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1868-1912
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Arrival of US Commodore Perry,
1853• To end Japan’s self-imposed isolation and
open it to trade• Soon, Britain, Russia, and Holland
negotiated similar treaties • Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown for
allowing western nations into Japan• In 1868, Emperor Mutsushito was restored to
throne– To withstand imperialistic might of West, Japan
needed to adopt western ways
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Perry's American “Black Ships”
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Japanese Ships
• Japanese ships not allowed to leave Japan
• In 1637 Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu had fixed size and manpower of Japanese ships so that they could only travel on inland waterways
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Reactions to Western Presence
• Some samurai wanted direct expulsion of foreigners
• Some wanted to learn from foreigners, then expel them– Their slogan was "Eastern Ethics,
Western Science"
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Emperor Meijiat Age 27
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Initial Problems
• From within: The Tokugawa feudal structure and its problems.– The growing gap between the rich and
poor samurai
• From without: Russia, Britain, and the U.S.– All three tried to expand into Japan
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Structure of Meiji Government
• According to Charter Oath and Seitaisho (provisional constitution) of 1868, establishment of the Dajokan (Grand Council of State)
• It allowed small group to make decisions and implement decisions through their own ministries
• Established centralized authority by abolishing the domains (1871)
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The Charter Oath of 1868• 1. Deliberative assemblies shall be widely
established and all matters decided by public discussion.
• 2. All classes, high and low, shall unite in vigorously carrying out the administration of affairs of state.
• 3. The common people, no less than the civil and military officials, shall each be allowed to pursue his own calling so that there may be no discontent.
• 4. Evil customs of the past shall be broken off and everything based upon the just laws of Nature.
• 5. Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundations of imperial rule.
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Japanese Nationalism• Idea of the kokutai (national essence)• Idea of national essence (or national soul)
borrowed from Germany in its conservative reaction against the French Revolution and Napoleon
• In 1871 national government in Tokyo assumed:– Debts of domains which accepted its rule– Responsibility for stipends paid to samurai
• Samurai class lost its income in land reforms and creation of conscription army of commoners
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Meiji Constitution (1889)
• Japanese emperor given great authority• Military answered directly to the
emperor• Much of the time, however, real
decision making was done by the Privy Council, which consisted of those who helped emperor in the Meiji Restoration
• Conservative document that gave the people a certain amount of rights, but gave the emperor predominant power over the two houses
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Meiji Society
• Reclassified social hierarchy: – Nobles (kazoku) (including many newly
appointed industrialists and merchants and samurai who were on the emperor's side during the Meiji Restoration)
– Former samurai (shizoku and sotsu), farmers, merchants and artisans (heimin) as ordinary citizens
• Downfall of the samurai as a class
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Meiji Economics
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Raw Silk Production and Export from Japan 1868 to 1913
PeriodProduction
annual average(tons)
Exportsannual average
(tons)
1868-1872 1026 646
1883 1687 1347
1889-1893 4098 2444
1899-1903 7103 4098
1909-1913 12460 9462
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Coal Production in Japan1875 to 1913
YearCoal Production
(metric tons)
1875 600,000
1885 1,200,000
1895 5,000,000
1905 13,000,000
1913 21,300,000
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Japanese Merchant Fleet Size 1873 to 1913
Year Number of Steamships
1873 26
1894 169
1904 797
1913 1514
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Railroad Mileage in Japan1873 to 1913
YearTrack(miles)
1872 18
1883 240
1887 640
1894 2100
1904 4700
1914 7100
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1907—Meiji Industrial Exposition, first Japanese swimming pool
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1907—Meiji Industrial Exposition, the Tokyo Exposition Buildings
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1907—Meiji Industrial Exposition, the Mitsubishi Museum
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1907—Meiji Industrial Exposition, a Kairansha. Developed in U.S. only 10 years before
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Further Impact of Meiji
• Meiji Era policy of using private businesses to promote government policy objectives
• South Korea– Park Chung Hee wanted to industrialize it– Created system of Chaebol
• Government-sponsored firms such as Hyundai, Samsung, Lucky Goldstar, Daewoo, etc.
• Park was an officer in Japanese Army (with Japanese name) while Korea under Japanese control during WWII
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1868-1912
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Bibliography
• www.indiana.edu/
• www.taisho.com/
• www.regentsprep.org
• ocw.mit.edu
• web.rollins.edu