Download - 15 bentley3
1Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Chapter 15
The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia
2Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Sui Dynasty (589-618 CE) Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han
dynasty Yang Jian consolidates control of all of China,
initiates Sui Dynasty Massive building projects
Military labor Conscripted labor
3Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Grand Canal
Intended to promote trade between north and south China Most Chinese rivers flow west-east
Linked network of earlier canals 2000k (1240 miles) Roads on either bank
Succeeded only by railroad traffic in 20th century
4Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE) Wide discontent over conscripted labor in Sui
dynasty Military failures in Korea prompt rebellion Emperor assassinated in 618
Tang Dynasty initiated
5Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Tang Taizong
Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r. 627-649 CE) Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to take
throne Strong ruler
Built capital at Chang’an Law and order Taxes, prices low More effective implementation of earlier Sui
policies
6Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Major achievements of Tang Dynasty Transportation and communications
Extensive postal, courier services Equal-field System
20% of land hereditary ownership 80% redistributed according to formula
Family size, land fertility
Worked well until 8th century Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries
7Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Bureaucracy of Merit
Imperial civil service examinations Confucian educational curriculum
Some bribery, nepotism But most advance through merit
Built loyalty to the dynasty System remains strong until early 20th century
8Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Tang Military Expansion and Foreign Relations Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet One of the largest expansions of China in its
history Established tributary relationships
Gifts China as “Middle Kingdom”
The kowtow ritual
9Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Sui and Tang dynasties, 589-907 C.E.
10Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Tang Decline
Governmental neglect: Emperor obsessed with music, favorite concubine
775 rebellion under An Lushan, former military commander
Captures Chang’an, but rebellion crushed by 763 Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to suppress
rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang Tang decline continues, rebellions in 9th century, last
emperor abdicates 907
11Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)
Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts Military not emphasized Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r. 960-976 CE)
Former military leader Made emperor by troops Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants,
expanded meritocracy
12Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Song dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.
13Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Song Weaknesses
Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy Two peasant rebellions in 12th c. Internal inertia prevents reform of bureaucracy
Civil service leadership of military Lacked military training Unable to contain nomadic attacks Jurchen conquer, force Song dynasty to Hangzhou, southern
China (Southern Song)
14Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Agricultural Economies of the Tang and Song Dynasties Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, 2 crops
per year Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals Soil fertilization, improved irrigation
Water wheels, canals Terrace farming
15Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Population Growth
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
600CE
1000
Millions
Result of increased agricultural production
Effective food distribution system Transportation networks
built under Tang and Song dynasties
16Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Urbanization
Chang’an world’s most populous city: 2 million residents Southern Song capital Hangzhou: over 1 million Several cities over 100,000
17Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Patriarchal Social Structures
Increased emphasis on ancestor worship Elaborate grave rituals Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased
ancestors Footbinding gains popularity
Increased control by male family members
18Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Footbinding
19Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Technology and Industry
Porcelain (“Chinaware”) Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal,
in furnaces Agricultural tools, weaponry
Gunpowder invented Earlier printing techniques refined
Moveable type by mid-11th century Yet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block
technique easier Naval technology
20Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Emergence of a Market Economy “Flying cash:” letters of credit developed to deal with
copper coin shortages Promissory notes, checks also used
Development of independently produced paper money Not as stable, riots when not honored
Government claims monopoly on money production in 11th century
21Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
China and the Hemispheric Economy Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese
cities Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases
local demands for imported luxury goods
22Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Cultural Change in Tang and Song China Declining confidence in Confucianism after
collapse of Han dynasty Increasing popularity of Buddhism Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam
also appear Clientele primarily foreign merchant class
23Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Dunhuang
Mahayana Buddhism especially popular in western China (Gansu province), 600-1000 CE
Buddhist temples, libraries Economic success as converts donate land holdings Increase popularity through donations of agricultural
produce to the poor
24Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Conflicts with Chinese Culture Buddhism:
Text-based (Buddhist teachings)
Emphasis on Metaphysics Ascetic ideal
Celibacy isolation
Confucianism: Text-based (Confucian
teachings) Daoism not text-based
Emphasis on ethics, politics
Family-centered Procreation Filial piety
25Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Chan (Zen) Buddhism
Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climate Dharma translated as dao Nirvana translated as wuwei
Accommodated family lifestyle “one son in monastery for ten generations of salvation”
Limited empahsis on textual study, meditation instead
26Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Persecution of Buddhists
Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late Tang dynasty
840s begins systematic closure of Buddhist temples, expulsions Zoroastrians, Christians, Manicheans as well
Economic motive: seizure of large monastic landholdings
27Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Neo-Confucianism
Song dynasty refrains from persecuting Buddhists, but favors Confucians
Neo-Confucians influenced by Buddhist thought Zhu Xi (1130-1200 CE) important synthesizer Popular to 20th century
28Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
China and Korea
Silla Dynasty: Tang armies withdraw, Korea recognizes Tang as emperor
Technically a vassal statue, but highly independent
Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive
29Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
China and Vietnam
Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture, technology
But ongoing resentment at political domination Assert independence when Tang dynasty falls in
10th century
30Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
China and Early Japan
Chinese armies never invade Japan Yet Chinese culture pervasive Imitation of Tang administration
Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara Japan” (710-794 CE)
Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings Yet retention of Shinto religion
31Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Heian Japan (794-1185 CE)
Japanese emperor moves court to Heian (Kyoto) Yet emperor figurehead, real power in hands of
Fujiwara clan Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power
behind the throne Helps explain longevity of the institution
32Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Japanese Literature
Influence of Chinese kanji characters Classic curriculum dominated by Chinese
Development of hiragana, katakana syllabic alphabet Court life: The Tale of Genji
Written by woman with weak command of Chinese, becomes classic of early Japanese literature
33Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Institution of the Shogun
Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in 12th century
Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 CE Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to
continue in Kyoto
34Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Medieval Japan
Kamakura (1185-1333 CE) and Muromachi (1336-1573 CE) periods
Decentralized power in hands of warlords Military authority in hands of samurai Professional warriors