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Who is going to Mentor Newcomers in Open Source Projects?
Gerardo Massimiliano Rocco Sebastiano Canfora Di Penta Oliveto Panichella
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Context and Motivations • Software Development
How? • Training via Mentoring
Case Study •Explorative analysis
•Recommendation system evaluation
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Training Project Newcomers
With a GOOD TRAINING
Can immediately start to work
ACTIVELY
Newcomer
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Zhou and Mockus
Better training from
Senior Developers
Newcomer
Previous Work...
Low Sociability
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Previous Work...
Dagenais et al.
MENTOR
Newcomer
Mentoring of project newcomers is highly desirable
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Characteristics of a good Mentor
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Sources of Information
SVN GIT CVS
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Small Projects: find Mentors
is a trivial problem
Large Projects: : find Mentors
is not a trivial problem
Mentoring Small/large Projects
.........
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YODA (Young and newcOmer Developer Assistant)
Approach for Mentors Identification
in Open Source Projects
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SVN GIT CVS
YODA: two pashes
?
What factor can be used to identify
mentors?
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What factor can be used to identify mentors?
RQ1: Identify past mentors
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How does Arnetminer works?
f1: they published Many papers Together f2: advisor published More than the Student f3: advisor older than the student f4: student published her first paper(s) with the advisor
Ranks pairs of researchers according to four factors:
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Time
F1: Exchanged emails
Heuristics to identify Mentors
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When Alice joins the project
F1: Exchanged emails
Heuristics to identify Mentors
Time
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F2: overall amount of emails
Heuristics to identify Mentors
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F2: overall amount of emails
Heuristics to identify Mentors
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F2: overall amount of emails
Heuristics to identify Mentors
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F3: project age Heuristics to identify Mentors
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Time
F3: project age Heuristics to identify Mentors
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F4: newcomer early emails
Heuristics to identify Mentors
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Time
First emails by Alice in the project
F4: newcomer early emails
Heuristics to identify Mentors
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F5: Commits
Heuristics to identify Mentors
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When Alice joins the project
Time
F5: Commits
Heuristics to identify Mentors
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What factors can be used to identify mentors?
Aggregating the factors
5
1i
ii fw
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Recommend Mentors
Time
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Recommend Mentors
Time
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Recommend Mentors
Time t
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Recommend Mentors
Time t
Mentor with adequate skills
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Recommend Mentors
Time
Inspired to the work On Bug Triaging by J. Anvik et al.
2011
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Recommend Mentors
Time
Inspired to the work On Bug Triaging by J. Anvik et al.
2011
t
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Recommend Mentors
Time
Inspired to the work On Bug Triaging by J. Anvik et al.
2011
t
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Recommend Mentors
Time
Inspired to the work On Bug Triaging by J. Anvik et al.
2011
t
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Recommend Mentors
Time
Inspired to the work On Bug Triaging by J. Anvik et al.
2011
t
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Recommend Mentors
Time
Inspired to the work On Bug Triaging by J. Anvik et al.
2011
t
DICE SIMILARITY
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Empirical Study
• Goal: analyze data from mailing lists and versioning
systems
• Purpose: investigating which factors can be used to
identify mentors
• Quality focus: recommend mentors in software
projects
• Context: mailing lists and versioning systems of five software
Apache, FreeBSD, PostgreSQL, Python and Samba
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Apache FreeBSD PostgreSQL Python Samba
Period
(Training set) 08/2001-03/2002 11/1998-02/2000 10/1998-05/2001 05/2000-05/2001 04/1998-09/2000
Period
(Test set) 04/2002-12/2008 03/2000-10/2008 06/2001-03/2008 06/2001-12/2008 10/2000-12/2008
# of Mentors
(Training set) 19 65 10 28 17
# of
Newcomers
(Training set) 13 33 8 32 33
# of
Newcomers
(Test set) 13 33 7 31 33
Context
Training and Test sets for evaluating Yoda.
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Research Questions
?
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RQ1: How can we identify mentors from the past history of a software project? SCORE
2.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
……….
COUPLES
……….
5
1i
ii fw
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RQ1: How can we identify mentors from the past history of a software project? SCORE
2.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
……….
COUPLES
……….
5
1i
ii fw
Manual Validation
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RQ1: How can we identify mentors from the past history of a software project?
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Pre
cisi
on
Number of newcomer‐mentor pairs
Possible Configurations
f1
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RQ1: How can we identify mentors from the past history of a software project?
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Pre
cisi
on
Number of newcomer‐mentor pairs
Possible Configurations
f1 +f2+ f3
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RQ1: How can we identify mentors from the past history of a software project?
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Pre
cisi
on
Number of newcomer‐mentor pairs
Possible Configurations
f1 +f2+ f4
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RQ1: How can we identify mentors from the past history of a software project?
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Pre
cisi
on
Number of newcomer‐mentor pairs
Possible Configurations
f5
(Baseline)
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RQ1: How can we identify mentors from the past history of a software project?
