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The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation
Performance Based Navigation
PBN
Navigation Assumptions
Airspace Design based on assumptionsthat all aircraft equipped with NDB/VORand/or DME and airspace designedon those assumptions.
Conventional Navigation
Airspace Design based on assumptionsthat 'RNAV equipped' aircraft can useRNAV routes. Exceptionally, Nav Specrequired e.g. RNP 4.
RNAV (pre-PBN)
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Why Action was Required
PRESE
NT
B-RNAV
P-RNAV
US-RNAV
RNP10
RNP 4
RNP/RNAV
FUTU
RE
Boeing
Europe
US
Australia
Canada
South America
China
Japan
Airbus
Russia
Other States-Regions
India
RNAVandRNP
Development of a variety of navigation applications action required!
RNPSORG Main Goals
Achieve and document a common understanding ofRNP and RNAV and associated concepts andfunctionalities
Define RNAV and RNP
How do they relate to each other?
What is the essential distinction?
Harmonize use of RNP and RNAV on global basis, forbenefit of operators and service providers
Identify operational and airworthiness requirements forRNP and RNAV
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Enter Performance Based NavigationAirspace Design based on assumptionsthat all aircraft equipped with NDB/VORand/or DME and airspace designedon those assumptions.
Conventional Navigation
Airspace Design based on assumptionsthat 'RNAV equipped' aircraft can useRNAV routes. Exceptionally, Nav Specrequired e.g. RNP 4.
RNAV (pre-PBN)
Aircraft fleetapproval, which
must match...
(a)
An ICAO PBNNavigationSpecification
(b)
... and availableNAVAID
Infrastructure
(c)
Airspace Design ,in all cases match....
mustPBN
+
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Components of PBN Concept
22
NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION
APPLICATIONAPPLICATION
33
NAVAIDNAVAID
INFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE
11
NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION
SPECIFICATIONSPECIFICATION
22
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Components of PBN Concept
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22
NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION
APPLICATIONAPPLICATION
33
NAVAIDNAVAID
INFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE
11
NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION
SPECIFICATIONSPECIFICATION
22
Components of PBN Concept
GroundGround--based Navigation Aids (Navaids)based Navigation Aids (Navaids)
VOR; DME;VOR; DME; ((NotNot NDB)NDB)
SpaceSpace--based Navaidsbased Navaids
GNSSGNSS
GPS;GPS; GlonassGlonass;; futurefutureGalileoGalileo
22
NAVAIDNAVAID
INFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE
11
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Components of PBN Concept
NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION
APPLICATIONAPPLICATION
33
NAVAIDNAVAID
INFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE
1122NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION
SPECIFICATIONSPECIFICATION
22
Components of PBN Concept
WhatWhat PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE is required ofis required of
the RNAV system?the RNAV system?
WhatWhat FunctionalitiesFunctionalities must RNAVmust RNAV
system have to achievesystem have to achieve PerformancePerformance WhatWhat Navigation SensorsNavigation Sensors must bemust be
integrated in RNAV system to achieveintegrated in RNAV system to achieve
PerformancePerformance
What requirements are placed on theWhat requirements are placed on the
Air crewAir crew to achieve the requiredto achieve the required
PerformancePerformancefrom the RNAV system?from the RNAV system?
33
NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION
SPECIFICATIONSPECIFICATION
22
Document used by State as basis for developingDocument used by State as basis for developing
Certification & Operational ApprovalCertification & Operational Approval
International Navigation Specifications publishedInternational Navigation Specifications published
in Volume II of PBN Manualin Volume II of PBN ManualAim is tolimit
numberof Nav. Specsin global use
AccuracyAccuracy
IntegrityIntegrity
ContinuityContinuity
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Components of PBN Concept
PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE
FunctionalitiesFunctionalities
Navigation SensorsNavigation Sensors
Air crewAir crew requirementsrequirements
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NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION
SPECIFICATIONSPECIFICATION
22
PreviousRNP
Concept
Document used by State as basis for developingDocument used by State as basis for developing
Certification & Operational ApprovalCertification & Operational Approval
International Navigation Specifications publishedInternational Navigation Specifications published
in Volume II of PBN Manualin Volume II of PBN Manual
Navigation Performance
Longitudinal Errors
Lateral Errors
System Performance Error Components:
On-Board Performance Monitoring and Alerting:
Role
Application
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Components of PBN Concept
RNAV SystemRNAV System PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE
33
NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION
SPECIFICATIONSPECIFICATION
22
Document used by State as basis forDocument used by State as basis forCertification & Operational ApprovalCertification & Operational Approval
International NS in Volume II of PBN ManualInternational NS in Volume II of PBN Manual
RNAVRNAV RNPRNP
OnOn--Board performance Monitoring and AlertingBoard performance Monitoring and Alerting
Components of PBN Concept
On-board performance monitoring and alerting does not only referto containment in the MASPS; Annex 11 or PANS-OPS.
