Download - 1f Bamboo Pres Final Research 2009
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BAMBOO: Poor Mans
GoldBestow upon us a hundred
Bamboo clumps
Rig Veda
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CONTENTS:
Characteristics
Supply
Demand
Policy & Legislation
Livelihood
Environment
Case Studies
Recommendations
2
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Characteristics
Tree like, woody grass
136 species ( 36 genera in India)
Versatile & highly renewableresource
Short Growth cycle (commercially
imp species mature in 4-5yrs)Up to 30 days - BB shoots as foodB/w 6-9 months - for basketryB/w 2-3 yrs -for laminates &boardsB/w 3-6 years - for construction
Source of Energy
Hardy, Light and flexible soughtfor nutritional and environmentalvalue
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TRIV IA
Hiroshima ,1945: BB
provides firstre-greeningafter atom
bomb blasts
Limon, CostaRica: Only BBhouses fromthe National
BB Projectsurvive violentearthquake of
1992
A. Bells first
phonographneedle wasmade of BB
Some
species ofBB grow @1.5 m/day
TensileStrength ofBamboo is
greater thanthat o mild
steel
Taiwanesecomp
launched firstever laptopwith outer
casing made
from BB
Edisonsuccess
-fully used acarbonized BBfilament in his
experimentwith the first
light bulb
Polo ballsmade from BB
rhizomeA bicycle
Artificial teeth
MahatmaGandhi set outon his famousDandi march
armed with hisconviction and
BB stave!
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Supply Side
Area: 8.96 m ha ( 12.8% of forestarea)
28% of area and 66% of growingstock of bamboo in NE region
20% of area and 12% of growingstock in MP & Chattisgarh
Grows in all parts of India exceptKashmir valley
Second Richest country afterChina in Bamboo resources
Availability of Bamboo
Growing Stock: 80.43 m MT,
Annual Harvest: 13.5 m MT(demand: 27 m MT)
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Supply Issues
Poor management and lowproductivity ( forest areas:1tonne/ha of avg. production
Large bamboo forests under
protected areas with no harvesting Ban on felling and restriction on
use in many districts
Lack of intensive management
Overexploitation, fires, grazing
Flowering patterns
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Demand Side
1500 documented uses
Wood Substitutes &Composites/ Industrial Use &Products/ Food products/Construction & Structural
Applications
Indias Share in current for BB :
Rs. 2043/ 50, 000 cr*
Bamboo industry can grow toRs. 16,000 cr by 2012 and Rs.26,000 cr by 2015
The industry is expected toearn about USD 5.7 bn inrevenues by 2015
India looking at capturing 27%of this market
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SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Vast resources
Bamboo from the North East are hard
and durable
Cane and Bamboo handicraft has good
market
India has strong roots in
handicrafts
Labor cost is low
Bamboo is less versatile than the
bamboo from China
Finished products from the other Asian
countries are superior
Lacks aesthetic appeal &Quality control
In controlling cost, Quality is low
Product is bulky and transportation cost
is high
Industry and cultivators yet to recognize
potential
OPPORTUNITUES THREATS
Market for Bamboo Gazebo can be
developed
Development in design and quality of
handicraft products
There is scope for creating category
product market
There will be strong competition from
other Asian countries.
Established players like China & Taiwan
Poor treatment procedures may lead to
loss. Treatment should be standardized
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POLICYENVIRONMENT
Demand & Supply
Shortfall in supply even for currentdemand
Location of industry away fromgrowing areas
Unscientific and Inefficient use
Shortage of quality bamboo orsustained supply
Paper & Pulp ind. Importing woodpulp worth Rs. 3500 cr
Illegal Smuggling to Bangla. and
Mymr. & NepalRs.255cr
Low &poor
qualitysupply
Lowdemand
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Policy Features
Objective Formulation Execution
Laws promulgated to
extend state control
extraction of forest
produce esp. timber
1988 FP marked change
Definitional anomalies-
of BB & Forests
Lack of harmonization of
laws
Extensive regulation
Tedious procedures
Red Tapism
Inefficiency
Rent seeking behavior
Central Laws Court Judgments
Indian Forest Act (1927)
Definition of tree includes BB
Harvested BB is timber
Forest Produce : (a) Timber regardless of
where it originates(b) Plants not being trees which originate
from forest
Act 2006 classifies BB as NTFP ( minor)
Supreme Court:
BB is grass thus felled BB is not timber
BB removed from non forest areas
including pvt lands are not forest produce
Areas under pvt plantations are notforests & will be guided by State Laws
Orissa HC: Irrespective of BB being tree or
grass BB originating in pvt land not FP
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Most bamboo is located on government owned lands, Government ownership of
forests has been well established in both forest laws and policies.