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Pre
cisi
on
Number of newcomer‐mentor pairs
Apache
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
12 14 16 18 20 22
Pre
cisi
on
Number of newcomer‐mentor pairs
PostgreSQL
f1 f1 +f2+ f3 f1 +f2+ f4 f5 (Baseline)
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RQ1: How can we identify mentors from the past history of a software project?
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Pre
cisi
on
Number of newcomer‐mentor pairs
Apache
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
12 14 16 18 20 22
Pre
cisi
on
Number of newcomer‐mentor pairs
PostgreSQL
f1 f1 +f2+ f3 f1 +f2+ f4 f5 (Baseline)
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RQ1: How can we identify mentors from the past history of a software project?
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
Pre
cisi
on
Number of newcomer‐mentor pairs
FreeBSD
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
100%
24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48
Pre
cisi
on
Number of newcomer‐mentor pairs
Python
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
100%
30 32 34 36 38 40 42
Pre
cisi
on
Number of newcomer‐mentor pairs
Samba
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RQ1: How can we identify mentors from the past history of a software project?
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
Pre
cisi
on
Number of newcomer‐mentor pairs
FreeBSD
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
100%
24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48
Pre
cisi
on
Number of newcomer‐mentor pairs
Python
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
100%
30 32 34 36 38 40 42
Pre
cisi
on
Number of newcomer‐mentor pairs
Samba
USEFUL FACTORS FOR MENTORS IDENTIFICATION
0.5*f1 + 0.25*f2 + 0.25*f4
0.5*f1 + 0.25*f2 + 0.25*f3
f1
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RQ2: To what extent would it be possible to recommend mentors to newcomers joining a software project?
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RQ2: To what extent would it be possible to recommend mentors to newcomers joining a software project?
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RQ2: To what extent would it be possible to recommend mentors to newcomers joining a software project?
YODA make it is possible possible to recommend
Mentors
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Why don’t just using Top Committers?
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Why don’t just using Top Committers?
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Why don’t just using Top Committers?
Not all Committers Are Good Mentors
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Questions Asked: - Done/received mentoring
- Perceived importance of mentoring
- What makes a good Mentor
Surveying Projects Developers
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Sent to 114 Subjects…
FreeBSD
Postgre- SQL
Python
Apache
Samba .....
37
..... 37
..... 15
..... 23
..... 23
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Obtained Answare…
FreeBSD
Postgre- SQL
Python
Apache
Samba
-
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92%
58%
8%
42%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Did mentoring?
Had a mentor?
YES NO
Done/received mentoring?
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92%
58%
8%
42%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Did mentoring?
Had a mentor?
YES NO
Done/received mentoring?
Yes, I received Mentoring. My mentor was…
Yes, I did mentoring…
>
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18%
36%
45%
0%
0%
33%
56%
11%
0%
0%
0% 20% 40% 60%
Very important
Important
Neutral
Not important
Useless at all
Effect of mentor Effect on newcomer
Perceived importance of mentoring
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18%
36%
45%
0%
0%
33%
56%
11%
0%
0%
0% 20% 40% 60%
Very important
Important
Neutral
Not important
Useless at all
Effect of mentor Effect on newcomer
Perceived importance of mentoring
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18%
36%
45%
0%
0%
33%
56%
11%
0%
0%
0% 20% 40% 60%
Very important
Important
Neutral
Not important
Useless at all
Effect of mentor Effect on newcomer
Perceived importance of mentoring
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18%
36%
45%
0%
0%
33%
56%
11%
0%
0%
0% 20% 40% 60%
Very important
Important
Neutral
Not important
Useless at all
Effect of mentor Effect on newcomer
Perceived importance of mentoring
Is very important that mentor share knowledge with a mentee…
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19%
42%
38%
0%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Experience
Communication skills
Project knowledge
Others
What makes a good Mentor
![Page 64: 130719 sebastiano panichella - who is going to mentor newcomers in open source projects](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042623/54821e15b47959000d8b46f3/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
19%
42%
38%
0%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Experience
Communication skills
Project knowledge
Others
What makes a good Mentor
![Page 65: 130719 sebastiano panichella - who is going to mentor newcomers in open source projects](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042623/54821e15b47959000d8b46f3/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
19%
42%
38%
0%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Experience
Communication skills
Project knowledge
Others
What makes a good Mentor
My first Mentor had a very strong and technical background
![Page 66: 130719 sebastiano panichella - who is going to mentor newcomers in open source projects](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042623/54821e15b47959000d8b46f3/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Conclusion
![Page 67: 130719 sebastiano panichella - who is going to mentor newcomers in open source projects](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042623/54821e15b47959000d8b46f3/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Conclusion
![Page 68: 130719 sebastiano panichella - who is going to mentor newcomers in open source projects](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042623/54821e15b47959000d8b46f3/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Conclusion
![Page 69: 130719 sebastiano panichella - who is going to mentor newcomers in open source projects](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042623/54821e15b47959000d8b46f3/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Conclusion
![Page 70: 130719 sebastiano panichella - who is going to mentor newcomers in open source projects](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042623/54821e15b47959000d8b46f3/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Conclusion
![Page 71: 130719 sebastiano panichella - who is going to mentor newcomers in open source projects](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042623/54821e15b47959000d8b46f3/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Future Work