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Introduction to ICT and
Programming
Lecture # 2 : Introduction to Information Technology
Book Reference:
Using Information Technology
Introduction to Information Technology
1.1 Infotech Becomes Commonplace: Cellphones, E-Mail, the Internet, & the E-World
1.2 The All-Purpose Machine: The Varieties ofComputers
1.3 Understanding Your Computer: What If YouCustom-Ordered Your Own PC?
1.4 Where is Information Technology Headed?
Mind Tools for Your Future
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InfoTech Becomes Commonplace
InfoTech: InfoTech is the fusion of computer technology andcommunication technology. InfoTech is the merging of computers withhigh-speed communications links carrying data, sound, and video.
IT: is a general term that describes any technology that helps toproduce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminateinformation
With huge information available all the time everywhere: what will thisdo to us as human beings? Information overload: Less use of our brains for memorizing: Multitasking activity: Smart mobile devices could produce smart mobs:
Emerge when communication and computing technologies amplify
Human talents for cooperation
Cell phones, E-Mail, the Internet, & the E-World
Computer Technology Programmable, multiuse machine that accepts data
raw facts and figures -- and processes, ormanipulates, it into usable information.
76%
79%
80%
87%
90%Email
Internet
Typing Letters/Correspondence
Research
Games
TOP FIVE USES:
Source: The New York Times, September 30, 2002, p.C1
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Communication Technology
Consists of electromagnetic devices and systems forcommunicating over long distances.
What is the meaning of the following term?
go online ?
pervasive computing ?
Online: Availability for communication
Using a computer or otherinformation device,connected through a voice ordata network, to accessinformation and servicesfrom another computer orinformation device.
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Pervasive computing
The world has moved on beyond boxycomputers that sit on desks.
Today handheld computers and cell phoneslet us access information anytime anywhere
Not just the general information but personalinformation --- electronic correspondence,documents, appointments, photos, songs, moneymatters, and other data important to us.
Anytime anywhere accessing the information
E-mail: (Electronic mail) Messages transmitted over a computer network
A great overview on how E-mail works can be found atthe following web site:
http://www.howstuffworks.com/email.htm
Example:[email protected]
User ID Domain/Server
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Network
Communication system connecting two ormore computers with each other so that theycan share resources.
LAN: Local Area Network
MAN: Metropolitan Area Network
WAN: Wide Area Network
Network
LAN: Local Area Network connects, usually by cable, a groupof desktop PCs and other devices, such as printers, in an officeor a building.
MAN: Metropolitan Area Network A data network intended toserve an area the size of a large city. Such networks are beingimplemented by innovative techniques, such as running opticalfiber through subway tunnels.
WAN: Wide Area Network A communications network thatuses such devices as telephone lines, satellite dishes, or radiowaves to span a larger geographic area than can be covered bya LAN.
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Network
LAN is maintained inside a building or small campus
MANs connect LANs together within a city
WANs connects LANs together across the country.
Cyberspace
Includes not only the online world and the Internetin particular, but also the whole wired and wirelessworld of communications in general.
Two most important aspects of cyberspace include
Internet
World Wide Web
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Internet
Worldwidenetwork thatconnects up to400,000 smallernetworks in morethan 200countries.
World Wide Web Interconnected system of computers all over the world
that store information in Multimediaform
A network of servers linked together by a commonprotocol, allowing access to millions of hypertextresources
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Multimedia
Technology that presents information in more than onemedium, such as text, still images, moving images, andsound.
The All-Purpose Machine: The Varieties of Computers
1. Supercomputers
2. Mainframes
3. Workstations
4. Microcomputers
5. Microcontrollers
All Computers, Great & Small: The Categories of Machines
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Supercomputers
High-capacity machines with hundreds of thousands of processors
that can perform over 1 trillion calculations per second. Price range$500,000 to more than $350 millions
IBM ASCI White
Applications:Processing ofEnormous data,ForecastingWeather, designingAircrafts, modelingMolecules, breakingEncryption codes,
Simulating explosionOf nuclear bombs,Film animation,
Mainframes
Water- or air-cooled computersthat vary in size from small, tomedium, to large, depending ontheir use. Price ranges from $5,000to $5 million
VP2400 mainframe
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Workstations
Expensive, powerfulcomputers usually used forcomplex scientific,mathematical, andengineering calculations andfor computer-aided designand computer-aidedmanufacturing.
