
, .
, (RMR).
.
RMR = ( - ) /
= /
. RMR
0.1 10.0 , () RMR 01
(), 12 , 24 , 47 , 7 (
) . , ,
,
.
, ,
.
, ()
.
( EnCyber (http://www.encyber.com/)
5
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[ , intensity of labour]
, , .
.
.
1 .
.
, 1 .
,
.
( , http://nisweb.nonghyupi.com/dic/aac/aac206.html)
6 (2)
( ) ( ) , . , . . .
( ) =
( )
=
7
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. , . , , , .
(, , )
, ,
,
: , ,
, ,
: ,
,
8
2)
(1) 2003-24: 2003-24(2003.7.15) . . 11 .
1. 4 2. 2 , , ,
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3. 2 , ,
, 4. , 2
5. 2 6. 2 1kg
, 2kg 7. 2 4.5kg
8. 10 25kg 9. 25 10kg ,
, 10. 2 , 2 4.5kg 11. 2 10
(2) ANSI (ANSI) ANSI (ANSI Z-365 Quick Checklist) 10 . , , / , (>3m), ( / / / , / , / : , / / / / / / , ) (8 ) .
(3) ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(ACGIH) ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity (HAL) (NPF) , , (TLV) 0.78
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(TLV) . 0.56 0.78 (AL) . (TLV) (flexin), (extension), (rotation) (neutral) , (TLV) . 4 .
(4) RULA
McAtamney Corlett(1993) RULA(Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) . ( ), , , (), , . , 3 4 . 1( 1 - 2 ) , 2( 3 - 4 ) ( ), 3( 5 - 6 ) (soon) , 4( 7) (immediately) . .
1 1-2
,
2 3-4
,
3 5-6
4 7
9 RULA
(5) ACGIH Lifting TLV
ACGIH Lifting TLV (ACGIH)
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. , . , 30 (TLV) 1/2 . NLE (the Revised NIOSH LiftingEquation) (TLV) NLE .
(6) NLE (the Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation)
NIOSH(1991) (AL: Action Limit) (MPL) (Recommend Weight Limit, RWL) , (Lifting Index, LI) .RWL (, 8) . . RWL AL (H), (V), (D), (FM) (AM) (C) .
RWL = 23(25/H){1-(0.003
V-75}{0.82+(4.5/D)}{1-(0.0032A)}(FM)(CM)
H(Horizontal distance) : , ( ) , 25-63 cm 25cm .V(Vertical distance) : , ( ) 0-175cm.D(Vertical travel distance) : 25-175cm,25cm 25cm .F(Frequency, /) : , 0.2/ 0.2/min(, 5 ) .A(Asymmetric angle) : (sagittal plane) , 0-135 .
RWL 23kg 0.2/ , 25cm, 75cm, 25cm
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, .
NIOSH (Lifting Index, LI)' , (RWL) (Ratio) . LI .
LI = (kg) / RWL(kg)
(LI) RWL . LI . NIOSH LI 1 , LI 3 . LI , LI 1 .
(6)
Kilbom(1994) . 50 10 .
.
2.5
, , ,
/ 10 , ,
/ 10
200
10
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.
1.
1)
( %) .
0102030405060708090
1 2 3 4
%
3
.
1 : 1 1 1 (NIOSH ) 2 : 1 (NIOSH , ) 3 : 1 ( ) 4 : 3 1 (
1 83.33%, 2 29.17% 3 12.5%, 4 4.17%. 10 8.3 10 3 .
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3 .
2)
1. 8 . , , , , .
2. ANSI , , , 15 . ANSI .
3. ACGIH TLV , , , , ( 1 ). / . ANSI , , , .
4. . . . 20kg .
5. .
6. , . .
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. .
.
.
, .
,
3)
(1)
. 2 1 . 10 , .
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(2)
. . , , , . 5 .
(4)
. . . , .
(5)
1,400 . . 44 / .
(6)
30.55(30.00) 52.27(64.20) 9.09(9.80) 10.9(9.50) 20
11
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010203040506070
4
. . .
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.
1.
1)
2004 5 20 . 16 21 37. 2 20 95% . 2 . 23 22 95.7%.1)
2)
. 166cm, 61.8kg. 40.8. 13(59.09) , 7(31.82). 13(56.52) . 20(90.91) . 9.43.
1) .
.
.
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(%) (%)
18 75
6 25
(cm) 166 7.5
40.8 10.2
(kg) 61.8 9.9
5.73 4.05
9.43 9.83
- -
1
6 26.09
15 65.22
2 8.7
7 31.82
2
13 59.09
1 4.55
1 4.55
- -
2 9.09
2
20 90.91
3 13.04
1 10 43.48
10 43.48
2 9.09
2
20 90.91
19 79.17
5 20.83
12.