On-board performance monitoring and alerting allows the air crewto detect that the RNP system is not achieving the navigationperformance required of the RNP system
RNAVRNAV RNPRNP
OnOn--Board performance Monitoring and AlertingBoard performance Monitoring and Alerting
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RNP
RNAV 1 and Basic RNP 1
1 NM
1 NMDesired Path
1 NM
1 NM
UNABLE RNP
RNAV 1 Basic RNP 1
Developed for continental radarenvironment
Does not require on-boardperformance monitoring andalerting
GNSS, DME/DME andDME/DME/IRU allowed
Accommodates majority of aircraft In ECAC similar to P-RNAV in
Terminal Airspace not mandated
Continental US Terminal Airspace
Primarily intended for low densityprocedural environments
Requires on-board performancemonitoring and alerting
Requires GNSS (possible exceptions)
Primarily intended for use within 30NMof departure and arrival aerodromes
Specific US Terminal Airspace
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Components of PBN Concept
ICAOICAO
NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION
SPECIFICATIONSSPECIFICATIONS
International NS in Volume II of PBN ManualInternational NS in Volume II of PBN Manual
DesignationRNAV 5RNAV 2
RNAV 1
DesignationRNAV 10
For Oceanic and Remote
Continental navigationapplications For En Route & Terminalnavigation applications
* Under development
RNP SPECIFICATIONSRNP SPECIFICATIONSRNAV SPECIFICATIONSRNAV SPECIFICATIONS
Designation
RNP with additionalrequirements to be
determined(e.g. 3D, 4D etc)
Designation
B-RNP 1
RNP AR APCHfor various phases of
flight
RNP 2*
A-RNP*RNP 0.3*
RNP APCH*
DesignationRNP 4
For Oceanic & Remote
Continental navigationapplications
*
*
Components of PBN Concept
11
NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION
APPLICATIONAPPLICATION
XXRNAVRNAV RNPRNP XX33
NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION
SPECIFICATIONSPECIFICATION
BB--RNP 1RNP 1RNAV 10RNAV 10
XXRNAVRNAV RNPRNP XX
BB--RNP 1RNP 1RNAV 10RNAV 10
22
NAVAIDNAVAID
INFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE
RNAV 5RNAV 5
RNAV 5RNAV 5
RNPRNP descriptordescriptor
RNP APCHRNP APCH
RNP AR APCHRNP AR APCH
RNP APCHRNP APCH
RNP AR APCHRNP AR APCH
XX = Navigation Accuracy in NM= Navigation Accuracy in NM
RNP APCHRNP APCH
RNP AR APCHRNP AR APCH
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PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE
FunctionalitiesFunctionalities
Navigation SensorsNavigation Sensors
Air crewAir crew requirementsrequirements
Example: RNAV 1 Specification
RNAV 1RNAV 1
APPLICATIONAPPLICATION
NAVAIDNAVAID
INFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTUREICAO RNAV 1ICAO RNAV 1
SPECIFICATIONSPECIFICATION
Navigation SensorsNavigation Sensors
(1) DME/DME/IRU(1) DME/DME/IRU (1) DME(1) DME
(2) DME/DME(2) DME/DME (2) DME(2) DME
(3) GNSS(3) GNSS (3) GPS(3) GPS
E.G: RNAV 1 Specification (A)
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STATE (A)STATE (A)
RNAV 1RNAV 1
APPLICATIONAPPLICATION
NAVAIDNAVAID
INFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE
STATE (A)STATE (A)
RNAV 1RNAV 1
SPECIFICATIONSPECIFICATION
Navigation SensorsNavigation Sensors
State AState A
(1) DME/DME/IRU(1) DME/DME/IRU (1) DME(1) DME
(3) GNSS(3) GNSS (3) GPS(3) GPS
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E.G: RNAV 1 Specification (B)11
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STATE (B)STATE (B)
RNAV 1RNAV 1
APPLICATIONAPPLICATION
NAVAIDNAVAID
INFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE
STATE (B)STATE (B)
RNAV 1RNAV 1
SPECIFICATIONSPECIFICATION
Navigation SensorsNavigation Sensors
State BState B
(1) DME/DME/IRU(1) DME/DME/IRU (1) DME(1) DME
(2) DME/DME(2) DME/DME (2) DME(2) DME
Aircraft - Equipment and OperatorApproval
*
based on MASPs or PBN Nav Spec
NAVIGATORBOX e.g. GPS
type ABC
+
EQUIPMENT
LEVELAPPROVAL
AIRCRAFT
LEVEL
APPROVAL
OPERATOR
LEVELAPPROVAL
NAVIGATORBOX e.g. GPS
type ABC
NAVIGATORBOX e.g. GPS
type ABC
Comments/Notes GPS could be a sensor in multi-sensor system
or a self-contained and stand-alone navigator; FAA/EASA (E) TSO against a MOPS e.g.DO229, incl. functions, performancequalification. Attributes incl. accuracy,
functionality (e.g. Nav database), integrity,alerting, path steering;
Installation approval on aircraft against anEASA AMC or FAA AC which includes an
operational context e.g. RNAV 5; Takes into account a/c level integration e.g.displays, controls, interface with other systemse.g. auto-pilot; flight director; safetyrequirements and HF.
