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Interceptive Orthodontics
Dr Jean-Marc Retrouvey
Dr Donald Taylor
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Objectives
• Discuss most common orthodontic problems in young patients
• Present different modalities of treatment.• Identify the proper timing of treatment
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Topics to be addressed …..
1. Dental crowding2. Eruption problems3. Posterior crossbites4. Increased overjet5. Anterior crossbites6. Oral habits
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1. Dental crowding
A. Space maintenanceB. Control of Leeway spaceC. Dental extractions
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A. Space maintenance
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IndicationsWhy maintain space?
– Allow optimal dental alignment
– Allow permanent teeth to erupt into their normal space
– Conserve an acceptable occlusion
– Prevent supra eruption of antagonists
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Bilateral Space maintenance: Lingual arch
In this case we use the primary second molars to compensate for the loss of a deciduous cuspid
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Space maintenance on the upper arch: Fixed Nance appliance
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B. Control of Leeway space
Very important in interceptive orthodontics
Most predictable way to reduce the need for bicuspid extractions
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Note the difference in width between #75 and #45
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A lower lingual arch acts as a space maintainer
• If the Leeway space is maintained 75 % of cases can be treated without extractions and without proclination of the lower incisors. (Dr Gianelly)
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Premature loss of the deciduous cuspids
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A. Passive lingual arch Expansion of the maxillary arch done concurrently
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Result…..
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B. Reduction of mesial aspect of the second deciduous molars
• Another way to take advantage of the Leeway space
• Allows spontaneous alignment of the lower incisors
• Simple and efficient procedure (Cozzani: JCO 1994)
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Indications
• Moderate crowding of the lower arch(example: loss of a deciduous cuspid)– Timing is most important
• wait until there is almost total resorption of the roots of the deciduous second molars
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Too soon!
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Proper timing!
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Results
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C. If Leeway space is not sufficient for proper alignment
•Selective extractions•Enucleation of bicuspids
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Example: Serial Extractions
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1. Extraction of primary cuspids
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2. Improvement in the position of the incisors
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The incisors are well positioned
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Enucleation
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2. Dental Eruption Problems
A. Early or delayed eruptionB. Ectopic eruptionC. Missing teethD. Ankylosed teethE. Impacted teeth (maxillary cuspids)
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A. Early or delayed eruption
A panorex is indicated at the age of 7 to 8
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Abnormal sequence of eruption:
Take a panorex please….supernumary upper cental incisors
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B. Ectopic eruption
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Ectopic # 45
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Follicular cyst
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Example: Nine year old patient presenting with #34 erupting
ectopically Patient complaint : my front teeth are too far ahead
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Treatment: extract # 75 and place an active lingual arch
• Spring to tip the crown of # 34 mesially
• The cuspid had already began to drift distally
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Retention
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C. Missing teeth
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Agenesis
• This problem is seen relatively frequently• Which teeth are most often missing?
– Third molars – Upper lateral incisors (Caucasian)– Lower central incisors ( Asian)– Lower second premolars
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Thirteen year old girl
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Panorex
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This case is one which will require a combination of orthodontics and prosthodontics. It will require extensive planning
Treatment options:
• Extract the deciduous second bicuspids and protract the permanent molars or maintain the deciduous bicuspids long term, Replace absent #22 with an implant
•Increase the width of #12 reduce #23, intrude and crown #24 to make it look like a cuspid
It is also imperative to conserve the profile
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D. Ankylosed Primary teeth
Often found with congenitally absent permanent bicuspids and lack of
growth of the corpus of the mandible
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Ankylosed teeth should be extracted when…
The permanent molar begins to tip mesially A periodontal problem begins to develop at
the mesial of the permanent molarAn open bite develops at the bicuspid and
molar area
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Ankylosed deciduous second premolar
This is a case where #65 should have been removed
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Ankylosed teeth may be maintained…
• …If the ankylosed teeth are in the plane of occlusion.…Especially if the roots are not resorbing.
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Difficult to treat. Prognosis is guarded
E. Impacted teeth
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16 impacted teeth!
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Impacted upper central incisors
• Most often caused by trauma to the deciduous tooth. Root can become dilacerated
• Infection of deciduous central
• Cyst • Supernumary tooth
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Case treated at MCH
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Nine year old patient presented at MCH for a routine dental exam: What would you do?
If the sequence of eruption is altered you need to ask questions and investigate radiographically
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Space maintenance was prescribed by the family dentist
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Oups!
• An upper central incisor was impacted
• The parents did not recall a history of trauma…
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Maintained for three months
24 months later!