3)
, 1 54.1. , 1410 . .
13(54.17), 9(37.5) . 14(58.33), 7(29.17) . 5.91 , 4.22 .
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(%) (%)
24 100
-
0 0
1 4.17
-
7 29.17
13 54.17
3 12.5
1 4.17
-
13 54.17
9 37.5
1 4.17
2 8.33
-
14 58.33
7 29.17
1 4.17
0
5.91 1.47
1 4.35
1
4 1 4.35
6 16 69.57
7 4 17.39
8 1 4.35
1
4.22 1.65
1 4.35
1
2 1 4.35
3 9 39.13
4 1 4.35
5 5 21.74
6 4 17.39
7 2 8.7
1410.789
24 100
1 54.1 - 2(2.0)
13.
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4) (1)
12(54.55) . 11(50) .
()
()
.
1. () . 1(4.55) 12(54.55) 8(36.36) 1(4.55) 2 2. () . - 8(36.36) 12(54.55) 2(9.09) 2 3. . 2(10) 4(20) 11(55) 3(15) 4 4. () () . 2(9.09) 7(31.82) 11(50) 2(9.09) 2 5. . 2(9.09) 10(45.45) 5(22.73) 5(22.73) 2 6. . 1(4.35) 9(39.13) 7(30.43) 6(26.09) 1 7. () () . 4(18.18) 6(27.27) 10(45.45) 2(9.09) 2 8. . 2(9.09) 4(18.18) 12(54.55) 4(18.18) 2 9. () . 4(18.18) 6(27.27) 8(36.36) 4(18.18) 2 10. . 9(40.91) 8(36.36) 5(22.73) - 2 11. . 1(4.55) 4(18.18) 11(50) 6(27.27) 2 12. . 1(4.55) 2(9.09) 11(50) 8(36.36)
13. . 5(22.73) 6(27.27) 8(36.36) 3(13.64) 14. .
2(9.09) 3(15) 6(27.27) 11(50) 2
14 (1)
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5)
, . , .
1. . 1(4.55) 2(9.09) 12(54.55) 7(31.82) 2 2. . 5(21.74) 4(17.39) 12(54.55) 2(9.09) 1 3. . 1(4.55) 12(54.55) 5(22.73) 4(18.18) 2 4. . 1(4.55) 8(36.36) 10(45.45) 3(13.64) 2
5. . 3(13.64) 9(40.91) 9(40.91) 1(4.55) 2 6. () . 5(21.74) 5(21.74) 11(47.83) 2(8.7) 1
7. . 4(18.18) 13(59.09) 3(13.64) 2(9.09) 2 8. . 5(21.74) 13(56.52) 4(17.39) 1(4.35) 1
15
30.55(30.00) 52.27(64.20) 9.09(9.80) 10.9(9.50) 20
16
010203040506070
5
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. . .
(karasek)
7 35
5 25
4 20
4 20
17 (karasek)
4 20%, 7 35%. .
7)
(52.17%), / (38.1%) . 2 10 , / . (54.54%), (47.83%), .(47.83%) , .
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1 1(4.55) 12(54.55) 5(22.73) 3(13.64)
1(4.55) 2
2 3(13.04) 4(17.39) 3(13.04) 12(52.17) 1(4.35)
1
3 - 7(30.43) 7(30.43) 9(39.13) -
1
4 - 7(30.43) 10(43.48) 6(26.09) -1
5 1(4.35) 5(21.74) 9(39.13) 8(34.78) -
1
6 / - 8(38.1) 8(38.1) 5(23.81)
- 3
7 1(4.55) 5(22.73) 4(18.18) 10(45.45) 2(9.09)
2
8 2(8.7) 4(17.39) 6(26.09) 9(39.13)2(8.7) 1
9 - 2(9.09) 12(54.55) 8(36.36) -2
10 ( ) 1(4.35) 2(8.7) 9(39.13) 11(47.83)- 1
11 ( ) 6(26.09) 6(26.09) 10(43.48) 1(4.35) -1
12 - 3(13.04) 16(69.57) 4(17.39)
- 1
13 1(4.35) 1(4.35)20(86.96) 1(4.35)
- 1
14 - 2(9.09) 19(86.36) 1(4.55)- 2
15 1(4.55) - 17(77.27) 2(9.09)2(9.09) 2
16 - 2(9.09) 18(81.82)2(9.09) - 2
17 - 4(18.18) 12(54.55) 6(27.27) -
2
18 - 2(9.09) 16(72.73) 4(18.18) -2
19 1(4.55)2(9.09) 18(81.82)
1(4.55) - 2
18
7)
, (NIOSH) (, , ), ( ), ( 1 ), ( ) .
