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Campbell, B., Yaap, B. and Sunderland, T.
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Agreement on:Livelihood concerns and future development goals need to be at the centre of any viable conservation strategy
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Disagreement on: Legitimacy of local peoples
involvement in conservation efforts and protected areas
The impacts of PAs on local communities
Whether projects should have conservation and development goals
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Conservation without development is untenable◦ Poverty widespread and pervasive
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Community-based approaches do not provide enough attention to conservation
ICDPs don’t give enough attention to livelihoods
Top-down and no inputs from people
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The “landscape approach”Do we use “best practice” in C&D initiatives? (Bruce Campbell)
What has happened on the ground? (Terry Sunderland)
Can payment systems work? (Thuy & Lisa Petheram)
MacArthur Foundation
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1. Acknowledging trade-offs
2. Acknowledgement that threats limiting success invariably come from external forces
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Figure 1. Mean variable scores
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Acknowledging trade-offs (V4)
Economic & health benefit (V5)
Community involvement (V11)
Adaptive management (V18)
Local threat & solution (V8)
Market access (V16)
Working at multiple levels (V7)
Landscape scale (V3)
Community heterogeneity (V13)
Understanding livelihoods (V14)
Immigration (V17)
Clear, measurable goals (V1)
M&E (V20)
Trandisciplinary planning (V9)
Project length (V19)
Local capacity building (V12)
External threats (V6)
Policy (V10)
Permitted NR use (V15)
Ultimate goal (V2)
Acknowledging trade-offs
Acknowledging external threats
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We need to acknowledge that conservation and development goals have some very clear tradeoffs
We do need to reinvent C&D initiatives◦ Landscape approaches◦ No lip service to livelihoods◦ Command and Control◦ PES
Voluntary Conditional
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