Sun Microsystems workstation
Microcomputers A Desk Top Personal Computer: price ranges between $500 to $5,000
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Microcomputers
Sony tower PC
A Tower Case Personal Computer
Microcomputers A Lap Top Personal Computer Lightweight portable computers with built-in monitor, keyboard, hard-disk drive, battery and AC adapter.
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Microcomputers
A Personal Digital Assistantor Palmtops
Personal organization tools-schedule planners, addressbooks, to-do lists, send e-mail and faxes.
Microcontrollers Embedded computers are the tiny, specialized microprocessors
installed in "smart" appliances and automobiles.
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Client Server Architecture
A network architecture in which each computer orprocessor on the network is either a Clientor aServer.
Client/Server network = Server + Clients linked together
Server
A server, central computer, holds collections of data andprograms for connecting PCs, workstations, and otherdevices, which are called clients.
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Clients
Clients = PCs, workstations, & other devices
Clients are PCs or Workstations on which users run
applications. Clients rely on servers for resources, such as
files, devices, and even processing power.
Understanding Your Computer
Data
The raw facts and figures thatare processed into information
Information
Data that has been summarizedor otherwise manipulated for usein decision making
20%
25%
55%
How Computers Work - Concept #1The purpose of a computer is to process data into information.
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Hardware
All the machinery andequipment in a computersystem or all the tangiblecomponents in a computer
e.g. CPU, I/O devices etc.
Understanding Your Computer
How Computers Work - Concept #2Computers consist of hardware and software.
Software
Consists of programs whereprograms containsinstructions written in someprogramming language thattell the computer how toperform a task e.g.
Operating System, BIOS etc.
Firmware
Instructions or programs thatreside inside Integrated Circuits(ICs)
Liveware
All the living things aidingcomputer to work. Data entryoperators, programmers etc
Understanding Your ComputerHow Computers Work - Concept #2
Computers consist of firmware and liveware.
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1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
Keyboard
Mouse
How Computers Work - Concept #3All computers follow five basic operations
Understanding Your Computer
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
Case or system cabinet
How Computers Work - Concept #3All computers follow five basic operations
Understanding Your Computer
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1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications Processor chip
How Computers Work - Concept #3All computers follow five basic operations
Understanding Your Computer
Processor Chip - A tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of miniature electronic circuits.
Also called the CPU (Central Processing Unit).
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
Motherboard
How Computers Work - Concept #3All computers follow five basic operations
Understanding Your Computer
Motherboard - the main circuit board in the computer.
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1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
Primary storage (memory)
Computer circuitry thattemporarily holds data waiting tobe processed
Secondary storage (storage)
The area in the computerwhere data or information is held
permanently
How Computers Work - Concept #3All computers follow five basic operations
Understanding Your Computer
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications Memory chips
Memory chips:
Also known as RAM (Random Access Memory).Represent primary storage or temporary storage.Hold data before processing and information after processing.
How Computers Work - Concept #3All computers follow five basic operations
Understanding Your Computer
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1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
Nibble 4 bits of data
Byte 8 bits of data
Kilobyte 210 bytes of data =1024 bytes
Megabyte 220 bytes of data =1048576
Gigabyte 230 bytes of data =1073741824
How Computers Work - Concept #3All computers follow five basic operations
Understanding Your Computer
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications Zip disk
Floppy disk
Floppy-disk drive - a storage device that stores data on removable 3.5-inch-diameterdiskettes.
Zip-disk drive - a storage device that stores data on floppy-disk cartridges with 70-170times the capacity of the standard floppy.