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NIOSH 20(83.33%), 7(29.17%) .
1 2 3 4
20(83.33) 7(29.17) 3(12.5) 1(4.17)
19
0102030405060708090
1 2 3 4
%
6
- 1 14(58.33),/ 12(50)/, / 11(45.83), / 10(41.67) . .
- / , .
1 2 3 4
8(33.33) - - -
14(58.33) 1(4.17) - -
/ 11(45.83) 3(12.5) 1(4.17) -
/ 10(41.67) 2(8.33) 1(4.17) -
/ 11(45.83) 3(12.5) - -
/ 12(50) 1(4.17) 1(4.17) 1(4.17)
20 ( ) :
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2.
1)
. // . . . . .
. // . .
97 .. .. .. 10.. .. .. 7 8 ..
. // . .
.. .. .. .. .. 2 .. .. 00 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ..
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.. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
5% .. 5%.. .. .. / 5% .. 10% .. 2% .. .. ..
10 / / .
.. .. 8 12 .. ..
.. .. .. .. // .. .. .. ..
.. / .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. , .
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, 1 .
-
. . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. 10 .. .. .. .. 10 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 00 .. .. .. ..
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-
10 . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ( ) .. ..
.. .. .. ..
, . 2 . . .
000 .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. ..
-
. . , , .
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. . .
.. 5 .. .. .. 5-6 .. .. .. 10 ..
-
// . 44 . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. ( ) .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
-
.
1.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
..
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30-40 .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
-
. .
.. .. ( ) .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
-
., .
.. .. .. .. 39kg .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
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..
10 .. 10 .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2)
1 20(83.33%), 7(29.17%) . . . , 10 8.3 .
3)
. . () . .
20% .. ..
.. 30% .. ..
.. .. ( ) 10%
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..
. . , . .
.. .. .. / .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.
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3.
( ) .
1)
(1)
() / ANSI .
ANSI Z-365
A
(7) 14
(4) 10
(1) 15
(2) 14
(2) 14
(1) 15
(1) 16
(3) 15
(1) 8
21 ANSI
ANSI =10 ( )
ANSI 1 () 10 . , , , 15 . 13.4.
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() (Hand Activity) ACGIH TLV .
TLV
(7) 1
(4) -
(1) 1.5
(2) 1
(2) -
(1) 0.75
(1) 0.8
(3) 1.33
(1) -
22
( ) = /(10- ) TLV: =0.78 (=0.56)
ACGIH , , (TLV) . (Hand Activity Level, HAL) (Normalized Peak Force, NPF) . ( ) . (TLV) 0.78 (AL) 0.56. 0.78 .
= / (10- )
22 TLV . , , , , .
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, , , , .
() ACGIH Lifting TLV . (LI) TLV() 1 .
ACGIH TLV . , . ().
ACGIH TLV ()
(7) (14kg)
(4) (14kg)
(1) (14kg)
(2) (14kg)
(2) (9kg)
(1) (14kg)
(1) (14kg)
(3) -
(1) (11kg)
23 ACGIH TLV
.( )
, TLV .
: > 360/ : 8 : 30
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( ) ( ) , (: )
()
Kilbom(1994) .
.
2.5 , , ,
/
10 , ,
/
10
200
(7) -
(4) -
(1) -
(2) -
(2) -
(1) 60/()
38/()
(3) 105/()
(1) 100/()
(1) -
25 Kilbom(1994)
50 10 . . . , .
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(2)
1.
2002 6 3 (4), (,, , , , , 2)
7
8 . 1 24 ( ) (5-20kg) .
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1 :
2 :
3 :
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1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 2(3) 1(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0 (2) 0 (2) 2 (2) 14: 14 .
* ( ) ANSI . /, , /, , .
2) - ACGIH TLV for hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]
6 4 1
:(TLV)=0.78(ActionLimit)=0.56
1 .
ACGIH TLV for hand Activity .
3)
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ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : 3 ( )
/ 12 / (kg) 14.4kg
* 30-60cm
(TLV) (kg) 14kgTLV
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) .
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- 48 -
4)
. . 10 7 .
.( .) .
. . 20 . .
. . . . . .
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2.
2002 6 3 (4), (,, , , , , 2)
4 ( 3, 1 )
. () 4 ( ) 2 .
-
- 50 -
1 :
2 :
.
3 :
( ,
.
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1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 3(3) 0(3) 0(3) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 1(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 10
: 10 .
* ( ) ANSI , .
3)
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : 150-3( )
/ 12/ (kg) 18.4kg * 30(TLV) (kg) 14kgTLV ACGIH (Lifting TLV) .
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4)
13, 3 8 4 . . .
, .
= .
. . . . . .
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3.
2004 6 3 (4), (,, , , , , 2)
1
.