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Another case of an impacted upper central incisor
• Young patient followed by his family dentist presented at the emergency of the MCH because of swelling of the upper lip
• No history of trauma or pain• The treating dentist found
no problems during a routine exam 3 months previously and apparently the swelling increased gradually
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Extent of the lesion
• The central incisor is impacted
• The lateral incisor is displaced laterally and distally
• The cuspid is severely impacted mesially
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Transverse cut: CT scan
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Surgery prior to orthodontic treatment
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Intraoral view
• Altered sequence of eruption
• Severe swelling
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Second problem: Canine is resorbing the lateral incisor
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Progression:
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Final ResultSurgical scar
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Be attentive of buccally impacted upper cuspids as resorption of the roots of the lateral incisors is seen
frequently
E. Ectopic eruption of upper canines
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Impacted cuspids
• Upper cuspids are the teeth most often impacted (3 to 4%)
• Treatment is difficult and costly
• Can we reduce the incidence of this problem?
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Etiology (Theories)
1. Narrow upper arch causes a strong probability of impaction. Not valid in the majority of cases
2. A combination of genetics and familial tendencies
3. Missing or small lateral incisors, but a normally sized arch
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Excellent result but a lot of work required
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Prevention of palatally impacted cuspids
• Early diagnosis: palpation at age 9 . Should feel a bulge at the labial of the deciduous upper cuspids
• Screening Panorex at age 9 years• Extraction of primary canines if necessary• Extraoral traction in Class II cases• Palatal expansion if the upper arch is narrow
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Potential Treatment Options
1. Dr Kurol demonstrated that 65% of canines presenting with a mesial angulation will erupt normally once the deciduous cuspids have been removed
2. Dr Taylor showed that 85% of canines will erupt normally if , in Class II cases, molars are distalized into a Class I relationship
3. Dr Baccetti found similar results after palatal expansion
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Normal cephalometric values
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Extraction 53
Extraction 83
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Extraction 63
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Date of removal of braces
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3. Posterior crossbites
BilateralUnilateral• Functional • Non functional
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Bilateral posterior crossbite
• This type of malocclusion does not have a functional origin
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Unilateral CrossbiteCentric occlusion
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Centric relation
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Rapid Palatal Expansion
• The best method to open the midline palatal suture and increase the width of the maxilla orthopedically
• Maxillary expansion is now being prescribed in younger patients – Some authors are proponents of RPE therapy in
the primary dentition…..
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Types of appliances: Hyrax, Hass or Bonded
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Correction of a posterior unilateral
crossbite
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At the 24 month follow-up this patient will most likely not require further orthodontics
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Expansion without a crossbite
• Potential Indications:– Narrow and triangular
maxilla– Lack of transverse
development– Moderate crowding– Teeth of normal width
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Crowding in the mixed dentition: What would you do?
1. I don’t know much…
2. Extraction of deciduous canines?
3. Expansion of the maxilla?
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Expansion only! (18 months later)
No treatment on the lower arch
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4. Oral habits
• Thumb sucking • Low tongue posture• Oral respiration
Photographie: Dre Stéphane Schwartz MCH
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Deformation of the alveolar processes even in the deciduous
dentition
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Treatment options
• Psychology• Speech therapy• Treatment
– Fixed appliance– Removable
appliance
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Anterior position of the tongue. Mother wanted something fixed….
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Four months of treatment with a palatal expansion appliance and a tongue crib
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The occlusion and smile have improved including in the vertical
dimension (smile line)
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5. Excess overjet
• Etiology:
• Oral habits: upper incisors proclined and spaced
• Class II skeletal with dentoalveolar factors– Growth modification
• HG• Twin block , bionator• Forsus
• Genetic origin. Patient in which growth is or has been unfavorable– Surgery or camouflage
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Cephalometric analysis is very important
Differential Diagnosis
• Skeletal relationship– Maxillary – Mandibular– Vertical
• Dentoalveolar relationship– Inclination of the upper
and lower incisors
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Dentoalveolr protrusion or skeletal dysplasia?
Dentoalveolar Protrusion : • Normal skeletal measurements• Excess overjet• Space between the upper incisors• Proclined upper incisors
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Dentoalveolar protrusion or skeletal dysplasia?