How Computers Work - Concept #3All computers follow five basic operations
Understanding Your Computer
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1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5.
Communications Hard-disk drive
How Computers Work - Concept #3All computers follow five basic operations
Understanding Your Computer
Hard-disk drive - a storage device that stores billions of characters of data on aNon-removable disk platter.
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
CD (Compact Disk) drive or DVD (Digital Video Disk) drive - a storage devicethat uses laser technology to read data from optical disks.
How Computers Work - Concept #3All computers follow five basic operations
Understanding Your Computer
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1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
Sound card
Sound card - enhances the computers sound-generating capabilities by allowingsound to be output through speakers.
How Computers Work - Concept #3All computers follow five basic operations
Understanding Your Computer
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
Speakers
How Computers Work - Concept #3All computers follow five basic operations
Understanding Your Computer
Speakers - the devices that play sounds transmitted as electrical signals from the sound card.
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1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
Video card
How Computers Work - Concept #3All computers follow five basic operations
Understanding Your Computer
Video card - converts the processors output information into a video signal that
can be sent through a cable to the monitor.
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
Monitor
Monitor - the display device that takes the electrical signals from the video card and forms an
image using points of colored light on the screen.
How Computers Work - Concept #3All computers follow five basic operations
Understanding Your Computer
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1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
Printer
How Computers Work - Concept #3All computers follow five basic operations
Understanding Your Computer
Printer - an output device that produces text and graphics on paper.
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Storage
4. Output
5. Communications
Modem
Modem - a device that sends and receives data over telephone lines to and from computers.
How Computers Work - Concept #3All computers follow five basic operations
Understanding Your Computer
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Put all the hardware together and
You still need the software!
System software
Helps the computer performessential operating tasks andenables the applicationsoftware to run
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System Software
System Software
OperatingSystems
DeviceDrivers
BIOS Embedded
S/WsCompilers/Interpreters
SystemUtilities
DOS
Window 9XWindows XP
Windows Me
Windows Pro
UnixLinux
Sun SolarisMac OS
OS/2
Modem
Sound Card
VGAEthernet
TV Tuner
Microwave Oven
Home Appliances
Embedded OS(Symbian)
Assembly
COBOL
FORTRANBASIC
C/C++PASCAL
VB
VC++JAVA
fdisk
format
sysdoskey
Defrag-mentation
scandisk
The BIOS configuration determines how your hardware is accessed.
You still need the software!
Application software
Enables you to perform specifictasks--solve problems, performwork, or entertain yourself
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Application Software
Application Software
ProductivityS/W
BusinessS/W
GraphicsS/W
Educational
S/WReference
S/WUtilityS/W
Vertical
MarketS/W
Word Processor
Spread SheetsDBMS
HorizontalMarket
S/W
Others:
Artificial Intelligence
Neural Networks
Software AgentsMachine Translation
HCINatural Lang. Translation
Management Info. Sys.
Autonomic Comp.
Adaptive Computing
Mobile ComputingUbiquitous Computing
Pervasive ComputingDistributed Computing
Grid Computing
Copy
middleware
Where Is Information Technology Headed?
Miniaturization
Speed
Affordability
Then (1946)
Now
Three Directions of Computer Development
1946 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator) vs. todays handheld PDA
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Three Directions of Communications Development
Connectivity - the ability to connect computers to oneanother by communications line, so as to provide onlineinformation access.
Interactivity - two-way communication in which a user canrespond to information he or she receives and modify theprocess.
Multimedia - technology that presents information in morethan one medium--such as text, pictures, video, sound, andanimation--in a single integrated communication.
When Computers & Communications CombineConvergence, Portability, & Personalization
Convergence - the combining of several industries throughvarious devices that exchange data in the format used bycomputers. The industries are computers, communications,consumer electronics, entertainment, and mass media.
Portability- wearable computer on model in picture.
Personalization - the creation of information tailored to yourpreferences, such as stock portfolio information kept onYahoo.coms Web site.
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Thank you
Thank you