Forest Dept : 93% Revenue Dept: 4 % Private landowners: 3% of forest area
On its land govt pays unskilled day laborers to manage 4-year rotations of BB
Amendment of the 1988 Forest Act, the government restricted the role of the privatesector on government forestlands.
FP 1988 shifted it key focus of promoting forest industry and extraction of naturalresources to almost exclusively being managed for ecological services and meetingcommunity needs
Only local communities are currently treated as stakeholders in managing govtforests and have now been granted rights to NTFP*
Government introduced the Joint Forest Management (JFM) program- bambooforestlands have not been brought under JFM
Since granting greater authority to communities necessarily entails a reduction in
power by the state there has been bureaucratic resistance
BB Forests on govt. land BB forests on pvt. land BB on pvt plantations
Lack of tenure security Lack of full and equal
rights
Lack of free market
mechanisms
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State Wise Study
Prior to 1976 forests a State Subject,now in Concurrent
Most states have Primary Acts onforests modeled on IFA or rules withthe IFA as the primary reference
use and management of pvt BBforests is governed either by separatePrivate Forest Acts or by provisions inthe State Forest Acts
10/ 19 states have State Laws/ Actsfor Pvt. Forests
2 States -Andhra Pradesh & Sikkim donot follow definitional pattern of IFA
Nagaland is a spcl. case-majorityforests are pvt. Forests. All regulatoryreq.s have been removed
1 Kerala
2 Gujarat
2 Madhya Pradesh
4 West Bengal
5 Maharashtra
5 Uttar Pradesh
6 Bihar& Jharkhand
6 Orissa
6 Tamil Nadu
10 Karnataka
Index of Regulation
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Implications
Potential largely unrealized under thisset-up
Unorganized Subsistence BB economy
Productivity in govt owned forests islower than potential compared to othercountries & that in homesteads
Policies Distort incentives: Cost of 1Pole of Dendrocalamus Strictus: Rs.10
Cost on reaching Hyderabad City: Rs.40/Pole
BB has to compete with otheragricultural/ food crops which are
subsidized / Inferior good existing restrictions limit the effort and
input provided by the owners toincrease the productivity of pvt. lands
Industry ForestDept.
Politicians
Why MoEF could
oppose lifting ofrestrictions:1. Could encourage
illegal felling &extraction fromgovt. forests
2. Loss of royalty
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New Approach
Earlier BB was considered a minor
forest product compared to wood andtherefore did not receive the kind ofsupport from government as otherforest res
Mission Approach adopted- NationalBamboo Mission
Micro Missions under differentMinistries. Important among them-
M.M on Technology Development/Policy/ Marketing/ Trade&Development
Requires a mammoth coordination
effort Overlapping Jurisdictions
25 different institutions including 5ministries have been roped in
Underlying Forest managementsystem also needs to change
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Livelihood
CurrentStatus
Bamboo Sector generates 432 Mnworkdays annually
Bamboo based handicrafts employs 10million people
Women constitue a majority of themap weaving and Bamboo crafts work
Bamboo mat production in Indiagenerates 3 mn workdays annually
Out of 68 million tribal population, 50%depend on NTFPs for their livelihoodrequirement
Traditional uses- support agriculture,horticulture, animal husbandry,sericulture and in small industries
Targets and Issues
Unavailibility of raw materials forartisans & NTFP for forest dependentcommunities
Cross Subsidization of poor Traditional communities moving away
from BB Crafts
Can generate employment orunskilled, semi skilled and skilledworkers
Target was 8.6 mn jobs (new) anduplifting 5.01 mn BPL families
New Bamboo Plantations ( forest andnon forest areas)
In the long run establishment of newindustries can generate employment to50 mn people
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Environment
Uses Reduces Carbon Dioxide levels in the
atmosphere*
Lowers light intensity, protects againstUV rays- acts as atmospheric and soilpurifier
Versatile high yield renewable naturalresource
Substitute for wood- grows faster, lesswater req.
Prevents soil erosion
Food source, has anti tioxidantmedicinal value
Source of energy- foremost inBiomass prodn. ( burnt directly) orgasification of Bamboo
Benefits Offset climate change factors*
Rehabilitation of degraded land,controlling landslides, floods,protection of sea banks, riverbanks,damsites etc.