For the aircraft installation to be used by pilot,operational approval needed against, forexample, EU-OPS 1. Operational Approval is concerned with
training, flight crew procedures, quality,database management, etc.
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Components of PBN Concept
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NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION
APPLICATIONAPPLICATION
33
NAVAIDNAVAID
INFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE
11
NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION
SPECIFICATIONSPECIFICATION
22
PBN in Context:
NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION
APPLICATIONAPPLICATION
NAVAIDNAVAID
INFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURENAVIGATIONNAVIGATION
SPECIFICATIONSPECIFICATION
COM NAV SUR ATM
PBNPBN
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What's new with PBN
PBN requires the use of an on-board area navigation system;
PBN creates requirements forairworthiness certification andoperational approval to use areanavigation systems in airspaceimplementations;
The area navigation systems
performance andthe generaloperation must conform to therequirements stipulated in therelevant ICAO navigationspecification.
Approach and Landing and PBN
EuropeanOrganisation for the Safetyof Air Navigation
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Approach and Landing Types
FAF
CAT I
CAT II/III
STAR(e.g. P-RNAV)
Final Approach
Final Approach Capture
Above CAT I
RNP APCHIncludes:
LNAV
LNAV/VNAV
LP LPV
RNP AR APCH
(LPV 200)
RNAV
GBAS/
GPS
GBAS/GPS
ILS
MLS
GBAS/Multiple constellations
Precision Approach
CDO
ILS
Approach Types
Two Types of Instrument Approach
Precision Approach
Using Instrument Landing System
Guidance in lateral and vertical dimensions provided by radio
beams from equipment located at the runway plus other reqs:Runway length, taxiways, lighting and markings, emergencyservices. Depending on category - Cat-1 Cat-II, Cat-III
Descent to a Decision Altitude or Height (DA/H)
Limited to major airports with demand for all weatheroperations critical to airline operations.
Expensive
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Approach Types (2) Non-Precision Approach
based on conventional navigation aids, NDB, VOR,DME.
Pilot able to derive lateral position and follow aninstrument procedure.
No vertical guidance
Procedure uses Minimum Descent Altitude or Height
(MDA/H)
Sometimes quite complex procedures with step-downfixes.
PA and NPA
Precision approaches are safest
ILS sensor now, MLS & GLS soon, all directly ground-referenced
Simple to fly single-slope, straight-in
Non-precision approaches (NPA) are safe, but inpractice are much less safe than precision approaches
particularly for large jets, the biggest passenger carriers
Often complex & error-prone: dive-and-drive, or notstraight-in
No Vertical guidance
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RNAV Approaches
With the advent of GPS general aviation aircraft hadaccess to precise RNAV capabilities.
GPS non-precision approach procedures arrived.
These were called RNAV approaches
Even though only Lateral Guidance was providedthese approaches improved pilot situationalawareness and reduced workload.
It is widely acknowledged that RNAV Approachesimprove safety
Map location of CFIT accident/incidents
From Runway Threshold, 40 Accidents/Incidents
In most CFIT accidents, the aircraft was lined up with the runway
CFIT Lateral Accident Data
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CFIT Vertical Accident Data Vertical Profile of some recent accidents/incidents Loss of vertical situational awareness is a primary
contributor
Global Summary of InstrumentApproach Procedures
11659933023295538TOTAL
6734570510292630USA
38930188347South Pacific
51645660316South America
453333120198Pacific
441319122264Middle East
31028525133Latin America
1181672509729Western Europe446308138255Eastern Europe
808684124373Canada/Alaska
381267114293Africa
TotalApproaches
Non-Precision
ILSIFR AirportsRegion
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Performance Navigation Accuracy
APV Baro (556 m by 50 m)
APV SBAS (40 m by 50 m)
Charting
Title RNAV (GNSS)or RNAV (GPS) in USA
GNSS is mandatory forthese procedures
All Three minima lines on theSame chart:
LNAVLNAV/VNAVLPV
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RNAV Approach Terminology
RNAV (GNSS) GPS NPA - to LNAV minima APV Baro-VNAV - to
LNAV/VNAV minima
SBAS APV - to LPV minima We also have something called
LPV200
RNP AR (Approval Required) to LNAV/VNAV minima alsoincludes curved procedures
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RNAV Approaches and PBN
ICAO PBN Manual Naming Convention:
All these approaches are called - RNP APCH
Navigation Specification is in two parts:
RNP APCH Operations down to LNAV andLNAV/VNAV mimima
RNP APCH Operations down to LP and LPV
minima
RNP Approaches - Vertical Guidance
RNP APCHRNP APCH
Without Vertical guidanceWithout Vertical guidance With Vertical guidanceWith Vertical guidance
LNAVLNAV LPLP
Approachexpected to
be flown withCDFA
Not yetavailable
SBASsupportedLocaliser
Performance
LNAV/VNAVLNAV/VNAV LPVLPV
APV-Baro Expected very soonSBAS supported
LocaliserPerformance withvertical guidance
(APV-SBAS)
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Questions?