Skeletal dysplasia: • Abnormal skeletal measurements• Excess overjet• No space present between the upper incisors• Full cusp Class II molars
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Dentoalveolar Protrusion Case
• 10 mm overget • Mainly of dentoalveolar origin
(ANB=3.5)
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Treatment
• Compromised treatment
• Bands on permanent molars
• Brackets on the 6 upper anteriors
• Cervical extra oral traction
It was necessary to avoid the use of a removable appliance because the upper incisors would extrude, an unfavorable result even if the overjet was reduced
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12 months post treatment
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Skeletal Class II
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Skeletal Class II
• Should we intervene at a young age?– Two phase treatment vs single phase
• Scientific literature supports a single phase treatment
–However many clinicians still practice 2 phase treatment
• Clinical judgment is important because each case Is different
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ClassII division 1 ,11 year old female patient
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Retrusive mandible
• Deficient lip seal• Good facial proportions • Favorable growth
potential
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Myofunctional Appliance
• Promotes– Protraction of the
mandible – Maximum expression
of mandibular growth
– Bite opening– Maxillary expansion
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Twin Block Appliance
• Appliance to protract the mandible
• Maxillary expansion • Bite opening
• Other myofunctional appliances perform essentially the same functions
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Excellent response by the patient
• Compliant patient• Favorable
mandibular growth• Good dentoalveolar
response
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Same type of response in our patient (12 months of Twin Block)
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Types of treatment
• « Timing is almost everything »• Dentoalveolar compensations must be
favorable• Whatever we do, optimal mandibular growth
is primordial• Disclusion of the dentition is extremely
important
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Fixed appliances
• Type « Herbst » or Forcus…
• Pistons position the mandible in an anterior position
• Generally slightly more efficient than myofunctional appliances
• Correction is mainly dentoalveolar
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Genetic mandibular retrusion
• Regardless of the type of appliance used ythe chances of success are limited
• The family must be aware that mandibular advancement surgery will most likely be necessary if a reasonable result is contemplated
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6. Anterior crossbite
• Functional origin– Easily corrected with a
removable appliance
• Dentoalveolar origin – Palatal expansion and
traction
• Skeletal origin– Surgery probably
required
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Differential diagnosis
• Anterior crossbite: Class III vs pseudo Class III– Manipulation:
centric occlusion – centric relation – Facial profile (concavity of middle third of face)– Dentoalveolar compensations :
• Verify the angulation of the upper and lower incisors
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Functional anterior crossbite
Centric occlusion Centric relation
Manipulate the condyles in their physiologic rest position. If the
occlusion is end to end it is probable that the crossbite is functional
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Appliance of choice to correct a functional anterior crossbite
• Hawley with posterior bite pads
• Finger springs or microscrews on the lingual of the upper incisors
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Skeletal Class III Treatment
Examination
1. Analysis of records2. Estimation of the severity
of the malocclusion3. Prediction of growth
– Direction – Potential, amplitude
Treatment
• Rapid maxillary Expansion • Maxillary traction with
Delaire facemask or bone plates (new approach)
• Brackets on upper incisors • Long term retention
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2008
Mainly, a retruded maxilla
The lower incisors are not retroclined
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Rapid Palatal Expansion21 to 28 days of activation, 1 turn of screw per day
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Sleep Apnea in the child and adolescent
Le rôle de l’orthodontiste dans l’amélioration de la respiration chez l’enfant et
le jeune adulte affligé d’apnée du sommeil
Dr Jean Marc RetrouveyDirector of Orthodontics
McGill University
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Snoring: Benign condition and annoying but without danger (snoring)
UARS: Disturbance of sleep without oxygen desaturation (no cardiopathy
OSA: Trouble sleeping + oxygen desaturation of (cardiac disorders, vascular accidents, hypertension, arythmias, death)
C*Collpo N. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 26(1): 13-24Irit Care Med 2005; 26(1): 13-24
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Most frequent contributing factors
1. Environment– Diet = Obesity– Allergies
2. Genetic– Skeletal malocclusion
3. Combination
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Observations frequently seen
• Hypertrophied tonsils and adenoids seen in young patients presenting with UARS or OSA
http://kidshealth.org.nz/index.php/ps_pagename/contentpage/pi_id/303
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Obesity
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Typical appearance of a child who suffers from sleep apnea
1.Extraoral exam Facial type “Saucers” under the
eyesRetrusive mandible (Classe II malocclusion)Retrusive maxilla?
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•Retrusive mandible•Increased anterior face height•Underdeveloped ramus of mandible•Obtuse gonial angle
Normal
Apneic
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Role of the dentist:Rapid palatal expansion
• Literature supports RPE at a young age for OSA
• A skeletal expansion of an average of 4,5 to 6 mm is obtained
• The earlier the intervention, the greater the benefits
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Conclusions
• A detailed orthodontic examination is essential for every child
• Interceptive orthodontics is one of the most important aspects of pediatric dentistry
• Simple, well coordinated treatment regimen, will be very beneficial for your patients.
• This presentation was an overview of interceptive orthodontics. Hopefully it has given information to allow better communication with your patients, parents and friendly orthodontist!