Can be used for Watersheddevelopment
As a substitute for wood- will mitigatepressure on natural forests
New innovative bamboo products canreplace products made from non
biodegradable material Ensure nutritional security for rural
people
Clean renewable source of energy
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CASE STUDY: China
Recognized as Kingdom ofBamboo
5 mn ha of Bamboo resources
Total Bamboo production valueover US $ 6 billion (exportvalue- US $ 600 mn)*
First mover Advantage
Result of 4 decades of efforts
Post 1985 old system of stateprocurement abolished
Mkt for BB opened completely
prices determined by SS & DD
Export & pvt enterprise culture
Facilitate formation of Dragonhead enterprises
Bamboo industry zones
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Development Sequence
Later 1970s- Early1980s
Rural System Reform
Collective Responsibility->Household ResponsibilityScheme
Bamboo product marketingsystem: State Monopoly ->Free Market
Middle 1990s: 3Pronged Stabilization
Stabilization of
Mt. & Forest Property Self Processes Mt.
Property HRS
Incentivized investment byfarmers
2006 onwards
Forestry System Reformsincl. Bamboo
Right to ownership whichallows farmers to transfer,transact or circulate asproperty
Sundry taxes & feesexempted In 2001*
Subsidized funds andfertilizers
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Comparative StudyChina India
Ownership & Management Rights with
individuals
O & M rights not clearly defined. Differ
from state to state
BB related Institutional Arrangements
cover all aspects
Till recently the institutions focused on
dist of BB to local and industrial units.
NBM, NMBA, CTBC etc launched
Organizational Arrangements forBamboo Management- Multi layer and
Multi regional ( Forestry Bureau also
follows the same form
Administrative structure U form-Independent forest depts exist only at
the state level
Local level govts have little bargaining
power but greater autonomy. Ability to
design dynamic institutions
Institutions designed at the state level.
Institutional inertia, attitudinal inertia
and non-accountability
Mkt Research and Product
diversification- pvt enterprises put great
emphasis on mkt research. Responds to
world demand. Consumer items+ new
industrial items
Till recently even basic data abt BB was
absent. Traditional products, Industrial
use limited to Pulp
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China India
In BBdominant areas BB has played a
critical role in poverty eradication
BB mainly used for benefit for ind. Org.s
( pulp mills) & subsistence at village
levels
Diverse ownership and management
arrangements, all units compete for BB
( raw material) in an open competitive
mkt. State has no role to play in supply
to these units
In some states industrial units still
dependent on state for supply of raw
materials so are rural artisans. Classic
case of cross subsidization of rich by
poor
Institutional Arrangements are:
Complete
Decentralized
Diverse
FlexibleResponsive to local needs
Responsive to other subsectors
Aimed at equity consistent economic
efficiency
Institutional Arrangements are:
Partial
Centralized
Narrow
Full of rigiditiesNon responsive to local needs
Non responsive to other sub sectors
Aimed at profit maximization of ind.
Units and subsistence of poor
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Case Study: States
BB based livelihood, the SindhudurgModel ( Konkan region, Maharashtra):Traditional BB working communities are SCs
Widespread use of plastic has reduced demand and limited opportunities
Dev of BB based craft & Ind. Requires relatively low capital, raw material,tools and machinery inv. Compared to other handicraft activities
Konkan Bamboo& Cane Dev Centre ( KONBAC) & Univ Dept of LifeSciences, Univ of Mumbai Initiated a community based BB dev Prog.
Estb. & demonstration of
1 Community - based BB treatment Plant
BB Furniture Manufacturing Unit
BB based marketing Hubs ( BAMHU)
Passenger Resting Shade at RatnagiriRlwy. Station
First ever All BB Resort
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Case Study: States
Tamil Nadu Contract Farming Model: Mismatch of demand and Supply atPaper mills lead to massive wood pulp import.
TN Newsprint and Papers ( TNPL) initiated farm and agroforestryprogrammes through tri and quad partite models
A contract in this case is an agreement btw growers & processors. CF isviewed to benefit user agency by ensuring sustained raw material supply
In the age of liberalization & Globalization there is a danger that smallscale farmers will find it difficult to fully participate in the marketeconomy. In many cases small farmers could be marginalized as largefarms become more profitable
Involves increasing area under farm and forestry plantation through
industrial participation Key reasons for failure of industrial plantation schemes are non
involvement of local people, lack of assured buy back and minimalsupport price
This constraint can be overcome through contract farming system
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Quadpartite
Industry
Growers
Fin.Insitution
ResearchIns.