-
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1 :
.
2 :
( ,)
.
3 :
( )
-
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1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 3(3) 1(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 15
: 15 .
* ( ) ANSI . , /, , /, .
2) - ACGIH TLV for hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]
6 6 1.5
:(TLV)=0.78(ActionLimit)=0.56
1.5 .
ACGIH TLV for hand Activity .
3)
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : 150-4 ( )
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/ 12/ (kg) 25.9kg * 30cm(TLV) (kg) 14kgTLV
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) . 4)
12, 2, . . 2 1 .
. . .
. . .
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4.
2004 6 3 (4), (,, , , , , 2)
2
(), , () .
1 :
,
2 :
,
,
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1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 3(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 14: 14 .
* ( ) ANSI . , /, , /, , .
2) - ACGIH TLV for hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]
6 4 1
:(TLV)=0.78(ActionLimit)=0.56
1 .
ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity .
3)
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- 59 -
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : 600-2 ( )
/ 12/ (kg) 23.2kg * 30cm(TLV) (kg) 14kgTLV
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) .
4)
. . .
. . . .
.
.( ) . . .
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5.
2004 6 3 (4), (,, , , , , 2)
2
2 . .
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- 61 -
1 :
2 :
,
3 :
.
-
- 62 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
0(3) 3(3) 0(3) 1(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 14: 14 .
* ( ) ANSI . , /, , /, , .
2)
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : 600-2( )
/ 13-30/ (kg) 30kg * 30cm(TLV) (kg) 9kgTLV
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) .
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3)
. , , . .
, . .( .) . . .
. . . .( ) . . .
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6.
2004 6 3 (4), (,, , , , , 2)
1
. . .
RURA
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)
3 2 3 1 4 4 1 7 4 7, 4 . 4 2 2 1 1 4 1 7 4 7, 4 .
-
- 65 -
1 :
(, ,)
2 :
/
, /,
3 :
-
- 66 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 0(3) 2(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 15: 15 .
* ( ) ANSI . /, , /, , , .
2) - ACGIH TLV for hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]
6 3 0.75
:(TLV)=0.78(ActionLimit)=0.56
0.75 .
ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity .
3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
-
()60/ (,)38 -
,
/ .
-
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4)
2 1
. , . .
.( )
. . 50 10 .
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- 68 -
7.
2004. 6. 3 (4), (,, , , , , 2)
1
. , .
RURA
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)
1 3 1 1 2 4 1 7 4 7, 4 .
-
- 69 -
1 : ()
2 :
3 :
-
- 70 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 3(3) 0(3) 2(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 16
: 16 .( )
* ( ) ANSI . , /, , /, , .
2). - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]
5 4 0.8
:(TLV)=0.78(ActionLimit)=0.56
0.8 .
ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity .
3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
- 100/ - -
.
-
- 71 -
4)
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : 150-3 ( )
/ 12/ (kg) 24.1kg * 30cm(TLV) (kg) 14kgTLV
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) .
-
- 72 -
5)
. 2 1 .
. . . .
. .
-
- 73 -
8.
2004. 6. 3 (4), (,, , , , , 2)
1
. . .
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
0(3) 1(3) 0(3) 0(3) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 1(2) 1(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 8
: 8 .
* ( ) ANSI . .
-
- 74 -
2)
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : 300-8 ( )
/ 13~ 30 / (kg) 16.5kg * 30 ~ 60cm(TLV) (kg) 11kgTLV ACGIH (Lifting TLV) .
-
- 75 -
3)
.
. . .
. .
. . . (MSDS) .
-
- 76 -
9.
2004. 6. 4 (4), (,, , , )
2, 1
. , . .
RURA
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)
5 2 2 1 5 1 2 7 4 7, 4 .
-
- 77 -
1 :
.
2 :
, ,
.
3 :
( )
.
4 :
.
-
- 78 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 2(3) 0(3) 1(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 15
: 15 .
* ( ) ANSI . /, , /, , .
2) - ACGIH TLV for hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]
7 4 1.33
:(TLV)=0.78(ActionLimit)=0.56
1.33 .
ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity .
3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
.
-
- 79 -
4)
. 50% .
10-20kg 1.5m . . .
. , .
. 50 10 . ( ) . . . . . , . .
-
- 80 -
.
. . IMF .2) .
1. 83.3% , 29.17% , 12.5% ,4.17% . 29.17% .
2. ( ),, . , , .
3. , , , , , . .
4. . . , 1 , , . .
5.
2) IMF . 2001 . . .
-
- 81 -
. , , . , .
6. .
1) .
2) .
3) . . , 50 10 . .
4) .
5) .
6) , .
7) . .
8) .
-
- 82 -
, . .
9) . , . . .
, .