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Chapter 10
Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase
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Classical Greece, 800-350 B.C.E.
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Early Development of Greek Society
Minoan society Island of Crete Major city: Knossos
Ca. 2200 B.C.E., center of maritime trade Scholars unable to decipher Linear A script
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Decline of Minoan Society
Series of natural disasters after 1700 B.C.E. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tidal waves
Foreign invasions Crete falls under foreign domination
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Mycenaean Society
Indo-European invaders descend through Balkans into Peloponnesus, ca. 2200 B.C.E.
Influenced by Minoan culture Major settlement: Mycenae Military expansion throughout region
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Chaos in the Eastern Mediterranean
Trojan war, ca. 1200 B.C.E. Homer’s Iliad Sequel: Odyssey
Political turmoil, chaos from 1100 to 800 B.C.E. Mycenaean civilization disappears
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The Polis
City-state Urban center, dominating surrounding rural areas Highly independent character Monarchies “Tyrannies,” not necessarily oppressive Early democracies
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Sparta
Highly militarized society Subjugated peoples: helots Serfs, tied to land Outnumbered Spartans 10:1 by sixth century B.C.E.
Military society developed to control threat of rebellion
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Spartan Society
Austerity the norm Boys removed from families at age seven Received military training in barracks Active military service follows
Marriage, but no home life until age 30 Some relaxation of discipline by fourth century
C.E.
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Athens
Development of early democracy Free adult males only Women, slaves excluded
Yet contrast Athenian style of government with Spartan militarism
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Athenian Society
Maritime trade brings increasing prosperity beginning seventh century B.C.E.
Aristocrats dominate smaller landholders Increasing socio-economic tensions Class conflict
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Solon and Athenian Democracy
Aristocrat Solon mediates crisis Aristocrats to keep large landholdings But forgive debts, ban debt slavery
Removed family restrictions against participating in public life
Instituted paid civil service
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Pericles
Ruled 461-429 B.C.E. High point of Athenian democracy Aristocratic but popular Massive public works Encouraged cultural development
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Greek Colonization
Population expansion drives colonization Coastal Mediterranean, Black Sea
Sicily (Naples: “Neapolis,” new city) Southern France (Massalia: Marseilles) Anatolia Southern Ukraine
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Classical Greece and the Mediterranean Basin, 800-500 B.C.E.
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Effects of Greek Colonization
Trade throughout region Communication of ideas Language, culture
Political and social effects
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Persian Wars (500-479 B.C.E.)
Revolt against Persian empire, 500 B.C.E., in Ionia
Athens supports with ships Yet Greek rebellion crushed by Darius 493
B.C.E.; Athenians rout Persian army in 490 B.C.E.
Successor Xerxes burns Athens, but driven out as well
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The Delian League
Poleis create Delian League to forestall more Persian attacks
Led by Athens Massive payments to Athens fuels Periclean expansion Resented by other poleis
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The Peloponnesian War
Civil war in Greece, 431-404 B.C.E. Poleis allied with either Athens or Sparta Athens forced to surrender But conflict continued between Sparta and other
poleis
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Kingdom of Macedon
Frontier region to north of Peloponnesus King Philip II (r. 359-336 B.C.E.) builds massive
military 350 B.C.E., encroaches on Greek poleis to the
south; controls region by 338 B.C.E.
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Alexander of Macedon
“Alexander the Great,” son of Philip II Rapid expansion throughout Mediterranean basin Invasion of Persia successful Turned back in India when exhausted troops
mutinied
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Alexander’s Empire, ca. 323 B.C.E.
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The Hellenistic Empires
After Alexander’s death, competition for empire Divided by generals Antigonus: Greece and Macedon Ptolemy: Egypt Seleucus: Persian Achaemenid empire
Economic integration, intellectual cross-fertilization
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The Antigonid Empire
Smallest of Hellenistic empires Local dissent Issue of land distribution Heavy colonizing activity
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The Ptolemaic Empire
Wealthiest of the Hellenistic empires Established state monopolies Textiles Salt Beer
Capital: Alexandria Important port city Major museum, library
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The Seleucid Empire
Massive colonization of Greeks Export of Greek culture, values as far east as
India Bactria Ashoka legislates in Greek and Aramaic
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Trade and Integration of the Mediterranean Basin
Greece: little grain, but rich in olives and grapes Colonies further trade Commerce rather than agriculture as basis of
much of economy
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Panhellenic Festivals
Useful for integrating far-flung colonies Olympic Games begin 776 B.C.E. Sense of collective identity
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Patriarchal Society
Women as goddesses, wives, prostitutes Limited exposure in public sphere Sparta partial exception Sappho Role of infanticide in Greek society and culture
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Slavery
Scythians (Ukraine) Nubians (Africa) Chattel Sometimes used in business Opportunity to buy freedom
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The Greek Language
Borrowed Phoenician alphabet Added vowels Complex language
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Science and Mathematics
Use of observable evidence, rational thought Thales predicts eclipse, 28 May 585 B.C.E. Democritus, atoms Pythagoras, systematic approach to mathematics Hippocrates, human anatomy and physiology
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Socrates (470-399 B.C.E.)
The Socratic method Student: Plato Public gadfly, condemned on charges of
immorality Forced to drink hemlock
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Plato (430-347 B.C.E.)
Systematized Socratic thought Republic Philosopher kings Theory of Forms or Ideas
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Aristotle (389-322 B.C.E.)
Student of Plato Broke with theory of Forms or Ideas Emphasis on empirical findings, reason Massive impact on western thought
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Greek Theology
Polytheism Zeus principal god Religious cults Eleusinian mysteries The Bacchae Rituals eventually domesticated
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Tragic Drama
Evolution from public presentations of cultic rituals
Major playwrights (fifth century B.C.E.) Aeschylus Sophocles Euripides
Comedy: Aristophanes
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Hellenistic Philosophies
Epicureans Pleasure, distinct from Hedonists
Skeptics Doubted possibility of certainty in anything
Stoics Duty, virtue Emphasis on inner peace
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