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CASE STUDY: (APIL)
Features Converted from Plywood factory to BB
board manufacturing unit
1996 (Ban on timber by SC)
FIPPI agreed to convert it into a
bamboo board industry Faced numerous procedural
handicaps
Factory closed 18 times duringconversion process due to differentinterpretations of the SC order bydifferent forest officers
Functioned regularly from 2006intervention by PC
Ancillary units in remote villages with abuyback arrangement
Lessons Procedural impediments must go
Systematic not piecemeal approach tobe adopted
Takes care of demand supply problem
local entrepreneurship and sustainablelivelihood opportunities for localpopulace
E.g. Agreement to procure mats from38 villages in Nagaland ( earliersupplying 700->10,000 units/month
Req. of 1 lakh mats can generateemployment to 33,000 persons ( 90%of mat makers are women)
More than 100% value addition inSplint manufacturing units
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CASE STUDY: Individuals
Andhra Pradesh CommunityForest Management (APCFM)project
Implemented by the AndhraPradesh Forest Department
(APFD), with funding support fromthe World Bank
50.000 ha of degraded BB foreststargeted for treatment . Targetexceeded by 10 %
Community level manufacturingfacilities ( for incense sticks)generate 1 mn man days/ annum
Annual turnover of Rs.16 crore
Fetches revenue of Rs. 18,000
per tonne as against Rs. 500 pertonne realized from pulp andpaper mills
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I am the Vice Chairperson Van Samrakshana Samithi (VSS) in
Chinthapally village of Adilabad District (Andhra Pradesh). I am
one of 91 women members. I earn Rs. 50-60/ day making agarbathi
sticks from bamboo slats. This arrangement suits me as I can
supplement the household income working at my own pace and
completing my household chores too. Importantly the correct wages
are paid regularly
The opportunity to generate income legally from forest produce
has created a vested interest for the community to nurture andmaintain the forests. This inturn has extended the States forest
management capacity to such an extent that it is keen to create
more VSSs& CFCs
Muthamma now has a regular income which she now earns from
the security of her neighbourhood and her home a life of dignity
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Hi, my name is Arif. I work at the at the Common Facility Centre
(CFC) in Mancherial, Andhra Pradesh. I had spent a year idling
after college before this opportunity came along. A four monthtraining period later I was ready to start making bamboo slats on a
regular basis. These slats are supplied to the women from nearby
VSSs for making agarbatti sticks. I earn Rs. 150 on a good day
and about Rs. 100 on a regular day. Though the work gets repititve
and also leads to backaches sometimes I am proud to be helping inthe upkeep of my six member family
There are many young men like me here who used to migrtae to
urban areas earlier in search of work. We would end up mostly
underemployed or in worst case indulge in unlawful activities in
desperation.
Th V S k h S i hi (VSS) f hi h I h
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The Van Samrakshana Samithi (VSS), of which I am the
Chairperson, was constituted with the formal consent of more than
half the families in Rawanpally village, in Kagaznagar, Andhra
Pradesh. It was selected to be developed as a model village under
the APCFM project. Of the total 88 VSSs in KagaznagarDivision, Rawanpally is one of the 24 that use bamboo for income
generation. Bamboo has provided the women a productive and
remunerative leisure time activity of agarbatti stick making. All
able-bodied VSS members lend their muscles and traditional
knowledge for the upkeep of the forest. Trenching, earth moulding,pit digging, planting, pruningthey have work round the year.
Another opportunity to work and earn in the vicinity of their
homes.
Rawanpally VSS is fully into forest maintenance and conservation.
herever parts of the forest have been handed over to the
villagers for conservation they have developed a sense of
ownership
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CASE STUDY: Communities
Bamboo artisan communities ofChattisgarhKandra & Basod (ST)
Issued Bamboo Ration Card forgetting BB from govt. at lower rates
Articles like Mats, hats, baskets etc.
They sell items themselves in Local
weekly markets or through wholesellers and retailers
Most shift away from BB handicraftProduction as a source of livelihood
Shortage &Poor quality of BB suppliedon cards and high prices of BBavailable in the market are factors
Use of outdated and very laborioustechnologies & lack of proper &systematic marketing channels
Reg.Basods ActualTarget Propos-ed
Target
Available Sold
5227 1500
(100%)
908.2
(60%)
556
(37%)
427.6
(28.5%)
Source of
Income
Families (%)
Central North Southern
BB Craft only 10% 5% 5%
Source of
Income
Share of Income (%)
Central North Southern
BB Craft only 60% 70% 40%
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The North-East
Bamboo Flowering Gregarious flowering
Seed Shed attracts seed
predators (rats)
Generates large ratpopulation
Seeds become Seedlings.Rats attack standing
crops and grains
Flowering of Melocanna bacciefera ,Bambusa Tulda & Dendrocalamuslongispathus in North East with itsepicentre in Mizoram
Cycle of 48 years. The BB dies afterflowering. Regeneration is a problem
Last occurred in 1959 lead to famine
Expected to reoccur btw 2004-07
26 MT ( of which 10 MT accessible)will be available if harvested beforeflowering
failure of the then Assam Govt. toadequately respond to the demands offamine relief requirements whichresulted in insurgency in Mizoram
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Policies
BAFFACOS, a five-yearprogramme
Early Harvesting of BB Rodent Control
Agricultural Diversification
The Govtof Mizoram declared theMautam as a disaster in 2007
lifting of ban on export of mulibamboo & removal of harvestingand Felling restrictions on Forestand Non forest areas in NE
The Achievement Report onBAFFACOS at variance withActionAid Study
Accusations of Corruption andMisreporting. Sporadic protests
Status & Potential
Reviving Closed Paper & PlywoodFactories
BB Shoot industry great exportpotential
Mostly non-clump forming BB
Smuggled BB can fetch 2.6 timesthe value of raw BB
Special BB zone : Boost to localhandicrafts ( tribals) & new ageitems
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amboo Sector has to be liberalised and it should
be treated as a plantation and Horticulture crop
without any restriction on its movement and felling
for commercial purposes
amboo is often called the Orphan crop as in the
Government no Department or Agency has taken up
its potential in a holistic manner
Planning Commission, 2003
QUOTE UNQUOTE
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Way Ahead...
Allow forces of demand and supply to operateUndertake market complementary interventions
Incentivise prodRemove informational asymmetriesFacilitate expansion of markets ( incl promoting exports)
Result: EFFICIENT OUTCOME
Indicator: Productivity and opportunities not lost ( DD-SS gaps)
Improve on outcome by incorporating livelihood and env. concernsContract Farming: provide people friendly legal frameworkTribal Artisan communities/ Forest dependent:
R&D activities to allow them to access markets& develop new products, introduce best practices
Result: EFFICIENT & EQUITABLE OUTCOMEIndicator: Employment levels, Poverty alleviation, Resource situation
,(relevant sections)
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Recommendations
Supply
SUPPLY
(govt. land)
DEMAND POLICY & LEG. LIVELIHOOD
&ENV.
Resource
Inventorization and
Monitoring
Sustainable
Harvesting & BestCollection/Non
Destructive
Practices
Training of JSS
members
ScientificRegeneration
Handling the
phenomena of
gregarious
flowering effectively
Promoting the use
of bamboo and
bamboo products
in government
infrastructuredevelopment and
housing programs
Product Specific
R&D/ Designing/
Range through
design institutesMarketing
Strategy: Branding,
Certification and
Standard codes
Amend 1927 Act
MoEF should
declare BB a grass
Bamboo to be
clearly classified asNTFP and
regulations in
cutting, transport
and use of bamboo
should be relaxed
Orientation ofPeople on Tribal
Right Act in relation
to NTFP harvesting
and tenure rights
Creation of a
Bamboo Board
Integrating BB
based livelihood
options into poverty
alleviation
programs thattarget SC/ST popn.
like NREGA
Rehabilitation of
Plywood factories
using Bamboo as
raw materialExpansion of
Handicrafts and
Cottage & tiny
industry- bamboo
shoot production,
agarbattis etc
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Recommendations
SUPPLY
(pvt. Land)
DEMAND POLICY & LEG. LIVELIHOOD &ENV.
Managed
Plantations should
be encouraged
Suitable
agroforestry models
developed
Investment in
infrastructure to
attract pvt.
Investment
Establish NationalBamboo Institute
Promotional
Campaign
Market
Information System
Relaxation of
Taxation policies
Import Duty to be
levied on imported
pulp in the short
run
Credit madeeasily available for
SMEs
Govt to declare it a
horticulture crop
Farm grown
Bamboo trade &
transit rules need to
be abolished
Include BB as a
Plantation crop
wherever separate
laws exist
Remove landceiling restrictions
North East
converted into
Special Bamboo
Zone
BB to be included
under JFM program
and planted in
degraded areas
Explore BB as a
source of energy for
rural Households
Policy
Make BB eligible for
Carbon Credits
Scientific HarvestPolicy to apply to
pvt producers as
well
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Thank you!